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UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI LIMA BELAS JENIS MUTU TEH HITAM ORTODOKS ROTORVANE DAN TEH PUTIH (CAMELLIA SINENSIS VAR. ASSAMICA) PADA STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ATCC 6538 Insanu, Muhamad; Maryam, Ida; Rohdiana, Dadan; Wirasutisna, Komar Ruslan
Acta Pharmaceutica Indonesia Vol 42, No 1 (2017)
Publisher : School of Pharmacy Institut Teknologi Bandung

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ABSTRAKCamellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze atau teh merupakan tumbuhan yang berasal dari suku theceae, digolongkan menjadi beberapa jenis, yaitu teh hitam, teh oolong, teh hijau, dan teh putih. Â Secara tradisional teh digunakan sebagai obat kumur hal ini diperkuat oleh beberapa penelitian sebelumnya yang membuktikan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri yang ada pada rongga mulut antara lain Staphylococcus aureus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan aktivitas antibakteri dari lima belas mutu teh hitam dan teh putih yang diekstraksi dengan pelarut yang berbeda kepolaran. Serbuk simplisia daun teh diekstraksi secara maserasi menggunakan pelarut dengan kepolaran yang meningkat, yaitu n-heksana, etil asetat, dan etanol. Ekstrak difraksinasi menggunakan ekstraksi cair-cair. Seluruh ekstrak dan fraksi diuji aktivitas antibakterinya terhadap Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 menggunakan metode mikrodilusi dan difusi agar. Fraksi yang paling kuat aktivitas antibakterinya diuji menggunakan biaoautografi. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan ekstrak etanol teh putih memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang paling kuat dengan nilai Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) 78,13 Î¼g/mL, sedangkan berbagai macam ekstrak teh hitam KHM-nya bervariasi antara 625-2500 Î¼g/mL. Fraksi etil asetat dari ekstrak etanol teh putih memiliki aktivitas paling kuat dengan nilai KHM 156,25 Î¼g/mL. Hasil bioautografi fraksi etil asetat menunjukkan hambatan pertumbuhan bakteri S. aureus pada nilai Rf 0,5 dan 0,76. Berdasarkan reaksi warna kedua nilai Rf ini termasuk golonganÂ flavonoid.Kata kunci: antibakteri, Staphylococcus aureus, teh putih, teh hitam orthodoxEVALUATION ON ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF FIFTEEN DIFFERENT CLASSES OF ORTHODOX ROTORVANE BLACK TEA AND WHITE TEA (CAMELLIA SINENSIS VAR. ASSAMICA) AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ATCC 6538ABSTRACTCamellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze or tea is a plant belonging to Theaceae family. It can be classified into four different classes, which are black tea, oolong tea, green tea and white tea. Traditionally, tea was used as a mouthwash. It was strengthened by previous researches; tea had antibacterial activity especially against bacteria that live in the oral cavity such as Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of 15 different classes of black tea and white tea which were extracted by various organic solvents. The crude drugs were obtained by maceration using three different solvents, which were n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The extract was fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction. All extracts and fractions were evaluated their antibacterial activity using microdilution and disc diffusion. The strongest antibacterial fraction was continued to bioautography assay. Based on the result the ethanol extract of white tea showed the strongest activity with the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) was 78.13 Î¼g/mL while the other extracts of black tea were ranged between 625-2500 Î¼g/mL. Ethyl acetate fraction of white tea ethanol extract had MIC value which was 156.25 Î¼g/mL. Â Bioautography showed the rf values of 0.5 and 0.76 inhibited the growth of bacteria. Based on spot test, they were flavonoid compounds.Keywords: antibacterial, Staphylococcus aureus, white tea, orthodox black tea

Isolasi Flavonoid dari Daun Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murr., Bombacaceae) Fidrianny, Irda; Wijaya, Sienny; Insanu, Muhamad; Ruslan, Komar
Acta Pharmaceutica Indonesia Vol 36, No 1 & 2 (2011)
Publisher : School of Pharmacy Institut Teknologi Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (316.435 KB)

