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All Journal Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia Legal Standing : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Awang Long Law Review Unes Law Review Jurnal Ilmu Hukum KYADIREN Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review International Journal of Social Service and Research Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik (JIHHP) AL-SULTHANIYAH Riwayat: Educational Journal of History and Humanities
Adam, Richard C.
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Humanities Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Environmental Science Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Physics Public Health Social Sciences Other

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Legal Uncertainty of Foreign Investors Before Company Ratification in Indonesia: Ketidakpastian Hukum bagi Investor Asing Sebelum Pengesahan Perusahaan di Indonesia Tanuwijaya, Jessica; Adam, Richard C.
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review Vol. 20 No. 4 (2025): November
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/ijler.v20i4.1334

Abstract

General Background: Foreign investment plays a pivotal role in fostering Indonesia’s economic growth by enhancing technology transfer, employment, and national development. Specific Background: Despite the enactment of Law No. 25 of 2007 on Investment and Law No. 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies, legal uncertainties persist, particularly when the Deed of Establishment of a Limited Liability Company (PT) has not been ratified by the Minister of Law and Human Rights. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies rarely examine the legal standing and protection of foreign investors during the transitional phase before company ratification, creating ambiguity in their legal recognition. Aims: This study aims to analyze the legal status and barriers to legal protection for foreign investors whose company’s deed of establishment has not been ratified, under Indonesia’s Investment Law. Results: The findings reveal that unratified companies lack legal personality and protection, rendering contracts voidable and exposing founders to personal liability. Legal uncertainty is further aggravated by regulatory disharmony, administrative inefficiencies, and unsynchronized digital systems between ministries. Novelty: This study elucidates the intersection between corporate ratification processes and investor protection, highlighting gaps in the registration-based system introduced by the Job Creation Law. Implications: The research underscores the necessity for harmonized regulations, streamlined digital governance, and stronger legal safeguards to promote investor confidence and ensure Indonesia’s economic resilience. Highlights:   Unratified companies lack legal standing and expose founders to personal liability. Regulatory disharmony and system inefficiencies hinder legal certainty for investors. Harmonized and transparent legal frameworks are vital to strengthen investor confidence. Keywords: Legal Status, Foreign Investors, Investment Law, Company Ratification, Legal Protection  
Perlindungan Hukum Kreditur dalam Perjanjian Perdamaian dengan Metode Debt Into Shares Conversion Berdasarkan Hukum Kepailitan dan Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang (Studi Putusan Pengadilan Niaga Jakarta Nomor 425/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2021/PN.Niaga.Jkt.Pst) Wijaya, Chelsea Angellica; Adam, Richard C.
Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik Vol. 5 No. 1 (2024): (JIHHP) Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Humaniora dan Politik
Publisher : Dinasti Review Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jihhp.v5i1.3070

Abstract

Perjanjian utang piutang dapat diartikan sebagai hubungan hukum dimana salah satu pihak berhak menerima piutangnya (kreditur) dan salah satu pihak wajib memberikan apa yang menjadi utangnya (debitur). Masalah yang datang ke perusahaan tidak dapat selalu di prediksi. Salah satu contohnya adalah masalah keuangan. Masalah keuangan yang tidak dapat diselesaikan, kemudian perusahaan tidak mampu lagi membayar utangnya kepada kreditur, maka kreditur dapat mempailitkan perusahaan debitur. Melekat proses Penundaan Kewajiban Pembayaran Utang (PKPU) dalam hal dengan restrukturisasi utang. Salah satu metodenya adalah dengan debt into shares conversion. Metode penelitian dengan yuridis normatif. Metode restrukturisasi utang ini didasarkan pada prinsip kebebasan berkontrak dan ketentuan hukum, meskipun belum ada regulasi khusus yang mengaturnya. Perjanjian perdamaian yang disetujui kreditur dan dihomologasi pengadilan memiliki kekuatan hukum mengikat, serta UU Kepailitan dan PKPU mengatur pembatalan perjanjian perdamaian. Jika dibatalkan, debitur pailit dan kurator akan membereskan harta. Studi kasus Putusan Pengadilan Niaga Jakarta Nomor 425/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2021/PN.Niaga.Jkt.Pst menunjukkan bahwa metode konversi utang menjadi saham dapat diterapkan dengan transparansi tinggi. Jika terjadi pelanggaran, kreditur dapat mengambil langkah hukum jika tidak ada kesepakatan alternatif penyelesaian. Perjanjian perdamaian juga mengatur pilihan hukum (choice of law) untuk melindungi para pihak.
Disparitas Sanksi Administratif Akibat Keterlambatan Pemberitahuan Pengambilalihan Saham Pelaku Usaha Berdasarkan Hukum Persaingan Usaha Nastity, Sally Dian; Adam, Richard C.
Syntax Literate Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia
Publisher : Syntax Corporation

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36418/syntax-literate.v8i11.13972

