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All Journal Jurnal Teknologi Dan Industri Pangan Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian BIOTROPIA - The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Biology AL KAUNIYAH Widyariset BERITA BIOLOGI JURNAL BIOLOGI INDONESIA Biodidaktika : Jurnal Biologi dan Pembelajarannya ANNALES BOGORIENSES JURNAL SELULOSA Widyariset Indonesian Journal of Applied Environmental Studies Journal of Tropical Biodiversity

Endang Sukara

Universitas Nasional

Author-ID : 507459

Aerospace Engineering Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Astronomy Automotive Engineering Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Earth & Planetary Sciences Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering Environmental Science Immunology & microbiology Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Library & Information Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mechanical Engineering Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Physics Social Sciences Veterinary Other

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Rapid Assessment of Diverse Trichodermal Isolates of Indonesian Origin for Cellulase Production Fahrurrozi Fahrurrozi; Shanti Ratnakomala; Trisanti Anindyawati; Puspita Lisdayanti; Endang Sukara
ANNALES BOGORIENSES Vol 14, No 1 (2010): Annales Bogorienses
Publisher : Research Center for Biotechnology - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

Trichoderma is a well -known candidate to be promoted as cellulase producer for the hidrolysis of lignocelluloses that contain in woody biomass. The number of trichodermal isolates in our laboratory collected from diverse ecosystem types in Indonesia increases significantly during the last 5 years. It is our aim to assess the cultures for its ability in producing cellulase. Sixty-six trichodermal isolates used in this experiment are obtained from Biotechnology Culture Collection (BTCC), Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences(LIPI) The 31 isolates were isolated from District of Liwa (South Sumatra, Indonesia) and the 35 isolates from District of Maros (South Sulawesi, Indonesia). The isolates were screened qualitatively, 7 isolates from Liwa and 12 isolates from Maros showed cellulolytic activity. From the results of quantitative test, two strains (ID08-T004 and ID08-T63) showed the higher cellulolytic activity among the selected strains, 133.5 and 133.5 U/ml, respectively. These extracellular enzymes were characterized their temperature and pH optimum. The temperature optimum for both enzymes was the same, 50C, with activity 213.6 U/ml for enzyme extracted from ID08-T004 and 197.3 U/ml for enzyme from ID08-T0063. The pH optimum was pH 5 of ID08-T004 with activity137.7 U/ml and pH 6 for ID08-T063 with activity 75.0 U/ml. The enzymes from ID08-T004 and ID08-T063 were stable in their temperature and pH optimal condition even after 90 minutes incubation with activity 179.0 U/ml and 86.7 U/ml, respectively. The enzyme stability was approximately 150 minutes for both enzymes in the temperature and pH optimum. Key Words: Trichoderma, cellulase, Culture Collection

Isolation of Endophytic Microbes from Gunung Halimun National Park, West Java, Indonesia and Bioassay Their Potency for Eradicating Microbial Crops Pathogen Endang Sukara; Ruth Melliawati
ANNALES BOGORIENSES Vol 17, No 1 (2013): Annales Bogorienses
Publisher : Research Center for Biotechnology - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

Gunung Halimun National Park (GHNP) – West Java, Indonesia is the largest preserved primary forest in West Java. Diversity of plants and animals of this park have been studied intensively during the 15 years years. Diversity of endophytic microorganisms, however, has never been reported. Endophytic microbes are those who reside in the interspatial tissues of plants, have a capacity to produce array of secondary metabolites. This paper illustrates the occurrence of endophyte microbes in diverse flowering plants of GHNP. Total of 160 bacteria and 337 fungus were isolated from 86 plants species in the area. Out of that, 159 bacterial isolates and 320 fungus isolates survived in our collection and tested against four major microbial crops pathogen namely Xanthomonas campestris, Pseudomonas solanacearum, Colletotrichum glocosporoides and Fusarium oxysporum cubense. Plate Agar Test Assay method reveals that 51 among 159 bacterial isolates and 62 among 320 endophytic fungal isolates have an ability to inhibit the growth of microbial crop pathogens. Endophytic bacteria can inhibit more microbial crops pathogen but the inhibition ability is less compare to that of endophytic fungi. From our preliminary study clearly shows that endophytic microbes of GHNP should have potential value in developing biological control agent to combat microbial crop pathogens and eventually reduce the use of synthetic chemicals.