Daun durian (Durio zibethinus Murr., Bombacaceae) secara tradisional banyak digunakan untuk menurunkan demam. Penelitian dan publikasi mengenai kandungan kimia daun durian masih sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menelaah kandungan kimia daun durian. Simplisia daun durian diekstraksi secara maserasi menggunakan pelarut berturut-turut n-heksana, etil asetat dan etanol. Ekstrak etanol difraksinasi menggunakan metode ekstraksi cair-cair dengan menggunakan pelarut eter, etil asetat dan butanol. Fraksi butanol dimurnikan secara kromatografi kertas preparatif. Sedangkan fraksi eter dimurnikan secara kromatografi lapis tipis preparatif. Isolat dikarakterisasi dengan penampak bercak spesifik, spektrofotometri ultraviolet - sinar tampak dan pereaksi geser. Dari ekstrak etanol diperoleh isolat S yang menunjukkan dua puncak pada 257 tim, 357 nm dan isolat W yang menunjukkan puncak pada 268 nm dan 313 nm. Isolat S merupakan golongan senyawa ilavonol 3-OH tersubstitusi dengan gugus OH pada atom C-5, C-7, C-3â dan C-4â. Isolat W merupakan senyawa golongan flavon dengan gugus OH pada atom C-5, C-77 dan C-4.

Pembuatan Sirup Glukosa dari Umbi Singkong (Manihot esculenta Crantz), Umbi Ubi Jalar (Ipomoea batatas L.), Rimpang Ganyong (Canna edulis Ker.), Buah Sukun (Artocarpus communis Forst), dan Rimpang Garut (Maranta arundinace Linn) dengan Metode Enzimatis Insanu, Muhamad; Kamal, Fakar Daras; Suganda, Asep Gana
Acta Pharmaceutica Indonesia Vol 38, No 3 (2013)
Publisher : School of Pharmacy Institut Teknologi Bandung

