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Suwaldi .
Faculty Of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Dentistry Education Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Materials Science & Nanotechnology Mathematics Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Public Health Social Sciences Other

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PENGARUH ENKAPSULASI EKSTRAK DAUN MURBEI (Morus alba L.) TERHADAP TEKANAN DARAH ARTERI PADA TIKUS Aminah, Siti; Suwaldi, Suwaldi; Fudholi, Achmad; Wahyono, Wahyono
Majalah Obat Tradisional Vol 19, No 3 (2014)
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1042.062 KB) | DOI: 10.14499/mot-TradMedJ19iss3pp149-155

Abstract

Rutin dan kuersetin merupakan senyawa golongan flavonoid yang terkandung dalam ekstrak daun murbei (Morus alba L.) dan mempunyai pengaruh  dalam sistem kardiovaskuler. Pada penelitian ini diteliti pengaruh enkapsulasi ekstrak daun murbei terhadap tekanan darah arteri,. Ekstrak dibuat secara remaserasi dengan menggunakan penyari etanol 95%. Kandungan rutin dan kuersetin didalam ekstrak ditentukan dengan menggunakan Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT). Enkapsulasi  dilakukan terhadap 0,25% ekstrak,  menggunakan kitosan  0,5mg/mL  dan TPP 1mg/mL. Karakterisasi dilakukan terhadap ukuran partikel, efisiensi enkapsulasi dan Spektroskopi Infra Merah-Fourier Transform. Ekstrak dengan dosis 1g/kg berat badan dan ekstrak terenkapsulasi dengan dosis 1,313g/kg berat badan kemudian diberikan   secara per oral pada tikus normotensif maupun tikus hipertensif, selanjutnya diukur tekanan darah arteri dan frekuensi denyut jantung dengan menggunakan Coda Non-Invasive Blood Pressure System. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kadar rutin dan kuersetin dalam ekstrak adalah (0,87±0,138) mg/g  dan (4,427±0,065) mg/g.  Kitosan-TPP dengan perbandingan 0,5:1  membentuk partikel dengan ukuran antara  25,11–45,21nm  dan  efisiensi enkapsulasi  (76,14±2,29) % pada enkapsulasi ekstrak daun murbei. Ekstrak daun murbei dan ekstrak daun murbei terenkapsulasi dapat menurunkan tekanan darah  arteri.
Peningkatan Jumlah Mikronukleus pada Mukosa Gingiva Kelinci Setelah Paparan Radiografi Panoramik Shantiningsih, Rurie Ratna; Suwaldi, Suwaldi; Astuti, Indwiani; Mudjosemedi, Munakhir
Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia Vol 20, No 2 (2013)
Publisher : Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Mikronukleus merupakan salah satu tanda awal terjadinya kerusakan DNA yang ditemukan pada mukosa gingiva manusia setelah paparan radiografi dental panoramik.   Peningkatan jumlah mikronukleus terjadi paling tinggi pada hari ke-10 dan selanjutnya mengalami penurunan sampai dengan hari ke-14. Kelinci memiliki karakter dan periode turn-over mukosa gingiva yang hampir sama dengan manusia berkisar antara 10-12 hari. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengevaluasi apakah peningkatan jumlah mikronukleus pada mukosa gingiva kelinci setelah paparan radiografi panoramik.Sembilan ekor kelinci dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok untuk mewakili hari ke-3, 6 dan 9 setelah paparan radiografi panoramik. Sebelum dan sesudah diberikan paparan radiografi panoramik,  setiap  hewan  coba  dilakukan  apusan  pada  mukosa  gingiva  anterior  rahang  bawah  menggunakan cervical brush. Hasil apusan dilakukan pewarnaan dengan modifikasi Feulgen-Rossenbeck dan dihitung jumlah mikronukleus menggunakan mikroskop yang disambungkan dengan optilab. Analisis statistik dilakukan menggunakan paired t-test. Analisis statistik menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan (p<0,05) antara jumlah mikronukleus sebelum dan 9 hari sesudah paparan radiografi panoramik. Akan tetapi tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang signifikan (p>0,05) antara sebelum paparan dibandingkan hari ke-3 dan ke-6 setelah paparan radiografi panoramik. Kesimpulang dari hasil penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian sebelumnya pada manusia bahwa peningkatan jumlah mikronukleus terjadi pada hari ke-9 setelah paparan radiografi panoramik. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa pada kelinci juga menunjukkan peningkatan jumlah mikronukleus di mukosa gingiva akibat paparan radiografi panoramik.ABSTRACT: Micronucleus Increase After Panoramic Radiography Exposure In Rabbit’s Gingival Mucosa. Micronucleus is one of the early states of DNA damage found in human gingival mucosa after dental panoramic radiography exposure. The increasing amount of micronucleus will reach a peak in the tenth day after the exposure, and it will continuously decrease right after the fourteenth day. Rabbit has almost the same gingival mucosa and turn-over period with human for about 10-12 days. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the increasing amount of micronucleus in rabbit’s gingival mucosa after panoramic radiography exposure. A total of nine New Zealand rabbits were divided into 3 groups to represent day of 3rd, 6th  and 9th after the panoramic radiography exposure. The mandibular anterior gingival mucosa of each animals was swabbed using a cervical brush before and after panoramic radiography exposure. The samples were stained with Feulgen-Rossenbeck modification, and the amount of micronucleus was counted using a microscope that is connected to Optilab. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test. The statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference (p <0.05) between the number of micronucleus before exposure and 9th day after panoramic radiography exposure. Moreover, there was no significant difference (p> 0.05) between the amount of micronucleus before exposure compared with 3rd  and 6th  day after panoramic radiography exposure. Based on the experiment, it is concluded that the result is consistent with previous studies conducted in human that there was increasing amount of micronucleus at the 9th  day after panoramic radiography exposure. This result   indicates that rabbit   performs the increasing amount of micronucleus in gingival mucosa because of panoramic radiography exposure
The formation of inclusion complex of phenobarbital with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrine Isadiartuti, Dewi; ., Suwaldi
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY Vol 16 No 1, 2005
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (325.436 KB) | DOI: 10.14499/indonesianjpharm0iss0pp28-37

