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Journal : Educational Studies and Research Journal

Analysis of the Effect of Average School Length and School Length Expectancy on The Human Development Index in Lebak Regency, Banten Province, in 2011–2024 Humaeroh, Siti; Agustin, Elsa
Educational Studies and Research Journal Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024): Educational Studies and Research Journal
Publisher : MID Publisher International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.60036/x6vzej53

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the influence of the average length of school and the expectation of length of school on the Human Development Index (HDI) in Lebak Regency, Banten Province, for the period 2011–2024. HDI is an important indicator in measuring the quality of human development which consists of three main dimensions: health, education, and economy. This study specifically focuses on the education dimension, with average length of school and expectation of length of school as independent variables. The research method uses a quantitative approach with secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency of Lebak Regency, Banten Province, and Indonesia. Data analysis was carried out through descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests, and multiple linear regression. The results showed that partially the average length of school (RLS) had a significant effect on HDI with a significance value of 0.000 and t-count of 10.088. In contrast, the long-term expectation of school (HLS) had a partially insignificant effect with a significance value of 0.058 and a t-count of 2.112. However, simultaneously, these two variables had a significant effect on HDI with a significance value of 0.000 and an F-count of 211.902. The value of the determination coefficient (R²) of 0.975 shows that the education dimension contributes 97.5% to the increase in HDI in Lebak Regency. These findings confirm that education has a strategic role in sustainable human development.
Uncovering the Factors that Caused the Decline in the Civil Liberties Space on the Quality of Democracy in 2021 Ariyan, Said; Agustin, Elsa
Educational Studies and Research Journal Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): Educational Studies and Research Journal
Publisher : MID Publisher International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.60036/cpqge378

Abstract

The Democracy Index, compiled by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), has been measuring democratic conditions across 167 countries since 2006. In 2021, Indonesia received a composite score of 6.71, placing it at rank 52 in the 'flawed democracy' category. While the electoral process and pluralism indicator scored 9.17, civil liberties remained notably low at 6.18. This study aims to identify the factors contributing to the decline in civil liberties space and its impact on the quality of democracy in Indonesia in 2021. Employing a qualitative approach through literature study, participatory observation, and interviews with political elites, academics, and civil society representatives, this research analyzes civil liberties across four dimensions: freedom of assembly and association, freedom of opinion, freedom of belief, and freedom from discrimination. The findings reveal that the decline in civil liberties is driven by restrictive regulations such as the CSO Law and the ITE Law, excessive use of force against protesters, criminalization of public expression, persistent religious intolerance, and inadequate enforcement of anti-discrimination laws. The study concludes that strengthening civil liberties requires comprehensive legal reform, enhanced human rights education for law enforcement, and genuine government commitment to protecting fundamental freedoms as pillars of democratic governance.