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Glukosa merupakan salah satu jenis gula yang banyak dimanfaatkan oleh industri, terutama industri makanan dan minuman ringan. Di Indonesia sirup glukosa diproduksi dari pati singkong. Akan tetapi, saat ini produksi sirup glukosa dalam negeri tidak sebanding dengan kebutuhannya yang tinggi sehingga pemerintah harus mengimpornya. Salah satu solusi untuk meningkatkan produksi sirup glukosa adalah dengan cara diversifikasi bahan baku. Beberapa penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mencari alternatif pengganti pati singkong sebagai bahan baku, tetapi penelitian yang telah dilakukan tidak membandingkan secara langsung potensi bahan baku alternatif tersebut. Selain itu, penelitian yang dilakukan umumnya menggunakan bahan baku dari pati bukan dari bagian tanaman sumber pati tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan potensi ubi jalar (Ipomoea batatas L.), ganyong (Canna edulis Ker.), sukun (Artocarpus communis Forst), dan garut (Maranta arundinace Linn) sebagai sumber sirup glukosa pengganti singkong (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Bahan baku dibersihkan dan dipotongpotong dengan ukuran sekitar 5x5 mm. Likuifikasi dilakukan dengan penambahan 63 ÂµL Î±-amilase (185,1 unit/mL), dipanaskan pada suhu 95-100 Â°C selama 2 jam. Sakarifikasi dilakukan dengan penambahan 107 ÂµL glukoamilase (345,7 unit/mL), dipanaskan pada suhu 61-64 Â°C selama 72 jam. Pemurnian dilakukan dengan pemberian karbon aktif. Analisis kualitatif dilakukan dengan metode kromatografi kertas, sedangkan analisis kuantitatif dilakukan dengan metode titrasi redoks yang dikembangkan Lane & Eynon dengan pembanding glukosa 0,1g/mL. Analisis kualitatif menunjukkan semua sirup mengandung glukosa. Hasil perhitungan kadar gula total yang ekuivalen dengan glukosa per gram bahan baku dari sirup yang berasal dari singkong, ubi jalar, ganyong, sukun, dan garut masing-masing adalah 2,69Â±0,45%; 5,56 Â± 0,77%; 2,91Â±0,40%; 2,77Â±1,39%; dan 2,92Â±0,40%. Berdasarkan analisis kuantitatif, ubi jalar paling potensial menggantikan singkong sebagai sumber sirup glukosa.Kata kunci: sirup glukosa, singkong, ubi jalar, ganyong, sukun, garut, enzimatisAbstractGlucose syrup is commonly used in food and beverages industries, but the production is still insufficient so to fulfil the need government has to import it. In Indonesia glucose syrup was produced from cassava starch. The production of glucose syrup should be increased by the diversification of raw materials. Several researches have been conducted to look for alternative raw materials for substituting the use of cassava. However, no researches have compared the potential among these alternative materials and uses parts of the plants directly. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.), canna (Canna edulis Ker.), breadfruit (Artocarpus communis Forst), and arrowroot (Maranta arundinace Linn) as a source of glucose syrup for substituting cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The raw materials were cleaned and cut into pieces with a size of 5x5 mm. Liquefaction was done by adding 63 Î¼L of Î±-amylase (185.1 units/mL) followed by heating at 95-100Â°C for 2 hours. Saccharification was done by adding 107 ÂµL of glucoamylase (345.7 units/mL) followed by heating at 61-64Â°C for 72 hours. Glucose syrup was purified by adding activated carbon as an absorbent. Qualitative analysis was performed by paper chromatography, while the quantitative analysis was conducted by the redox titration which was developed by Lane & Eynon using glucose 0.1 g/mL as a standard. Qualitative analysis showed all syrups contain glucose. The total sugar content equivalent to glucose per gram of raw material for each glucose syrup were 2.69Â±0.45%, 5.56Â±0.77%, 2.91Â±0.40%, 2.77Â±1.39%, and 2.92Â±0.40% for cassava, sweet potato, canna, breadfruit, and arrowroot respectively. Based on the quantitative analysis, sweet potatoes were the most potential substituting agent for cassava as a source of glucose syrup.Keywords: glucose syrup, cassava, sweet potato, canna, breadfruit, arrowroot, enzymatic

Comparison of antioxidant activities from four species of piper Dinilah, Nabila Pandu; Insanu, Muhamad; Marliani, Lia
Pharmaciana Vol 7, No 2 (2017): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Some species from Piper genus were known for traditional medicine and ornamental plant. Previous studies showed that Piper betle and Piper acre had antioxidant activities. But, the study of antioxidant activity from other species of Piper was still limited. Because of that, the purposes of this study were to determine the antioxidant activity, and total flavonoid content of Piper nigrum, Piper aduncum, Piper retrofractum, and Piper crocatum. Extraction was done by gradient maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol as solvents. The extracts were concentrated by rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free scavenging method. Total flavonoid determination was done by colorimetry method using aluminum chloride (AlCl3) as a reagent. The result showed that the IC50 values of Piper nigrum, Piper aduncum, Piper retrofractum, and Piper crocatum were ranged between 58-1249 Î¼g/mL. The total flavonoid values of all extracts were between 1.4-8.3 mg QE/100 mg. The extract which had the strongest antioxidant activity was the ethanol extract of Piper nigrum with an IC50 value was Â 57.72 Î¼g/mL. The highest values of total flavonoid was showed by the ethanol extract of Piper aduncum which was 8.3 mg QE/100 mg extract.

