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All Journal Bestuur Brawijaya Law Journal : Journal of Legal Studies Arena Hukum Jurnal Hukum Novelty Jurnal IUS (Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan) Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM Jurnal Konstitusi PETITA: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum dan Syariah (PJKIHdS) Constitutional Review Lex Scientia Law Review Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences International Journal of Business, Law, and Education International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS) Jurnal Konstitusi Human Rights in The Global South (HRGS) TEKAD : Teknik Mengabdi Pandecta : Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Hukum (Research Law Journal)
Muchamad Ali Safaat
Universitas Brawijaya
Religion Arts Humanities Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Engineering Environmental Science Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Neuroscience Public Health Social Sciences Other

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The Hierarchical Model of Delegated Legislation in Indonesia Al-Fatih, Sholahuddin; Safaat, Muchamad Ali; Widiarto, Aan Eko; Al Uyun, Dhia; Nur, Muhammad
Lex Scientia Law Review Vol 7 No 2 (2023): Justice in Broader Context: Contemporary and Controversial Issues in Indonesia an
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/lesrev.v7i2.74651

Abstract

In a democratic rule of law like Indonesia, delegated legislation emerges as a necessity. Unfortunately, Article 8, paragraph (1) of Law Number 12 of 2011 concerning the Establishment of Laws and Regulations, in conjunction with Law Number 13 of 2022 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 12 of 2011, fails to articulate a clear hierarchy of delegated regulations. Employing a juridical-normative research approach encompassing statutory, historical, and conceptual dimensions, this study sheds light on the prevailing legal vacuum. The research reveals that a staggering 24,052 regulations at the level of Ministries, Agencies, and State Institutions run the risk of overlapping and becoming subject to judicial review in the Supreme Court. The definition of Delegated Legislations in Indonesia, as interpreted herein, is confined to regulations whose legal construction is executed by the executive, as long as formal legal norms continue to confer the authority of delegation in the legislative domain to implement superior regulations. This paper identifies three distinct models governing the structuring of Delegated Legislations within the hierarchy of laws and regulations in Indonesia. These models include the Hierarchical model based on the legal foundation of institution formation, the Hierarchical model based on the position of the institution, and the Hierarchical model based on the source of delegated authority in forming rules. This nuanced exploration seeks to address the complexities surrounding delegated legislation, aiming to provide clarity and coherence within the Indonesian legal framework.
Human Rights and Democracy: Can the President's Constitutional Disobedience Be Used as Grounds for Impeachment? Aritonang, Syofina Dwi Putri; Muchamad Ali Safa'at; Riana Susmayanti
Human Rights in the Global South (HRGS) Vol. 3 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Serikat Pengajar Hak Asasi Manusia Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56784/hrgs.v3i1.80

Abstract

The protection of human rights is essential in a democratic society. This paper examines the historical context of regulating presidential impeachment in relation to human rights violations by exploring the legal framework governing such actions, particularly focusing on the President's response to the Constitutional Court's decision. For instance, the Constitutional Court's Decision Number 91/PUU-XVIII/2020 declared the Job Creation Act conditionally unconstitutional and prohibited the issuance of any implementing regulations based on it. Nevertheless, the President went ahead and issued Presidential Regulation Number 113 of 2021, which constitutes a violation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the 1945 Constitution. This study used normative legal research, with statutory and comparative approaches, and interpreted legal materials through constitutional and historical lenses. The findings indicate that Indonesia, having similar experiences of the United States, South Korea, and the Philippines, lacks comprehensive regulations for impeaching the President based on human rights violations. Additionally, there is a gap in the regulations concerning the President's defiance of the Constitutional Court's decisions. Therefore, this paper proposes that the definition of violations related to impeachment be limited to the President's oaths as stated in Article 9(1) of the 1945 Constitution. If the President fails to comply with the Constitutional Court's decision, they should be held accountable through the impeachment process. Finally, it is necessary to amend Article 10(3)(d) of the Constitutional Court Act to include specific qualifications for presidential misconduct.
Conditional Decisions as Instrument Guarding the Supremacy of the Constitution (Analysis of conditional decisions of Indonesian Constitutional Court in 2003 - 2017) Safa'at, Muchamad Ali; Eko Widiarto, Aan
Brawijaya Law Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 (2021): Contemporary Issue in Private Law
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.blj.2021.008.01.06