Abstract

Phenobarbital, a hypnotic and sedative agent, was found to form inclusion complex with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrine at 1:1 molar ratio. The formation of inclusion complex in the solution was detected due to the increased solubility of phenobarbital and in the solid was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry, X-Ray diffractometry, and infrared spectroscopy.In the solid, inclusion complex was prepared by freezed drying method. The inclusion complex formed was characterized, compared with phenobarbital, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrine, and the physical mixture of phenobarbital and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrine.Analyses using DSC and X-ray diffractometry showed that phenobarbital formed inclusion complex with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrine.Key words : phenobarbital, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrine, inclusion complex
STUDI KELARUTAN PROPAGERMANIUM DENGAN METODE KROMATOGRAFI CAIR KINERJA TINGGI Putranti, Widyasari; Martodihardjo, Suwaldi; Lukitaningsih, Endang
Pharmaciana Vol 4, No 2 (2014): Pharmaciana
Publisher : Universitas Ahmad Dahlan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (179.217 KB) | DOI: 10.12928/pharmaciana.v4i2.1569

Abstract

Propagermanium, a synthetic organic compound of germanium is known as β- or biscarboxyethylgermaniumsesquioxide or Ge-132. It is found in some plants such as shelf fungus,ginseng, garlic, and Aloe vera. Ge-132 plays an important role for the pharmacological effectsof the plants. The solubility of propagermanium at a certain pH is not exactly known yet. Untilnow, the analytical methods for the analysis of Ge-132 so far have the shortcoming and thepropagermanium as germanium metal in the sample, so that improvement for propagermaniumanalysis was necessary to be conducted, primarily to be used for solubility assay. This studyaims to determine the effects of pH on the propagermanium solubility using HPLC method foranalysis. The results showed that validation parameters for analysis by using HPLC method e.iaccuracy, precision, and linearity, have met to the quantitative analysis requirements. Increasingthe pH causes increasing the solubility of propagermanium in the pH range of 3.0-3.6. Thesolubility result was 9.8514; 10.4204; 12.5446 mg/mL on pH 3.0; 3.3; 3.6.
UJI PERMEABILITAS INTRINSIK DAN TERMODINAMIKA DIFUSI PIROKSIKAM SECARA IN VITRO Aryani, Ni Luh Dewi; Martodihardjo, Suwaldi
JFIOnline | Print ISSN 1412-1107 | e-ISSN 2355-696X Vol 3, No 3 (2007)
Publisher : Indonesian Research Gateway

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Abstract

The effectivity of a topical drug therapy was influenced by its ability to penetrate into skin. Stratum corneum which is a barrier of skin layer caused most drugs experience difficulties in penetrating skin layer in a appropriate speed to reach its therapeutic level, even though it is a potent drug. Research on drug permeability through skin layer is a must in order to develop transdermal formulation. In this work we had conducted intrinsic permeability and diffusion thermodynamic test of piroxicam in phosphate buffer pH 3,5 in vitro, using side by side diffusion cell complemented with rabit skin membrane. Data gained in this experiment were flux, permeability coefficient, diffusion coefficient, and latent time for piroxicam consecutively 2.78x10-4 mg/cm2/second, 6.68x10-6 cm/second, 1,08x10-9 cm2/second and 33.77 minutes. Piroxicam diffusion process was an endothermic and unconstant process. DF, DH, and DS value for piroxicam diffusion process at 32ºC were consecutively 7.22 kcal/mol, 4.73 kcal/mol, and 8.16 cal /degr/mol. ABSTRAK Efektivitas terapi obat yang digunakan secara topikal tergantung dari kemampuannya untuk berpenetrasi ke dalam kulit. Stratum korneum yang merupakan lapisan penghalang kulit menyebabkan sebagian besar obat sulit untuk melewati kulit dengan kecepatan yang cukup untuk mencapai level terapetiknya walaupun merupakan obat yang poten. Dengan demikian perlu dilakukan penelitian terhadap permeabiltas obat melalui kulit untuk pengembangan formulasi sediaan transdermal.  Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji permeabilitas intrinsik dan termodinamika difusi piroksikam dalam dapar fosfat pH 3,5 secara in vitro menggunakan alat uji sel difusi model side by side yang dilengkapi dengan membran kulit kelinci. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini yang meliputi fluks, tetapan permeabilitas, koefisien difusi dan waktu laten difusi piroksikam masing-masing adalah 2,78x10-4 mg/cm2/detik, 6,68x10-6 cm/menit, 1,08x10-9 cm2/menit dan 33,77 menit. Proses difusi piroksikam merupakan suatu proses yang berlangsung tidak spontan dan merupakan suatu proses endotermik. Nilai DF, DH, dan DS proses difusi piroksikam pada suhu 32ºC  masing-masing adalah 7,22 kkal/mol, 4,73 kkal/mol, dan 8,16 kal /der/mol.
UJI PERMEABILITAS INTRINSIK DAN TERMODINAMIKA DIFUSI PIROKSIKAM SECARA IN VITRO Aryani, Ni Luh Dewi; Martodihardjo, Suwaldi
Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol 3, No 3 (2007)
Publisher : Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35617/jfi.v3i3.77