Present Status and Challenges on Agricultural Microbe Bio-Prospecting in Indonesia Endang Sukara
ANNALES BOGORIENSES Vol 11, No 1 (2007): Annales Bogorienses
Publisher : Research Center for Biotechnology - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

food security is one of the essential needs which can never be ignored by any society, including in particular Indonesia. as the world population is expected to rise to around 10 billion marked by 2025. The problem is that the agriculture in developed and developing countries that follow the path of developed countries experiences create · a range of serious environmental degradation. An intensive agricultural production through the use of pesticide and herbicides, forest clearing and continued use of land resources for the agricultural purposes are not sustainable practice . In consequences, degradation of ecosystem, oil erosion. and low productivity of land, poor water quality and lost of biological diversity (including microbial and genetic resources) occurred at alarming stale. Meanwhile, the efforts in addressing the above situation is traditionally focused on plant phenotypes (breeding. plant genetic engineering etc .) but the important role of microbial communities that interact with plants to influence plant health and productivity has been largely ignored. The interaction of microbes with plants and its relevant to soil fertility and productivity, the bio-control properties of microbes and challenges toward sustainable agriculture is highlighted.

Cellulolytic Yeast Isolated From Raja Ampat Indonesia Atit Kanti; Nampiah Sukarno; Endang Sukara; Latifah K Darusman
ANNALES BOGORIENSES Vol 16, No 1 (2012): Annales Bogorienses
Publisher : Research Center for Biotechnology - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

The objective of this study was to select and characterize three yeast isolates originating from soil of Raja Ampat region of Papua, Indonesia for its potential to produce cellulase . Selection and characterization of cellulolytic yeast was carried out by measuring cellulolytic Index (IS) with congo red method and measurement of Carboxy Methyl Cellulase (CMC-ase) activity through determination of reducing sugar with dinitrosalycilic methods. Cellulolytic Index (IS) of the isolates Sporobolomyces poonsookiae Y08RA07, Rhodosporidium paludigenum Y08RA29 and Cryptococcus flavescens Y08RA33were 1.40, 2.60 and 1.66 respectively. CMC-ase produced optimum at pH 8 at 37ºC by isolate Y08RA07, whereas for Y08RA29 andY08RA33 were at pH 6, at 28ºC. Paper waste was good substrate for cellulase enzyme production by isolate Y08RA07, while for two other isolates the best substrate was CMC. Isolate Y08RA29 having highest cellulase activities when grown in CMC, while isolates Y08RA07 and Y08RA33 achieved highest enzyme activity when grown in bamboo leaf. Key words: Cellulolytic yeast, Raja Ampat, waste paper, bamboo leaf

Medium Optimization for Antimicrobial Production By Newly Screened Lactic Acid Bacteria Rohmatussolihat Rohmatussolihat; Puspita Lisdiyanti; Yopi Yopi; Yantyati Widyastuti; Endang Sukara
ANNALES BOGORIENSES Vol 22, No 1 (2018): Annales Bogorienses
Publisher : Research Center for Biotechnology - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are important for prevention of spoilage and pathogenic bacterial growth in foods due to their ability to generate antimicrobial substances. The objective of this study was to screen LAB for antimicrobial activity and to optimize culture medium for antimicrobial production using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD). Optimization of antimicrobial production of selected LAB was conducted with different combinations of glucose, NaCl, inoculum, and temperature. Our experimental results showed that from 129 LAB isolates, 55 showed significant inhibition against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans. No isolates inhibited the growth of Aspergillus flavus. Lactobacillus plantarum LIPI13-2-LAB011 was selected for further study on culture medium optimization to inhibit the growth of C. albicans. From statistical analysis, the production of antimicrobial substances was significantly influenced by temperature, NaCl, and concentration of glucose. Furthermore, the optimum concentrations of glucose, concentration of inoculum, temperature, and NaCl were 1.63 %, 3.03%, 33.74°C, and 3.4%, respectively, with a maximum predicted inhibition index of 1.916, which increased 3.56-fold compared to that obtained in medium before optimization processes. The result was confirmed as when the optimum concentration of nutritions used, the inhibition index increased 3.12-fold.