Abstract

The function of the Indonesian Constitutional Court as the guardian of the constitution is mainly conducted through the judicial review authority. From 2003 to April 2021, the Constitutional Court has received and decided 1392 petitions over judicial review. In its dictums, the Constitutional Court often declares conditionally constitutional or conditionally unconstitutional (conditional decision). The conditional decision is a decision of the Court that declares the reviewed norm conditionally constitutional or unconstitutional. The norm is constitutional if interpreted according to the Court interpretation, or the norm is unconstitutional if interpreted in specific ways. This research investigates the criteria of judicial review decisions that declare conditionally constitutional and conditionally unconstitutional according to the characteristics of norms of the law reviewed. The analysis was limited to the Court decisions from 2003 to 2017. The research result indicates that distinguishing characteristics of norms reviewed have no correlation with conditionally constitutional or conditionally unconstitutional options.  Conditionally Constitutional Decision was used by the Court before replaced by Conditionally Unconstitutional Decision due to the weakness of decision implementation. For conditionally unconstitutional decisions are connected to the substance of the decision, creating a new norm that replaces, limit, or elaborate reviewed norm. The conditional decision is still required due to the following three aspects: enforcement of the supremacy of the constitution, the presumption of validity, and strengthening the execution of Constitutional Court decisions.
The Politics of Indonesia's Decentralization Law Based on Regional Competency Prasetyo, Ngesti Dwi; Fadli, Moh.; Anshari SN, Tunggul; Safa'at, Muchamad Ali
Brawijaya Law Journal Vol. 8 No. 2 (2021): State Administration Role in Establishing Constitutional Obligation
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.blj.2021.008.02.01

Abstract

Local governments have undergone various regulatory developments since Indonesia's independence 75 years ago. Various aspects underlying the development and changes in local government policies can be analyzed using several approaches, such as historical, philosophical, and sociological. This paper will discuss how the legal politics of the development of local government implementation, especially in terms of decentralization. Furthermore, the author will explain about the opportunities for implementing decentralization based on regional capacity to promote welfare of society. This research is normative juridical research using historical approach, conceptual approach, and legal approach. It can be said that the implementation and development of local government implementation is strongly influenced by various aspects other than the legal factor itself. Furthermore, there is still the possibility of implementing decentralization based on regional capacity as an effort to promote social welfare.
Constitutional Parameters of Judicial Activism in the Indonesian Constitutional Court Faisyah, Nur; Safa'at, Muchamad Ali; Susmayanti, Riana
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 6 No. 1 (2025): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v6i1.1073

Abstract

This study examines the evolving role of Indonesia's Constitutional Court, specifically the tension between its constitutional mandate as a negative legislator and instances of judicial activism approaching positive legislation. Using normative legal research methodology, the research analyzes two landmark decisions, No. 90/PUU-XXI/2023 and No. 62/PUU-XXII/2024, to distinguish between legitimate constitutional review and potential judicial overreach. The findings reveal that while judicial activism can strengthen constitutional checks and balances when properly constrained, it risks undermining democratic legitimacy when extending to the creation of new legal norms. The study proposes a five-parameter framework emphasizing constitutional supremacy, compelling justification, substantive justice conditions, procedural integrity, and institutional restraint to guide judicial interpretation within constitutional boundaries. This framework contributes to resolving the fundamental challenge of balancing judicial independence with democratic accountability in Indonesia's evolving constitutional landscape, ensuring the Court can effectively safeguard constitutional rights without compromising democratic processes.
The Urgency of Amending the Balikpapan City Regulation on License to Open State Land Rahmatika, Nur Auliya; Safa'at, Muchamad Ali; Hadiyantina, Shinta
Pandecta Research Law Journal Vol. 19 No. 2 (2024): December, 2024
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/pandecta.v19i2.4599

