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Methods in health research: Probability and non-probability sampling Mukti, Bayu Hari
Health Sciences International Journal Vol. 3 No. 2: August 2025
Publisher : Ananda - Health & Education Foundation

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71357/hsij.v3i2.64

Abstract

Background: Sampling is a crucial step in health research that directly affects internal and external validity. Selecting the appropriate sampling technique minimizes bias and enhances population representativeness. Objective: To review the concepts, types, strengths, limitations, and applications of probability and non-probability sampling techniques in health research. Discussion: Probability sampling, such as simple random, systematic, stratified, cluster, and multistage, provides equal selection chances for all population members, enabling precise parameter estimation and robust inferential statistical analysis. It is ideal for national disease prevalence surveys, population-based program evaluations, or large-scale clinical trials. Non-probability sampling, including convenience, purposive, quota, and snowball, is faster, cost-effective, and useful for accessing hidden populations, such as marginalized groups or individuals with sensitive health conditions, although it limits result generalizability. Method selection should consider research objectives, population characteristics, available resources, ethics, and the type of data required. In certain contexts, combining both approaches can leverage quantitative rigor with qualitative depth. Conclusion: No single sampling technique is universally superior. Probability sampling is best suited for large-scale quantitative studies or when precise population estimates are required. Non-probability sampling is appropriate for exploratory studies, hard-to-reach populations, or when resources are limited. Combining both approaches can yield qualitatively rich yet quantitatively valid data, strengthening the evidence base for decision-making in health research.
Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Biji Rotan Manau (Calamus manan Miq.) Terhadap Salmonella typhi dan Candida albicans Mahdiyah, Dede; Maulina, Nor; Hakim, Ali Rakhman; Mukti, Bayu Hari
Al-Kauniyah: Jurnal Biologi Vol. 17 No. 2 (2024): AL-KAUNIYAH JURNAL BIOLOGI
Publisher : Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islami

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/kauniyah.v17i2.23122

Abstract

AbstrakDemam tifoid adalah penyakit demam akut yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri Salmonella typhi. Kandidiasis oral merupakan infeksi yang disebabkan oleh fungi Candida albicans yang banyak terdapat pada mukosa rongga mulut. Tujuan dari penelitian yaitu mengidentifikasi aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak biji rotan manau (Calamus manan Miq.) terhadap S. typhi dan C. albicans. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96%. Skrining antimikroba ekstrak biji rotan manau menggunakan metode well-diffusion. Identifikasi aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak biji rotan manau terhadap S. typhi dan C. albicans untuk melihat Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) menggunakan metode broth dilution, sedangkan untuk melihat Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) terhadap S. typhi dan Minimum Fungisidal Concentration (MFC) terhadap C. albicans menggunakan metode solid dilution. Hasil skrining antimikroba didapatkan zona hambat pada ekstrak biji rotan manau terhadap S. typhi sebesar 21,39 mm dan terhadap C. albicans sebesar 16,14 mm. Nilai MIC ekstrak biji rotan manau pada konsentrasi 50% terhadap S. typhi dan C. albicans, sedangkan untuk MBC terhadap S. typhi maupun MFC terhadap C. albicans dari ekstrak biji rotan manau tidak ditemukan karena pada media padat masih ditemukannya pertumbuhan mikroba. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi acuan untuk penelitian lanjutan sebagai temuan awal senyawa potensi antimikroba dari ekstrak biji rotan manau terhadap bakteri dan fungi.AbstractTyphoid fever is an acute febrile illness caused by infection with the bacterium Salmonella typhi. Oral candidiasis is an infection caused by the fungus Candida albicans which is abundant in the oral mucosa. The purpose of this study was to identify the antimicrobial activity of rattan manau seed extract (Calamus manan Miq.) against the bacteria Salmonella typhi and the fungus C. albicans. The extraction method used is the maceration method. Antimicrobial screening of rattan manau seed extract using the well-diffusion method. Identification of antimicrobial activity of rattan manau seed extract against S. typhi bacteria and C. albicans fungi to see Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) using the broth dilution method, while to see Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) against S. typhi bacteria and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) against the fungus C. albicans using the solid dilution method. The results of antimicrobial screening showed that the inhibition zone in the extract of rattan manau against S. typhi was 21.39 mm and against C. albicans was 16.14 mm. The MIC value of rattan manau seed extract was obtained at a concentration of 50% against S. typhi bacteria and C. albicans fungi, while for MBC against S. typhi and MFC against C. albicans from rattan manau seed extract not found because in solid media microbial growth is still found. The results of this study are expected to be a reference for further research as initial findings of antimicrobial potential compounds from the extract of manau rattan seeds against bacteria and fungi.
Sample size determination: Principles and applications for health research Mukti, Bayu Hari
Health Sciences International Journal Vol. 3 No. 1: February 2025
Publisher : Ananda - Health & Education Foundation

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71357/hsij.v3i1.63

Abstract

Background: Determining an appropriate sample size is a crucial aspect of research design, ensuring validity, reliability, and generalizability of findings. An inadequate sample size increases the risk of Type II errors, while an excessively large sample may lead to resource inefficiencies and a higher likelihood of Type I errors. Understanding the principles of sample size determination, including statistical power, confidence levels, and margin of error, is essential for producing accurate and meaningful research outcomes. Objective: This review explores the principles of sample size determination, calculation methods for various research designs, and practical applications. It also discusses challenges in determining the optimal sample size and examines international guidelines, such as those issued by the World Health Organization (WHO), to enhance the accuracy and credibility of research findings. Discussion: Sample size determination varies depending on research design, including surveys, experiments, and clinical trials. This review highlights key statistical considerations such as confidence intervals, statistical power, and the role of design effects. Additionally, practical challenges such as resource constraints, parameter misestimation, and population diversity are discussed. Technological advancements, including statistical software, are also examined for their role in improving sample size calculations and research efficiency. Conclusion: Adhering to established principles and leveraging modern tools for sample size determination enables researchers to optimize study designs and enhance the validity of findings. Implementing international guidelines minimizes bias and ensures the robustness of results. Ultimately, accurate sample size estimation contributes to high-quality scientific studies that support evidence-based decision-making and progress across various disciplines.
Research classification: Principles and applications for health research Mukti, Bayu Hari; Mahdiyah, Dede
Health Sciences International Journal Vol. 4 No. 1: February 2026
Publisher : Ananda - Health & Education Foundation

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.71357/hsij.v4i1.87

Abstract

Background: Health research plays a crucial role in generating evidence that supports clinical practice, policy development, and public health interventions. The diversity of research types—ranging from descriptive to experimental studies—reflects the complexity of health problems and the need for appropriate methodological approaches. Objective: This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the classifications of health research, emphasizing their characteristics, purposes, strengths, and limitations, as well as factors that determine the choice of research design. Discussion: Health research can be classified based on purpose, design, approach, time, and population. Basic research contributes to fundamental scientific knowledge, while applied, evaluative, and developmental studies bridge theory with practical solutions. Quantitative approaches allow generalization of findings, qualitative approaches capture cultural and social meanings, and mixed methods integrate both dimensions to offer a holistic perspective. By design, studies can be descriptive, analytic observational, experimental, quasi-experimental, case studies, or action research, each serving specific contexts and questions. The choice of design is influenced by research questions, available resources, validity requirements, ethical considerations, and socio-cultural characteristics of the population. Conclusion: Understanding the diversity of health research designs is essential for producing reliable and relevant evidence. A careful selection of methods ensures that research not only contributes to scientific knowledge but also provides practical implications for improving health outcomes and informing policy decisions.