Cultural diversity and biodiversity as foundation of sustainable development Y. Purwanto; Endang Sukara; Purity Sabila Ajiningrum; Dolly Priatna
Indonesian Journal of Applied Environmental Studies Vol 1, No 1 (2020): Volume 1 Number 1 April 2020
Publisher : Universitas Pakuan

INTRODUCTION We know that there is only one earth, there are many different worlds. Different worldviews do not only have significant political and socio-economic repercussions but they also determine the way in which people perceive and interact with nature, thus forming their specific culture. Natural ecosystems cannot be understood, conserved and managed without recognizing the human culture that shape them, since biological and cultural diversities are mutually reinforcing and interdependent. Together, cultural diversity and biological diversity hold the key to ensuring resilience in both social and ecological systems (Erdelen, 2003). Through the environmental sciences and cultural activities, in promoting awareness and understanding of the relationships between biological and cultural diversity as a key basis for sustainable development.Beside has high biological diversity Indonesia also possesses high cultural diversity. It doesn’t marvel that Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago, containing more than seventeen thousand island extending in an east-west direction for five thousand two hundred kilometers across the Sunda and Sahul continent shelves. The archipelago exhibits rich biodiversity that is unequalled in Asia (McNelly et al.,1990). Indonesia’s territory cover 7.7 million square kilometer, of which approximately 5.8 million square kilometers (75.3 %) is comprised of marine and coastal waters. Indonesia is located between two of Earth’s biogeographic regions: Indo-Malaya and Oceania. The Indo-Malaya region to the west includes Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, and Bali, and the Oceanic region to the east includes Sulawesi, Moluccas, the eastern Sunda Islands, and West Papua. The vegetation types to the east and the west of the Wallace line are divided by a biogeographical boundary that extends from north to south along the Sunda Shelf. The natural vegetation on the shelf it self is comprised principally of the Malesian type, dominated by the commercially important Dipterocarpaceae. Vegetation to the east has greater affinities with Oceanic Austro-Pacific zone and is dominated by mixed tropical hardwood species. Deciduous monsoon forest occurs in seasonally dry areas, particularly in the southern and eastern islands such as the Lesser Sunda and the southern part of Papua. The outer islands of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Moluccas, and Papua comprise approximately 10 % of the world’s tropical rainforest. Indonesia has more tropical forest than any other single Africa or Asia country, and is second only to Brazil in terms of tropical forest area. This country characterized by an enormously varied topography of shallow coastal water, swamp, lakes, alluvial plains, volcanoes, and High Mountain ranges. This country also presents at least forty-seven distinct natural and man-made ecosystems. These ecosystem types ranges from the ice mountain ecosystem and alpine grassland on the high mountains in Papua (Puncak Jaya Wijaya, at an altitude of over five thousand metres0 to variations of tropical rainforest ecosystems– from lowland to mountain landscape, shallow swamp to deep lakes, from mangroves to algae communities and coral reefs – as well as an ocean ecosystem reaching as deep as eight thousand meters below sea level (MoF/FAO, 1991).Unfortunately, little respect has been given to the high diversity of the archipelago, resulting in disappearance of many of these cultures. Studies to document and learn traditional wisdom are needed urgently, not least because traditional knowledge is often compatible with sustainable development objectives, as discussed in the World Summit on Sustainable Development, in Rio de Janeiro, 1992 and in Johannesburg in 2002. Meanwhile the deforestation in Indonesia occurs at an alarming rate. Forest cover decreased from about 193.7 million hectares in 1950s (Hannibal, 1950) to 119.7 million hectares in 1985 and to 100 million hectares in 1997 (GOI/World Bank, 2000) and only 98 million hectares remain (FWI/GWF, 2001).The local knowledge of environment management and indigenous custom, as part of indigenous culture, is the product of long interaction between man and their environment and also results of their ability for application the technique adaptation to their environment. High biological diversity has utilized for economic reason, even though this national asset has not yet been fully developed.Dynamic interaction between people and biodiversity in Indonesia let to the creation of many different cultures and thus languages and dialects. More than four hundred Indonesian ethnic groups are dispersed in different regions. Indonesia boasts665 different languages and dialects, with Papua accounting for 250 of these, Moluccas 133, Sulawesi105, Kalimantan 77, Nusa Tenggara (Lesser SundaIslands) 53, Sumatra 38, Java and Bali 9 (Grimes,1988). Such ethnics have specific knowledge about how to manage their environment and biodiversity surrounding them. Every ethnic has a specific culture, knowledge and local wisdom and technique adaptation to their various environments.Concerning the cultural richness in Indonesian, besides have advantages also constitute weaknesses for biodiversity resource management. One of these advantages is that we have various referable traditional pattern and alternative selection of space management and we have material to design system admissible management by all societies and also government. Meanwhile its weakness is that each ethnic has specific pattern according to environmental condition and cultural level. But along with time developing marks sense decentralization of policy in Indonesian, therefore local or region policy that based on actual condition area and society is more elegant compared with uniformity management which hasn’t obviously fastened byother area that has different culture and environmental condition.