Abstract

Through the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency, the central government has established a national priority program called the Acceleration of Systematic Complete Land Registration (PTSL). The program is a first-time land registration process undertaken synchronously in all parts of Indonesia. The PTSL is a form of legal certainty guaranteed by the central government related to land rights to the citizens. However, as part of its regional authority, Balikpapan City regulated the ownership of a License to Open State Land (IMTN) as one of the requirements for PTSL. In the end, it creates a problem in implementing PTSL in Balikpapan City due to the time-consuming process of IMTN letter registration. Although it is disadvantageous for citizens, the requirement of an IMTN letter is in accordance with the Regional Regulation of Balikpapan City. This research is aimed to determine the legal certainty of land rights registration for Balikpapan City people. The research method used in the research is normative juridical, with a statutory approach. The research data is obtained through a literature study for primary data and obtained by direct research in 2021 for secondary data. The research shows that local regulations of Balikpapan City that require IMTN ownership as a condition for PTSL submission are, in fact, in conflict with the Regulation of the Minister of ATR / BPN. Therefore, to achieve legal certainty related to land management in Balikpapan City, it is necessary to adjust the Regional Regulation of Balikpapan City Number 1 Year 2014 on IMTN.
Rethinking Delegated Legislation in Indonesian Legal System Al-Fatih, Sholahuddin; Safaat, Muchamad Ali; Widiarto, Aan Eko; Uyun, Dhia Al; Rahmat, Al Fauzi
Jurnal Hukum Novelty Vol. 14 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26555/novelty.v14i2.a27517

Abstract

Introduction to The Problem: Delegated legislation in Indonesia is a new type of legislation that should be interpreted and ruled carefully. However, nowadays, the Indonesian legal system has no fixed term for delegated legislation and no hierarchy on it. Furthermore, as many as 57.677regulations at the level of Ministries, Agencies and State Institutions have the potential to overlap regulations and become subject to judicial review in the Supreme CourtPurpose/Objective Study: This article aims to analyze the best term and hierarchy of delegated legislation in the legal system in Indonesia.Design/Methodology/Approach: This legal research conducted normative studies, by examining previous studies on delegated legislation and Electronic and Information Transaction (EIT) law to imagine the delegated legislation type and hierarchy. The data was analyzed by a prescriptive method to give a new idea regarding delegated legislation in Indonesia's legal system.Findings: This paper finds no fixed term for delegated legislation in the Indonesian legal system. There is a loophole in the Indonesian legal system related to delegated legislation. However, some scholars argue that delegated legislation in Indonesia can be found in Government Regulation, Presidential Regulation, Local Regulation and beleidsregel in Article 8 Paragraph (1) Law Number 12 of 2011 concerning Establishing Statutory Regulation and its amendment. As a suggestion, the amendment of the Law on Establishing Statutory Regulation is a must in carrying delegated legislation definition, purpose and hierarchy.Paper Type: Research Article
Urban Farming for Food Security Enhancement in Tunjungsekar Using a 3D-FDM Selective Compliance Articulated Robot Arm Maulana, Eka; Nabawi, Naufal; Nusantoro, Goegoes Dwi; Muchamad Ali Safa'at
TEKAD : Teknik Mengabdi Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.tekad.2026.05.1.3

Abstract

Indonesia faces significant food security challenges driven by rapid population growth, urbanization, and agricultural land conversion. Malang City, with a dense population and ranked 42nd in the national Food Security Index (IKP), requires innovative approaches to strengthen urban agriculture. This community service program, conducted in Tunjungsekar Village, Lowokwaru District, introduced a modern urban farming system as a practical solution. The implementation included the construction of an ergonomic greenhouse using galvanum hollow and esther steel frames, along with the deployment of a 3D-FDM-based SCARA robot integrated with kinematics, PID control, and the Internet of Things (IoT) for automated irrigation and plant care. The results demonstrated a 40% increase in community participation from the initial discussion phase to installation, reflecting growing awareness and enthusiasm toward urban farming practices. This innovation not only improved efficiency and productivity but also contributed directly to the enhancement of Malang City’s Food Security Index. Furthermore, the robotic urban farming model is expected to be replicated in other urban areas as a strategic effort to support national food self-sufficiency programs and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Understanding Delegated Legislation in The Natural Resources Sector Fatih, Sholahuddin Al; Safaat, Muchamad Ali; Widiarto, Aan Eko; Al Uyun, Dhia; Nur, Muhammad
BESTUUR Vol 11, No 2 (2023): Bestuur
Publisher : Administrative Law Departement Faculty of Law Universitas Sebelas Mare