Hydrogenated Palm Fatty Acid Distillate as Raw Materials for Magnesium Stearate Alternatives Dianika Lestari; Abdu Ravi Zakaria; Dwi Rokhmat Setiawan; Shelly Shelly; Melia Laniwati; Ardiyan Harimawan; Muhamad Insanu; Diky Mudhakir
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Vol. 53 No. 3 (2021)
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2021.53.3.3

Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) was used as raw material to produce solid lubricant, or anti-adherent, for confectionery or pharmaceutical products. To improve the degree of saturation, the PFAD was hydrogenated by using two methods: gaseous hydrogenation (GH) and catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) using ammonium formate to produce hydrogenated PFAD (HPFAD). The HPFAD was saponified with MgO to produce magnesium salts of hydrogenated PFAD (Mg-HPFAD). The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of hydrogen concentration and reaction temperature on the iodine value of HPFAD and to investigate the characteristics of paracetamol tablets when using Mg-HPFAD as lubricant compared to commercial Mg-stearate. The HPFAD produced by CTH had a lower iodine value than the HPFAD produced by GH. The lowest iodine value was obtained after CTH using 3.6 M ammonium formate at 90°C. Paracetamol tablets with Mg-PFAD or Mg-HPFAD lubricant showed higher dissolution of active compounds with similar friability, frictiability, and hardness compared to paracetamol tablets with Mg-stearate.

Vitamin E Extraction from Magnesium Salts of Palm Fatty Acid Distillates Dianika Lestari; Khalisa Putri Aqilah; Salsafia Putri; Ardiyan Harimawan; Diky Mudhakir; Muhamad Insanu
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Vol. 54 No. 1 (2022)
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2022.54.1.2

This research studied how the type of organic solvent and the number of extraction stages affect the vitamin E cumulative extraction yield and recovery rate from Mg-PFAD. First, PFAD was saponified to produce Mg-PFAD, then vitamin E was extracted from the Mg-PFAD using ethanol, isopropanol, or hexane, followed by evaporation to produce vitamin E concentrate. Three-stage hexane extraction with a solvent to Mg-PFAD mass ratio of 3 kg solvent/kg Mg-PFAD produced the highest vitamin E recovery rate. Organic solvent with a lower polarity gave a higher extraction yield and recovery rate of vitamin E from Mg-PFAD. In general, an increase of the number of extraction stages led to an increase of the vitamin E extraction yield and recovery rate from Mg-PFAD.

Antioxidant Activity of Vitamin E Concentrate from Magnesium Salts of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (Mg-PFAD) Dianika Lestari; Khalisa Putri Aqilah; Salsafia Putri; Ardiyan Harimawan; Diky Mudhakir; Muhamad Insanu
Reaktor Volume 21 No. 1 March 2021
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Vitamin E concentrate was produced through saponification of palm fatty acid distillates (PFAD) and magnesium oxide to form Mg-PFAD, followed by three-stages vitamin E extraction with isopropanol, hexane, or ethanol. The vitamin E-rich extracts were evaporated to remove solvent and produced vitamin E concentrate. The objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of organic solvent’s types and solvent to Mg-PFAD mass ratios on vitamin E concentration, solvent selectivity, and antioxidant activity of the vitamin E concentrate. Vitamin E concentrates obtained after isopropanol extraction had vitamin E concentration of 784 ppm with vitamin E recovery of 16 mg tocopherol/100 mg tocopherol in Mg-PFAD, while vitamin E concentrates obtained after hexane extraction had vitamin E concentration of 574 ppm with vitamin E recovery of 35 mg tocopherol/100 mg tocopherol in Mg-PFAD. Isopropanol extraction produced vitamin E concentrate with the highest selectivity for vitamin E and the highest antioxidant activity of 79% IC. It was found that vitamin E concentration was not proportional to the antioxidant activity of the vitamin E concentrate.Keywords: Direct solvent extraction, palm fatty acid distillate, saponification, vitamin E, unsaponifiable matter