Abstract

The effectivity of a topical drug therapy was influenced by its ability to penetrate into skin. Stratum corneum which is a barrier of skin layer caused most drugs experience difficulties in penetrating skin layer in a appropriate speed to reach its therapeutic level, even though it is a potent drug. Research on drug permeability through skin layer is a must in order to develop transdermal formulation. In this work we had conducted intrinsic permeability and diffusion thermodynamic test of piroxicam in phosphate buffer pH 3,5 in vitro, using side by side diffusion cell complemented with rabit skin membrane. Data gained in this experiment were flux, permeability coefficient, diffusion coefficient, and latent time for piroxicam consecutively 2.78x10-4 mg/cm2/second, 6.68x10-6 cm/second, 1,08x10-9 cm2/second and 33.77 minutes. Piroxicam diffusion process was an endothermic and unconstant process. DF, DH, and DS value for piroxicam diffusion process at 32ºC were consecutively 7.22 kcal/mol, 4.73 kcal/mol, and 8.16 cal /degr/mol. ABSTRAK Efektivitas terapi obat yang digunakan secara topikal tergantung dari kemampuannya untuk berpenetrasi ke dalam kulit. Stratum korneum yang merupakan lapisan penghalang kulit menyebabkan sebagian besar obat sulit untuk melewati kulit dengan kecepatan yang cukup untuk mencapai level terapetiknya walaupun merupakan obat yang poten. Dengan demikian perlu dilakukan penelitian terhadap permeabiltas obat melalui kulit untuk pengembangan formulasi sediaan transdermal.  Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji permeabilitas intrinsik dan termodinamika difusi piroksikam dalam dapar fosfat pH 3,5 secara in vitro menggunakan alat uji sel difusi model side by side yang dilengkapi dengan membran kulit kelinci. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini yang meliputi fluks, tetapan permeabilitas, koefisien difusi dan waktu laten difusi piroksikam masing-masing adalah 2,78x10-4 mg/cm2/detik, 6,68x10-6 cm/menit, 1,08x10-9 cm2/menit dan 33,77 menit. Proses difusi piroksikam merupakan suatu proses yang berlangsung tidak spontan dan merupakan suatu proses endotermik. Nilai DF, DH, dan DS proses difusi piroksikam pada suhu 32ºC  masing-masing adalah 7,22 kkal/mol, 4,73 kkal/mol, dan 8,16 kal /der/mol.
Optimization of Self-nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System for Pterostilbene Puspita, Oktavia Eka; Suwaldi, Suwaldi; Nugroho, Akhmad Kharis
Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 4, No 2 (2016): J. Food Pharm. Sci (May-August)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (338.135 KB) | DOI: 10.14499/jfps

Abstract

Solubility is prerequisite for drug absorption across absorptive cell lining the small intestine. It is a problem for poor water soluble drug because limiting its bioavailability when administered by oral route. Lipid based delivery system such as self-nanoemulsifying delivery system (SNEDDS) can be utilized in improving its solubility so that better bioavailability is achieved. Pterostilbene has extremely low solubility in water then become its limiting factor for the bioavailability. This research developed SNEDDS for oral delivery of pterostilbene. Optimum composition of SNEDDS formulation was judged by its dispersion efficiency and clarity when dispersed in water. The efficiency of this formula in enhancing bioavailability was assessed by in vitro digestion model to predict its bioavailability by determining its bioaccessibility. The result showed that optimum composition of SNEDDS was achieved by soybean oil-Croduret® 50-Span 80-PEG 400 in ratio of 16.37 %, 32.07 %, 11.56 %, and 40 %, respectively. This formula has bioacessibility of 91.48 ± 2.18 %, and it is much higher compared to pterostilbene that was not formulated into SNEDDS, i.e 4.63 ± 1.11 %. Determined by dynamic light scattering, this optimum formula has droplet size of 31.8 nm when dispersed in water.
The thermodynamics of inclusion complex of phenobarbital with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin Martodihardjo, Suwaldi; Isadiartuti, Dewi
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 18 No 2, 2007
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (305.749 KB) | DOI: 10.14499/indonesianjpharm0iss0pp57-62