Traditional knowledge of biodiversity in the community surrounding Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve, Riau, Indonesia Herman Suparman Simanjuntak; Endang Sukara; Dolly Priatna
Indonesian Journal of Applied Environmental Studies Vol 2, No 2 (2021): Volume 2 Number 2 October 2021
Publisher : Universitas Pakuan

The Objective of this study is to analyze the potential for biodiversity and traditional knowledge in the buffer zone of the Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve (GSK-BB). The research was conducted descriptively-quantitatively by analyzing two variables, i.e. biodiversity and community traditional knowledge. Biodiversity monitoring report documents from PT Sakato Pratama (PT SPM) and PT Bukit Batu Hutan Alam (PT BBHA), profiles of Temiang and Sepahat villages, questionnaire data taken from village community representatives, as well as the results of in-depth interviews were used in the analysis. The results show that in the PT SPM area, there are 177 species of plants and 55 species of animals. Meanwhile in the PT BBHA area there are 146 species of plants and 46 species of animals. Based on information from the community of Temiang Village, there are 51 species of plants and 18 species of animals, while according to the people of Sepahat Village, there are 73 species of plants and 83 species of animals. The biodiversity utilized by the community in the two villages consists of 36 species of plants and 15 species of animals, but only three species are wild animals, i.e. sun bear (Helarctos malayanus), horseshoecrab (Limulus sp.), and seahorse (Hippocampus sp.) .), and one species of plant (rattan, Calamus sp.). The rest are cultivated plants and livestock. From the analysis, it can be concluded that the relationship between biodiversity and traditional knowledge in both Temiang and Sepahat Villages is very limited. Awareness of the strategic value of wild plants and wildlife in the buffer zone of the biosphere reserve needs to be increased.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi keanekaragaman hayati dan pengetahuan tradisional di zona penyangga Cagar Biosfer Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu (GSK-BB). Penelitian dilakukan secara deskriptif-kuantitatif dengan menganalisis dua variable, yaitu keanekaragaman hayati dan pengetahuan tradisional masyarakat. Dokumen laporan monitoring keanekaragaman hayati dari PT Sakato Pratama (PT SPM) dan PT Bukit Batu Hutan Alam (PT BBHA), profil Desa Temiang dan Sepahat, data kuisioner yang diambil dari perwakilan masyarakat desa, serta hasil wawancara mendalam digunakan dalam analisis. Hasil menunjukan bahwa di kawasan PT SPM tercatat terdapat 177 jenis tumbuhan dan 55 jenis satwa. Sementara itu di kawasan PT BBHA terdapat 146 jenis tumbuhan dan 46 jenis satwa. Berdasarkan informasi dari masyarakat Desa Temiang terdapat 51 jenis tumbuhan dan 18 jenis satwa, sedangkan menurut masyarakat Desa Sepahat terdapat 73 jenis tumbuhan dan 83 jenis satwa. Keanekaragaman hayati yang dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat di kedua desa tersebut terdiri atas 36 jenis tumbuhan dan 15 jenis satwa, namun hanya tiga jenis yang merupakan hewan liar, yaitu beruang madu (Helarctos malayanus), belangkas (Limulus sp.), dan kuda laut (Hippocampus sp.), serta satu jenis tumbuhan (rotan, Calamus sp.). Selebihnya merupakan tanaman budidaya dan hewan ternak. Dari hasil analisis, dapat ditarik kesimpulan sementara bahwa hubungan keanekaragaman hayati dengan pengetahuan tradisional di kedua desa Temiang dan Sepahat sangat terbatas. Kesadaran tentang nilai strategis tumbuhan dan satwa liar yang ada di kawasan penyangga cagar biosfer perlu ditingkatkan.