Abstract

This study investigates disparities in the application of administrative sanctions due to late notification of takeover of business actors based on competition law. This phenomenon is important because of its impact on business competition order and fairness in economic law enforcement. Normative legal research is a research method in the field of law that focuses on the analysis of legal texts and legal documents in order to understand, interpret and evaluate the legal framework that regulates a particular legal problem or problem. The results showed a significant disparity in law enforcement related to the delay in notification of the takeover. Factors such as regulatory policies, level of awareness of business actors, and legal interpretation play a key role in determining the level of sanctions imposed.
Impact and Legal Protection for Concurrent Creditors Due to the Rejection of Homologation of Peace Agreement by Commercial Court Andinda, Chica Octa; Adam, Richard C.
UNES Law Review Vol. 6 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Ekasakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31933/unesrev.v6i2.1323

Abstract

This study examines the legal implications and obstacles that arise in the context of bankruptcy and the postponement of debt payment obligations, particularly concerning the settlement agreement between debtors and creditors. The primary focus is on the consequences of the rejection of the homologation of a settlement agreement, wherein the debtor is subsequently declared bankrupt and prohibited from seeking further attempts at reconciliation, in accordance with Article 175 paragraph (1) of the Indonesian Bankruptcy Law (UUK-PKPU).The research delves into the practical implications of bankruptcy, where the curator is responsible for managing the debtor's assets and distributing them to creditors. Concurrent creditors, despite having priority in the distribution of assets, may face the risk of losses if the assets are insufficient to cover the entire debt.Furthermore, obstacles to legal protection for concurrent creditors are also discussed, including bad faith in settlement agreements, such as collusion between debtors and creditors. The condition where the debtor's assets exceed the agreed-upon value in the settlement agreement is also a concern, with the court playing a role in ensuring a fair distribution of assets.By exploring these various aspects, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the complex dynamics involved in situations of bankruptcy and the postponement of debt payment obligations. It offers insights into the key roles played by the court, creditors, and debtors in the relevant legal context.
Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Konsumen dalam Penggunaan Kontrak Elektronik dengan Klausula Eksonerasi pada E-Commerce Patricia, Tiara; Adam, Richard C.
UNES Law Review Vol. 6 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Ekasakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31933/unesrev.v6i2.1342

Abstract

The current development of digital technology has significantly influenced the way humans conduct transactions in their daily lives, including in commercial activities or buying and selling. This research is conducted to analyze legal issues concerning legal protection for consumers bound by electronic contracts with exoneration clauses. The research method employed is normative or doctrinal. The government has ensured consumer protection by establishing legal provisions through Law Number 8 of 1999, which regulates the prohibition of including exoneration clauses by business entities. Consequently, businesses that include exoneration clauses can be sentenced to criminal law. However, in practice, law enforcement in consumer protection has not been as effective as it should be due to the presence of business entities, specifically e-commerce, that include exoneration clauses in standardized electronic contracts. Furthermore, based on the case of Angga Saputra Ariyanto, e-commerce as a business entity fail to fulfill their obligation to provide compensation. Therefore, it is necessary to address this issue through government oversight of standard clauses that involve the transfer of responsibility.
Implementasi Kewajiban Kurator dalam Pembayaran Upah Pekerja Debitur Pailit: Analisis Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 232 K/Pdt.Sus-Pailit/2021 Marrietta, Donita Marsha; Adam, Richard C.
UNES Law Review Vol. 6 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Ekasakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31933/unesrev.v6i2.1357

Abstract

This research focuses on the construction of wrongful acts related to the duties of curators and the considerations of judges in Supreme Court decisions. The research aims to gain in-depth understanding of wrongful acts by curators and how judges consider such cases. The theoretical contribution of the research is expected to enhance the understanding of wrongful acts in curator actions. Practically, the research results are anticipated to offer new perspectives for legal researchers and practitioners, as well as guidance for those involved in bankruptcy cases, emphasizing the principles of justice, legal utility, and legal certainty. The research has the potential to enrich legal insights related to bankruptcy and support the improvement of legal policies and practices in facing bankruptcy challenges.
Upaya Pentingnya Keabsahan Suatu Kontrak Elektronik yang Dilakukan Anak Dibawah Umur dalam Aplikasi Perdagangan Elektronik Valoka, Metta; Adam, Richard C.
UNES Law Review Vol. 6 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Ekasakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31933/unesrev.v6i2.1391

Abstract

To make an electronic contract, a condition is needed to fulfill the contract to be agreed upon and one of the subjective requirements is the ability of the parties in accordance with what is regulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code. In this writing, it discusses minors who shop online which certainly does not meet the requirements for the validity of a contract. The problems that will be discussed in this journal, What are the consequences if the validity of electronic contracts carried out by minors conducting buying and selling transactions in electronic commerce applications and efforts to organize electronic systems to prevent violations of subjective requirements regarding the incompetence of minors who make electronic contracts in electronic commerce applications or E-commerce. The purpose of writing this journal is to understand more about the efforts and what to prevent so that minors do not shop online in the future. The type of research method that will be carried out is normative juridical. It can be concluded that before being carried out the consequences of electronic contracts carried out by minors can be canceled and bring other consequences and there are efforts that can be made to prevent minors from buying and selling transactions.
Perlindungan Hukum Kreditur Selaku Penerima Fidusia Atas Jaminan Fidusia Berupa Truk yang Disita Untuk Negara (Studi Putusan Pengadilan Tanjung Redeb Nomor:9/PDT.BTH/2019/PN.TNR) Dwiandi Adam, Achmad Ricky; Adam, Richard C.
UNES Law Review Vol. 6 No. 3 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Ekasakti

