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All Journal Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Science EKSAKTA: Journal of Sciences and Data Analysis Science and Technology Indonesia Majalah Kesehatan FKUB Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Petugas Pengelola Obat dengan Tingkat Ketersediaan Obat Di Puskesmas Kota Malang Tri Dharma Mandiri: Diseminasi dan Hilirisasi Riset Kepada Masyarakat (Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat) Makara Journal of Science
Oktavia Eka Puspita, Oktavia Eka
Magister of Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Earth & Planetary Sciences Education Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Physics Public Health Social Sciences

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Journal : Science and Technology Indonesia

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Microwave-Assisted Synthesis: A Green Chemistry Approach for Drug Cocrystals Synthesis Puspita, Oktavia Eka; Sulistyowaty, Melanny Ika; Salam, Rudy; Setyawan, Dwi
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 4 (2025): October
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2025.10.4.1130-1147

Abstract

Microwave-assisted synthesis (MAS) presents a promising approach to the formation of pharmaceutical cocrystals, offering notable improvements in solubility, dissolution rate, stability, and bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). This review aims to evaluate the potential of MAS as a green and efficient strategy for drug cocrystal synthesis, particularly in comparison to conventional methods such as solvent evaporation, slurry crystallisation, and grinding techniques. A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, to ensure a comprehensive selection of relevant studies. The analysis focused on reported synthesis methods, cocrystal formation under microwave exposure, reaction conditions, yields, purity, and scalability outcomes of MAS compared to conventional techniques. This review also highlight current applications, critical synthesis parameters, and challenges such as penetration depth, reaction uniformity, and thermal control. Findings indicate that MAS significantly reduces reaction time, minimizes solvent use, and enhances product purity and yield. Its compatibility with solvent-free or minimal-solvent processes aligns closely with green chemistry principles, making it a sustainable alternative. Furthermore, MAS effectively addresses solubility mismatches and process inefficiencies commonly encountered in traditional methods. The future prospect of MAS lies in its integration with continuous manufacturing, automation, and drug repurposing efforts, which could revolutionize pharmaceutical formulation by accelerating innovation while adhering to environmental and regulatory standards.
Co-Authors Adeltrudis Adelsa Danimayostu, Adeltrudis Adelsa Akhmad Kharis Nugroho Anugrah Elfa Yudita, Anugrah Elfa Dwi Setyawan Ebtavanny, Tamara G. Fadlila, Safina Samara Nur Fortunata, Fabyoke A. Ihsan, Bachtiar Rifai Pratita Melanny Ika Sulistyowaty Moch Rijal Hadi, Moch Rijal Nabila Ayu Safitri, Nabila Ayu Ningsih, Zubaidah Nurmahliati, Haifa Oktavia Rahayu Adianingsih Ratri, Oktavia Lestyaning Rudy Salam, Rudy Safitri, Anna Sobah, Nurus Suwaldi . Tamara Gusti Ebtavanny VALENTINA YURINA Widodo, Ferri Widyastuti, Ajeng