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Computational Chemical Interactions Study and Characterization of Rutin-Malic Acid and Rutin-Nicotinamide Binary Mixture by Microwave Irradiation Winantari, Agnes Nuniek; Dewantara, Djayawati Poetri; Sumartha, I Gede Ari; Rani, Karina Citra; Pradana, Aditya Trias; Kesuma, Dini
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.196-206

Abstract

Rutin is a saf flavonol glycoside with potent antioxidant activities. However, its low water solubility (122.6–126 μg/mL) limits rutin applications. Binary mixtures of rutin–malic acid (R-MA) and rutin–nicotinamide (R-NIC) are among the strategies used to improve rutin’s solubility. This research aimed to evaluate the chemical interactions and physical characteristics of both binary mixtures (in equimolar ratios). The chemical interactions of R-MA and R-NIC were studied using the molecular docking method (AutoDock4). The results showed that the lowest binding energies of R-MA and R-NIC were −1.18 kcal/mol and −2.77 kcal/mol, respectively, with evidence of hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions. The binary mixtures of R-MA (1:1) and R-NIC (1:1) were prepared by the microwave irradiation method. R-MA (1:1) and R-NIC (1:1) were prepared by slurrying under continuous stirring at 120 rpm, 70 °C for 4 min, and the microwave irradiation energy was set to 300 Watt for 5 min of exposure time. The formed binary mixture physical characteristics were evaluated using PXRD, DSC, FTIR, and SEM. The characterization results indicated the presence of a binary mixture. Compared to the physical mixture and their parent components (rutin, MA/NIC), diffractograms, thermograms, and IR spectrums respectively showed that the binary mixture has similar crystallinity profiles, decreased endothermic peaks, and not significantly shifted wavenumbers. Morphology analysis depicted that rutin, MA, and NIC are acicular, plate, and columnar shaped, respectively, while both binary mixtures showed an agglomerated fine needle-like, irregular shape, and rough-surface particles. This research shows that the binary mixtures of R-MA and R-NIC were successfully formed using this method, in accordance with chemical interaction predictions.
Microparticle of Phenolic Compound and its Herbal Extracts: Fabrication, Characterization, and Therapeutic Application Aisia Nurul Jasmine; Finna Setiawan; Kartini; Veerakiet Boonkanokwong; Aditya Trias Pradana
Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA Vol 12 No 5 (2026)
Publisher : Postgraduate, University of Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29303/jppipa.v12i5.14810

Abstract

Phenolic compounds in herbal extracts exhibit broad therapeutic potential (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, neuroprotective), yet are hindered by instability, poor solubility, and low bioavailability—critical limitations restricting their use in pharmaceutical and functional food products. This review aims to evaluate the fabrication techniques, characterization methods, and therapeutic applications of phenolic microparticles to address these research gapsA systematic approach was employed through searches on Google Scholar and ScienceDirect, applying inclusion criteria for original full-text studies reporting fabrication techniques, polymers, characterizations, or biological activities. Dominant techniques included spray drying, freeze drying, emulsification/coacervation, and ionic gelation, with primary wall materials comprising maltodextrin, chitosan, pectin, and PLGA. Characterization encompassed FTIR, SEM, DSC/TGA, particle size analysis, encapsulation efficiency (>70%), and release profiles in SGF/SIF media. Results demonstrate that microencapsulation enhances storage stability, gastrointestinal resilience, and bioavailability of phenolic compounds from diverse sources (bauhinia, moringa, citrus), while preserving antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. This review contributes to standardized formulation development for herbal pharmaceuticals and functional foods, although randomized clinical trials remain necessary to validate clinical benefits.