Abstract

Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides which have been used extensively to improve the solubility in the formation of inclusion complex. The ability of cyclodextrin to form an inclusion complex has been attributed to factors including size of cyclodextrin cavity to the guest molecule and thermodynamics of their interactions.In this study, complex formation of phenobarbital and hidroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin in the acetate buffer 0.01 M pH 4.4 and phosphate buffer 0.01 M pH 7.4 all with μ =0.10 and at temperatures of 32.o, 37.o, and 42o±0.5oC were determined.The results showed that phenobarbital formed inclusion complex with hidroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. The interaction shown a negative enthalphy (ΔH < 0 ), a spontaneous processes (ΔG < 0) and an increase in the entropy of the system (ΔS > 0).Key words : phenobarbital and hidroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, inclusion complex, thermodynamics
Gambaran Kepatuhan Pengobatan Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Puskesmas Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Nur Rasdianah; Suwaldi Martodiharjo; Tri M. Andayani; Lukman Hakim
Indonesian Journal of Clinical Pharmacy Vol 5, No 4 (2016)
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (118.445 KB) | DOI: 10.15416/ijcp.2016.5.4.249

Abstract

Prevalensi diabetes melitus berdasarkan hasil riset kesehatan dasar (Riskesdas, 2013) tertinggi di Indonesia terdapat di provinsi DI Yogyakarta.terdapat di provinsi DI Yogyakarta. Diabetes melitus merupakan penyakit kronis yang membutuhkan pengobatan jangka panjang dan kompleks dimana salah satu penentu keberhasilan terapi bergantung pada kepatuhan penggunaan obat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui gambaran karakteristik pasien meliputi jenis kelamin, usia, tingkat pendidikan, durasi penyakit, komorbid, dan penggunaan ADO terhadap kepatuhan pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasional dengan rancangan analisis potong lintang yang dilakukan secara retrospektif terhadap 123 pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 rawat jalan di puskesmas daerah Yogyakarta pada bulan Agustus–September tahun 2015. Metode pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik accidental sampling. Instrumen penelitian berupa lembar pengambilan data dan kuesioner Morisky Medication Adherence MMAS-8. Data dianalisis menggunakan Chi-Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan tingkat kepatuhan pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 berada pada tingkat kepatuhan rendah. Hubungan antara pengaruh karakteristik pasien: jenis kelamin (p=0,275), usia (p=0,473), tingkat pendidikan (p=0,157), durasi penyakit (p=0,097), jumlah komorbid (p=0,79), dan ADO (p=0,401) terhadap tingkat kepatuhan tidak signifikan (p>0,05).Kata kunci: Diabetes melitus tipe 2, karakteristik pasien, kepatuhan The Description of Medication Adherence for Patients of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in Public Health Center Yogyakarta According to the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas 2013), the highest prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia is in Yogyakarta. Diabetes mellitus is chronic disease that needs the complex and a long term medical treatment, one of the success factor in the therapy depends on the patient adherence. The purpose of this research was to know and describe patient’s characteristics including gender, age, education, duration of the disease, comorbid, AOD usage through the adherence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This research used an observational method with cross-sectional analysis that conducted retrospectively to 123 outpatients with diabetes mellitus type 2 in Yogyakarta Primary Health Care during August–September 2015. The sampling method the accidental sampling technique. Morisky Medication Adherence (MMAS) questionnaire was used and analyzed with Chi Square. The result of this research showed that the entirety of medication’s adherence level is low. The correlation between patients characteristic, gender (p=0.275), ages (p=0.473), educational level (p=0.157), disease’s duration (p=0.097), number of cormobid (p=0.79), and ADO (p=0.401) against the medication’s adherence level were not significant (p>0.05).Keywords: Adherence, diabetes mellitus type 2, patient characteristics
Peningkatan Jumlah Mikronukleus pada Mukosa Gingiva Kelinci Setelah Paparan Radiografi Panoramik Rurie Ratna Shantiningsih; Suwaldi Suwaldi; Indwiani Astuti; Munakhir Mudjosemedi
Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia Vol 20, No 2 (2013): December
Publisher : Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (552.875 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/majkedgiind.6738