Additional Nata de Coco on The Performance of Cassava Starch Based Bioplastic Febia Rini; Yulneriwarni Yulneriwarni; Endang Sukara
Journal of Tropical Biodiversity Vol 3 No 1 (2022): December 2022
Publisher : Universitas Nasional Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Bioplastics, an environmental friendly materials, attracting interest to many scientists around the world. Cassava starch may used as a major ingredient for bioplastics production. The addition of cellulose could improve the quality of starch base bioplastics. Cellulose used for thispurpise is mainly extracted from wood. Extraction of cellulose from wood materials is not easy. Removing contaminant particularly lignin is the major obstacle. The use nata de coco, a pure crystalline cellulose, may of great choice to replace cellulose of wood origin. It is the aim of this study to search the possibility of using nata de coco as filler replacing cellulose of wood origin for the production of bioplastic using cassava starch. The effect of nata de coco as a filler on the quality of bioplastics was studied using a Central Composite Design (CCD) and Response Surface Analysis (RSA). The ratio of tapioca and nata de coco and the ratio of nata de coco and glycerol were evaluated. The performance of bioplastics was measured semi qualitatively based on the structure, color, and its similarity to synthetic plastics. The result shows that the quality of bioplastics affected by nata de coco linearly when the maximum of nata de coco used up to 40% (v / v). Bioplastics may be prepared using 10% (w / v) tapioca, 3% (w / v) glycerol and 40% (v / v) nata de coco. The average degree of swelling of bioplastics is 18.75%, an average tensile test of 0.01494 kgf / mm2 and an average elongation 14.4056%. The results of this study indicate that nata de coco may be used as a filler in the manufacture of starch-based bioplastics re placing wood based cellulose.

Tinjauan Biosorpsi Logam Berat Pb dan Cd Oleh Jamur Makro Noverita Noverita; Nuniek Ina Ratnaningtyas; Endang Sukara; Nuraeni Ekowati; Sri Lestari
Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi Vol 16, No 2 (2023): AL-KAUNIYAH JURNAL BIOLOGI
Publisher : Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islami