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31933/unesrev.v6i3.1900

Abstract

A number of regulations include legal protection for legal subjects, both preventive and enforcement, which can be in the form of written or unwritten regulations. In the context of selling objects used as fiduciary collateral, creditors can be legally protected if the state confiscates the object. Fiduciary, essentially, involves transferring ownership rights to an item in the belief that the owner of the item will retain control of it. However, the state can confiscate items that are the subject of fiduciary guarantees if they are used for unlawful activities. Attention to this matter is important for finance companies which may experience losses due to state confiscation of objects used as fiduciary collateral.
Predatory Pricing in Indonesia’s Digital Trade Ecosystem: An Analysis of Inhibiting Factors and the Ideal Model for Equitable Regulation: Predatory Pricing dalam Ekosistem Perdagangan Digital di Indonesia: Analisis Faktor Penghambat dan Model Ideal Pengaturan yang Berkeadilan Leeland, Deryl; Adam, Richard C.
Indonesian Journal of Law and Economics Review Vol. 20 No. 4 (2025): November
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/ijler.v20i4.1385

Abstract

General background: Indonesia’s rapidly expanding digital trade ecosystem has transformed market structures and intensified competition. Specific background: Within this environment, predatory pricing as a strategy of selling goods or services below cost to weaken competitors has become increasingly difficult to regulate due to digital platforms’ unique cost structures, cross-subsidization, and algorithmic pricing. Knowledge gap: Indonesian competition law lacks clear benchmarks for determining below-cost pricing, exclusionary intent, and recoupment, creating uncertainty in enforcement, especially against foreign digital actors. Aims: This study analyzes normative and practical barriers to enforcing predatory pricing rules in e-commerce and proposes an equitable regulatory model. Results: The findings show unclear cost definitions, limited data transparency, dynamic promotional practices, jurisdictional constraints, and the absence of technical guidelines, all of which impede consistent legal assessment. Novelty: This research offers a multidimensional regulatory framework informed by comparative practices from the United States, European Union, and China, incorporating algorithmic transparency, structural market effects, and temporal indicators of exclusion. Implications: A more adaptive and comprehensive regulatory structure is needed to strengthen legal certainty, protect SMEs, prevent digital-market exclusion, and promote a fair and sustainable competitive environment in Indonesia’s digital economy. Highlights: The study exposes major gaps in Indonesia’s legal standards for identifying below-cost pricing in digital markets. Enforcement is hindered by limited data access, dynamic promotional models, and cross-border platform operations. A new multidimensional regulatory model is proposed to ensure fairness, SME protection, and sustainable digital competition. Keywords: Predatory Pricing, Digital Trade, Competition Law, E-Commerce Regulation, Legal Certainty
EXPLOITATION OF LEGAL LOOPHOLES BY FIXED-TERM EMPLOYMENT WORKERS IN THE CONTEXT OF COMPENSATION PAYMENTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF LEGAL UTILITY Saputra, Diwa; Adam, Richard C.
Awang Long Law Review Vol. 8 No. 1 (2025): Awang Long Law Review
Publisher : Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Hukum Awang Long

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56301/awl.v8i1.1905

Abstract

The Fixed-Term Employment Agreement is a form of employment relationship limited by a specific period, as regulated under Law Number 13 of 2003 on Manpower, as amended by Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation, along with its implementing regulation, Government Regulation Number 35 of 2021. One of the regulatory innovations introduced by these instruments is the concept of compensation payment for Fixed-Term Employment Agreement workers, regardless of the reason for the termination of employment. However, in practice, this provision has created a legal loophole that may be exploited by workers to obtain compensation even when, in substance, such entitlement does not meet the criteria of fairness. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal loophole exploitation by Fixed-Term Employment Agreement workers in the implementation of compensation payments and to examine this phenomenon from the perspective of legal utility. The research employs a normative juridical method using both statutory and conceptual approaches. The results indicate that the lack of normative clarity in Government Regulation Number 35 of 2021 particularly concerning the conditions for granting compensation and the mechanisms of its supervision has opened opportunities for misuse of rights by workers. From the perspective of legal utility, this demonstrates that the current regulatory framework has not yet fully achieved a balanced social benefit between workers and employers.
Co-Authors Ananda, Hauwra Anderson, Anderson Andinda, Chica Octa Chen, Zefanya Angellin Dwiandi Adam, Achmad Ricky Elfayet , Danitia Heng, Richard Jemiel Hermawan, Vincent Jessica Tanuwijaya, Jessica Jonatan, Frangky Kuistono, Caesar Andre Leeland, Derryl Leeland, Deryl Marrietta, Donita Marsha Nastity, Sally Dian Patricia, Tiara Saputra, Diwa Valoka, Metta Wijaya, Chelsea Angellica