Abstract

Mikronukleus merupakan salah satu tanda awal terjadinya kerusakan DNA yang ditemukan pada mukosa gingiva manusia setelah paparan radiografi dental panoramik. Peningkatan jumlah mikronukleus terjadi paling tinggi pada hari ke-10 dan selanjutnya mengalami penurunan sampai dengan hari ke-14. Kelinci memiliki karakter dan periode turn-over mukosa gingiva yang hampir sama dengan manusia berkisar antara 10-12 hari. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengevaluasi apakah peningkatan jumlah mikronukleus pada mukosa gingiva kelinci setelah paparan radiografi panoramik. Sembilan ekor kelinci dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok untuk mewakili hari ke-3, 6 dan 9 setelah paparan radiografi panoramik. Sebelum dan sesudah diberikan paparan radiografi panoramik, setiap hewan coba dilakukan apusan pada mukosa gingiva anterior rahang bawah menggunakan cervical brush. Hasil apusan dilakukan pewarnaan dengan modifikasi Feulgen-Rossenbeck dan dihitung jumlah mikronukleus menggunakan mikroskop yang disambungkan dengan optilab. Analisis statistik dilakukan menggunakan paired t-test. Analisis statistik menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan (p<0,05) antara jumlah mikronukleus sebelum dan 9 hari sesudah paparan radiografi panoramik. Akan tetapi tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang signifikan (p>0,05) antara sebelum paparan dibandingkan hari ke-3 dan ke-6 setelah paparan radiografi panoramik. Kesimpulang dari hasil penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian sebelumnya pada manusia bahwa peningkatan jumlah mikronukleus terjadi pada hari ke-9 setelah paparan radiografi panoramik. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa pada kelinci juga menunjukkan peningkatan jumlah mikronukleus di mukosa gingiva akibat paparan radiografi panoramik.Micronucleus Increase After Panoramic Radiography Exposure In Rabbit’s Gingival Mucosa. Micronucleus is one of the early states of DNA damage found in human gingival mucosa after dental panoramic radiography exposure. The increasing amount of micronucleus will reach a peak in the tenth day after the exposure, and it will continuously decrease right after the fourteenth day. Rabbit has almost the same gingival mucosa and turn-over period with human for about 10-12 days. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the increasing amount of micronucleus in rabbit’s gingival mucosa after panoramic radiography exposure. A total of nine New Zealand rabbits were divided into 3 groups to represent day of 3rd, 6th  and 9th after the panoramic radiography exposure. The mandibular anterior gingival mucosa of each animals was swabbed using a cervical brush before and after panoramic radiography exposure. The samples were stained with Feulgen-Rossenbeck modification, and the amount of micronucleus was counted using a microscope that is connected to Optilab. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test. The statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference (p <0.05) between the number of micronucleus before exposure and 9th day after panoramic radiography exposure. Moreover, there was no significant difference (p> 0.05) between the amount of micronucleus before exposure compared with 3rd  and 6th  day after panoramic radiography exposure. Based on the experiment, it is concluded that the result is consistent with previous studies conducted in human that there was increasing amount of micronucleus at the 9th  day after panoramic radiography exposure. This result   indicates that rabbit   performs the increasing amount of micronucleus in gingival mucosa because of panoramic radiography exposure
Co-Authors Achmad Fudholi Aditya Dwi Meilani Akhmad Kharis Nugroho Arwin , Annisa Rahmaliya Aryani, Ni Luh Dewi Aryani, Ni Luh Dewi Ayu Ariessanti, Ida Dewi Isadiartuti Endang Lukitaningsih Erna Prawita Setyowati Hapsari, Dina Catur Indriyati, Ajeng Mukti Indwiani Astuti Kusharwanti, Wara Lukman Hakim Munakhir Mudjosemedi Nur Rasdianah Nurjanah, Amilia Oktavia Eka Puspita, Oktavia Eka Pertiwi, Ratih Dyah Rahmatika, Anida Hasna Rahmatika, Anisa Hasna Rahmawati, Anna Ronny Martien Rurie Ratna Shantiningsih Siti Aminah Sugiyanti Sugiyanti Tri M. Andayani Wahyono Wahyono Widyaningsih, Sriatun Widyasari Putranti