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/kauniyah.v16i2.24569

AbstrakKeberadaan logam berat perlu ditanggulangi, salah satunya dengan cara biosorpsi. Biosorpsi merupakan salah satu metode remediasi yang paling tepat digunakan dalam menanggulangi pencemaran logam berat. Proses secara efisien dapat menyerap logam berat terlarut bahkan logam berat yang ada dalam larutan kompleks yang sangat encer. Jamur makro merupakan contoh biosorben yang dapat digunakan dalam biosorpsi. Pemanfaatan jamur makro sebagai biosorben sangat tepat dilakukan karena keanekaragaman jenisnya tinggi, cepat tumbuh dengan kemampuan metabolisme yang beragam pada berbagai senyawa organik dan anorganik, mudah didapatkan, lebih aman karena tidak menyebabkan korosi atau menghasilkan bahan berbahaya, teknologinya sederhana, perawatannya mudah dan produk akhir dapat didaur ulang, serta dapat mengakumulasi logam berat dengan kosentrasi tinggi. Jenis-jenis jamur makro yang sudah digunakan dalam biosorpsi logam berat di beberapa negara antara lain Agaricus bisporus, Auricularia polytricha, Calocybe indica, Ganoderma carnosum, Flammulina velutipes, Fomes fasciatus, dan Volvariella volvacea. Sementara itu, penelitian penggunakan jamur makro di Indonesia dalam biosorpsi logam berat sangat terbatas yakni pada jenis Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Omphalina sp., dan Pholiota sp. Mengingat tingginya keanekaragaman jamur makro di Indonesia, maka potensi biosorpsi logam berat khususnya Pb dan Cd oleh jamur makro sangat berpeluang untuk diteleti lebih lanjut.AbstractHeavy metals can accumulate in seawater, sediments and in the marine biota that live in them, eventually entering the food chain which is very dangerous to health. The presence of these heavy metals needs to be overcome, one of which is by means of biosorption. Biosorption is one of the most appropriate remediation methods used in tackling heavy metal pollution. The biosorption process can efficiently absorb dissolved heavy metals and even heavy metals present in very dilute complex solutions. Macro fungi are examples of biosorbents that can be used in biosorption. Utilization of macro fungi as biosorbents is very appropriate because of the high diversity of species, fast growing with diverse metabolic abilities on various organic and inorganic compounds, easy to obtain, strong morphology, safer because they do not cause corrosion or produce harmful materials, simple technology, easy maintenance and the final product can be recycled, can accumulate heavy metals with high concentrations. The types of macro fungi that have been used in the biosorption of heavy metals in several countries include Agaricus bisporus, Auricularia polytricha, Calocybe indica, Ganoderma carnosum, Flammulina velutipes, Fomes fasciatus, and Volvarella volvacea. Meanwhile in Indonesia, research on the use of macro fungi in heavy metal biosorption is very limited to the Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Omphalina sp. and Pholiota sp. Considering the high diversity of macro fungi in Indonesia, the potential for biosorption of heavy metals, especially Pb and Cd by macro fungi, is very likely to be investigated further.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33751/injast.v1i1.1976

INTRODUCTION We know that there is only one earth, there are many different worlds. Different worldviews do not only have significant political and socio-economic repercussions but they also determine the way in which people perceive and interact with nature, thus forming their specific culture. Natural ecosystems cannot be understood, conserved and managed without recognizing the human culture that shape them, since biological and cultural diversities are mutually reinforcing and interdependent. Together, cultural diversity and biological diversity hold the key to ensuring resilience in both social and ecological systems (Erdelen, 2003). Through the environmental sciences and cultural activities, in promoting awareness and understanding of the relationships between biological and cultural diversity as a key basis for sustainable development.Beside has high biological diversity Indonesia also possesses high cultural diversity. It doesnt marvel that Indonesia is the worlds largest archipelago, containing more than seventeen thousand island extending in an east-west direction for five thousand two hundred kilometers across the Sunda and Sahul continent shelves. The archipelago exhibits rich biodiversity that is unequalled in Asia (McNelly et al.,1990). Indonesias territory cover 7.7 million square kilometer, of which approximately 5.8 million square kilometers (75.3 %) is comprised of marine and coastal waters. Indonesia is located between two of Earths biogeographic regions: Indo-Malaya and Oceania. The Indo-Malaya region to the west includes Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, and Bali, and the Oceanic region to the east includes Sulawesi, Moluccas, the eastern Sunda Islands, and West Papua. The vegetation types to the east and the west of the Wallace line are divided by a biogeographical boundary that extends from north to south along the Sunda Shelf. The natural vegetation on the shelf it self is comprised principally of the Malesian type, dominated by the commercially important Dipterocarpaceae. Vegetation to the east has greater affinities with Oceanic Austro-Pacific zone and is dominated by mixed tropical hardwood species. Deciduous monsoon forest occurs in seasonally dry areas, particularly in the southern and eastern islands such as the Lesser Sunda and the southern part of Papua. The outer islands of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Moluccas, and Papua comprise approximately 10 % of the worlds tropical rainforest. Indonesia has more tropical forest than any other single Africa or Asia country, and is second only to Brazil in terms of tropical forest area. This country characterized by an enormously varied topography of shallow coastal water, swamp, lakes, alluvial plains, volcanoes, and High Mountain ranges. This country also presents at least forty-seven distinct natural and man-made ecosystems. These ecosystem types ranges from the ice mountain ecosystem and alpine grassland on the high mountains in Papua (Puncak Jaya Wijaya, at an altitude of over five thousand metres0 to variations of tropical rainforest ecosystems from lowland to mountain landscape, shallow swamp to deep lakes, from mangroves to algae communities and coral reefs as well as an ocean ecosystem reaching as deep as eight thousand meters below sea level (MoF/FAO, 1991).Unfortunately, little respect has been given to the high diversity of the archipelago, resulting in disappearance of many of these cultures. Studies to document and learn traditional wisdom are needed urgently, not least because traditional knowledge is often compatible with sustainable development objectives, as discussed in the World Summit on Sustainable Development, in Rio de Janeiro, 1992 and in Johannesburg in 2002. Meanwhile the deforestation in Indonesia occurs at an alarming rate. Forest cover decreased from about 193.7 million hectares in 1950s (Hannibal, 1950) to 119.7 million hectares in 1985 and to 100 million hectares in 1997 (GOI/World Bank, 2000) and only 98 million hectares remain (FWI/GWF, 2001).The local knowledge of environment management and indigenous custom, as part of indigenous culture, is the product of long interaction between man and their environment and also results of their ability for application the technique adaptation to their environment. High biological diversity has utilized for economic reason, even though this national asset has not yet been fully developed.Dynamic interaction between people and biodiversity in Indonesia let to the creation of many different cultures and thus languages and dialects. More than four hundred Indonesian ethnic groups are dispersed in different regions. Indonesia boasts665 different languages and dialects, with Papua accounting for 250 of these, Moluccas 133, Sulawesi105, Kalimantan 77, Nusa Tenggara (Lesser SundaIslands) 53, Sumatra 38, Java and Bali 9 (Grimes,1988). Such ethnics have specific knowledge about how to manage their environment and biodiversity surrounding them. Every ethnic has a specific culture, knowledge and local wisdom and technique adaptation to their various environments.Concerning the cultural richness in Indonesian, besides have advantages also constitute weaknesses for biodiversity resource management. One of these advantages is that we have various referable traditional pattern and alternative selection of space management and we have material to design system admissible management by all societies and also government. Meanwhile its weakness is that each ethnic has specific pattern according to environmental condition and cultural level. But along with time developing marks sense decentralization of policy in Indonesian, therefore local or region policy that based on actual condition area and society is more elegant compared with uniformity management which hasnt obviously fastened byother area that has different culture and environmental condition.