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/bestuur.v11i2.78125

Abstract

The formation of statutory regulations is based on the authority to form. The formation of delegated regulations can originate from orders or authority. In the P3 Law, it is stated that delegated regulation is not only limited to (or “there is a space for delegated regulations other than “) Government Regulations, Presidential Regulations, and Regional Regulations, so it becomes hyper-regulation. This happens in laws and regulations in the field of natural resource management. This article aims to explain the condition of existing delegated regulation in the field of natural resources and its impact on the use of natural resources. The results of this research show that the position and types of delegated regulation in the field of natural resources are not only in the form of Presidential Regulations, Government Regulations, Ministerial Regulations, and Regional Regulations but also delegated legislation regulated in Article 8 of the P3 Law, which is not small in number The implications of delegated legislation can provide technically detailed implementing regulations down to the lowest level institutions/institutions. However, delegation not explicitly limited by the delegation criteria causes hyper-regulation by the executive agency through its functional authority. Apart from that, it opens space for unsynchronization between the substance of higher regulations and delegated regulations, thereby causing ineffective use of natural resources. This study recommends that changes be made to the Law on the Establishment of Laws and Regulations, especially concerning its hierarchy.
Tafsir Konstitusional Batasan Moralitas, Rasionalitas dan Ketidakadilan Yang Intolerable dalam Pengujian Kebijakan Hukum Terbuka Rayhan, Alendra Nauval Mufti; Safaat, Muchamad Ali; Murdiana, Elfa; Arssa, Ria Casmi
Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM Vol. 33 No. 2: MEI 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20885/iustum.vol33.iss2.art2

Abstract

The discourse on legal policy has entered a new chapter in the judicial review of laws at the Constitutional Court. This new chapter is characterized by the Constitutional Court becoming increasingly open to reviewing open legal policies. Consequently, decisions previously deemed as open legal policies, such as cases concerning the presidential threshold, parliamentary threshold, and several other open legal policy cases, have begun to be granted by the Court. However, the ambiguity of meaning regarding morality, rationality, and intolerable injustice as limitations in the review of open legal policies creates obstacles for subsequent reviews. To that end, the researcher aims to seek the interpretation as well as the criteria of these limitations as the initial boundaries of open legal policy, formulated as: what is the meaning of the limitations of morality, rationality, and intolerable injustice in the review of open legal policy? This study employs a normative juridical research method with a conceptual approach that dissects the concept of limitations on open legal policy and a case approach utilizing Constitutional Court decisions that provide interpretations of the limitations of morality, rationality, and intolerable injustice. The purpose of employing these approaches is to ensure that the interpretation of the limitations of open legal policy holds constitutional value and reflects legal certainty within the concept of the rule of law. The researcher utilizes 16 (sixteen) decisions to discover this interpretation. Through these decisions, it is found that there are 6 (six) metrics of morality, 5 (five) metrics of rationality, and 4 (four) metrics of intolerable injustice commonly used by the Constitutional Court in reviewing open legal policies. These metrics are used to prove the constitutionality of open legal policies in the judicial review of laws
Co-Authors A.A. Ketut Agung Cahyawan W Aan Eko Widiarto Adithya Tri Firmansyah R Agnes Harvelian Aritonang, Syofina Dwi Putri Arssa, Ria Casmi Demas Brian W Dhenasya Sukma Hardaningtyas Dhia Al Uyun, Dhia Dhia Al-Uyun Elfa Murdiana Fadli, Moh. Faisyah, Nur Fajar Laksono Fajar Laksono Suroso Fajar Laksono Suroso, Fajar Laksono Fatih, Sholahuddin Al Goegoes Dwi Nusantoro I Dewa Gde Mayun Permana I Nyoman Nurjaya Indah Dwi Qurbani Mardian Wibowo Maulana, Eka Milda Istiqomah Muhammad Nur Nabawi, Naufal Ngesti Dwi Prasetyo Nurul Aprianti Rachmad Safa’at Rahmat, Al Fauzi Rahmatika, Nur Auliya Rayhan, Alendra Nauval Mufti Riana Susmayanti Shinta Hadiyantina Sholahuddin Al-Fatih Sudarsono Sudarsono Tunggul Ansari Setia Negara Uyun, Dhia Al