Comparison of antioxidant activities from four species of piper Muhamad Insanu; Lia Marliani; Nabila Pandu Dinilah
Pharmaciana Vol 7, No 2 (2017): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Some species from Piper genus were known for traditional medicine and ornamental plant. Previous studies showed that Piper betle and Piper acre had antioxidant activities. But, the study of antioxidant activity from other species of Piper was still limited. Because of that, the purposes of this study were to determine the antioxidant activity, and total flavonoid content of Piper nigrum, Piper aduncum, Piper retrofractum, and Piper crocatum. Extraction was done by gradient maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol as solvents. The extracts were concentrated by rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free scavenging method. Total flavonoid determination was done by colorimetry method using aluminum chloride (AlCl3) as a reagent. The result showed that the IC50 values of Piper nigrum, Piper aduncum, Piper retrofractum, and Piper crocatum were ranged between 58-1249 Î¼g/mL. The total flavonoid values of all extracts were between 1.4-8.3 mg QE/100 mg. The extract which had the strongest antioxidant activity was the ethanol extract of Piper nigrum with an IC50 value was Â 57.72 Î¼g/mL. The highest values of total flavonoid was showed by the ethanol extract of Piper aduncum which was 8.3 mg QE/100 mg extract.

ISOLASI DARI 8-HIDROKSI-6,7-DIMETHOKSI KUMARIN DAN TOKSISITAS BATANG JARAK TINTIR (Jatropha multifida L.) MENGGUNAKAN BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY TEST (BSLT) Akhirul Kahfi Syam; Muhamad Insanu; Komar Ruslan Wirasutisna
Majalah Obat Tradisional Vol 22, No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Jatropha multifida L. (jarak tintir) was a shrub, annual, and had ± 2 m high. Empirically jarak tintir sap was used as traditional medicine by Indonesian people for a long time. Only limited studies were conducted regarding its chemical compound. It was reported that multifidone (diterpenoid compound from the stem) had an activity against cancer cells in vitro. This study aimed to test the toxicity of various extracts (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) with Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) of Jatropha multifida L. stem. A Fraxidin (8-hidroxy-6,7-dimethoxy coumarin) has been isolated from ethyl acetate fraction based on highest cytotoxic with LC50 value 3.69 µg/mL. The isolated compound was elucidated to gain chemical structure base on spectroscopic data (UV-Vis Spectrofotometric, IR Spectrofotometric, and NMR). Toxicity of fraxidin was tested on BSLT and showed no potential activity with LC50 value > 500 μg/mL.

Isolasi Flavonoid dari Daun Durian (Durio Zibethinus Murr., Bombacaceae) Muhamad Insanu; Komar Ruslan; Irda Fidrianny; Sienny Wijaya
Acta Pharmaceutica Indonesia Vol. 36 No. 1 & 2 (2011)
Publisher : School of Pharmacy Institut Teknologi Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Daun durian (Durio zibethinus Murr., Bombacaceae) secara tradisional banyak digunakan untuk menurunkan demam. Penelitian dan publikasi mengenai kandungan kimia daun durian masih sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menelaah kandungan kimia daun durian. Simplisia daun durian diekstraksi secara maserasi menggunakan pelarut berturut-turut n-heksana, etil asetat dan etanol. Ekstrak etanol difraksinasi menggunakan metode ekstraksi cair-cair dengan menggunakan pelarut eter, etil asetat dan butanol. Fraksi butanol dimurnikan secara kromatografi kertas preparatif. Sedangkan fraksi eter dimurnikan secara kromatografi lapis tipis preparatif. Isolat dikarakterisasi dengan penampak bercak spesifik, spektrofotometri ultraviolet - sinar tampak dan pereaksi geser. Dari ekstrak etanol diperoleh isolat S yang menunjukkan dua puncak pada 257 tim, 357 nm dan isolat W yang menunjukkan puncak pada 268 nm dan 313 nm. Isolat S merupakan golongan senyawa ilavonol 3-OH tersubstitusi dengan gugus OH pada atom C-5, C-7, C-3' dan C-4'. Isolat W merupakan senyawa golongan flavon dengan gugus OH pada atom C-5, C-77 dan C-4'.

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