Co-Authors Abd. Rasyid Syamsuri Abinawanto Abinawanto Achmad Dinoto Achmad Dinoto Andi Hartono Andi Salamah Atit Kanti Atit Kanti Bernadeta Ayu Widyaningrum Dede Hermawan Dolly Priatna Evi Triana Fahrurrozi Fahrurrozi Febia Rini Hanies Ambarsari Herman Suparman Simanjuntak Jajang Sutiawan Katsuhiko Ando Latifah K Darusman latifah K Darusman Lisdayanti, Puspita Lukman Hakim Miranti Nurindah Sari Misa Otoguro Nampiah Sukarno Nita Rosalinda Prayitno Noverita Nuniek Ina Ratnaningtyas Nuraeni Ekowati Purity Sabila Ajiningrum Puspita Lisdayanti Puspita Lisdiyanti PUSPITA LISDIYANTI Puspita Lisdiyanti Puspita Lisdiyanti Ratih Dwi Hastuti Rohmatussolihat - ROHMATUSSOLIHAT ROHMATUSSOLIHAT Rohmatussolihat Rohmatussolihat Ruth Meliawati Ruth Melliawati Ruth Melliawati Shanti Ratnakomala Shanti Ratnakomala SHANTI RATNAKOMALA Solly Aryza Sri Lestari Sukma Surya Kusumah Sulistiani ., Sulistiani Sulistiani Sulistiani Sulistiani Sulistiani, Sulistiani Trisanti Anindyawati Trisanti Anindyawati, Trisanti WIBOWO MANGUNWARDOYO Wibowo Mangunwardoyo Y. Purwanto Yantyati Widyastuti Yantyati Widyastuti Yantyati Widyastuti Yantyati Widyastuti YOPI YOPI Yopi Yopi YULIN LESTARI Yulneriwarni Yulneriwarni

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