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Comparative Forms of Adjectives In Karonese Language: A Study on Padan si Mbaru Surbakti, Arya Alfines; Ambarita, Esron; Sitinjak, Vivi Novalia
Jurnal Pendidikan Impola Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024): NOVEMBER
Publisher : PT. Impola Toba Lendt

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70047/jpi.v1i2.122

This research aims to find out how comparative forms are formed in the Karonese language. The author used qualitative methods in carrying out this research because in-depth understanding and analysis are needed to complete this research. This research applied Herring’s theory in the book The Complete English Grammar Rules (2016). The results of this research show that there are two comparative forms found in padan si mbaru or Karonese language Bible, first by using a combination of the affix ter-en and the second using the article reh and the suffix -na. In the Karonese language, the comparative forms are formed by adding the affix ter-en in the base adjective and also using the article reh and the suffix -na in the bas adjective. Based on the results of this research, the author found 33 forms of comparative adjectives, namely, 6 forms using a combination of the affix ter-en and 27 forms of adjectives using the article reh and suffix -na.

SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES BY ARTICLE NA + PREFIX UM- IN TOBA BATAK Ambarita , Esron
The Explora Vol. 7 No. 3 (2021): Desember 2021
Publisher : Pascasarjana Universitas HKBP Nommensen

The objectives of this study are to investigate the formation of superlative forms of adjectives by article na + prefix [um-] in Toba Batak. The results show that superlative forms of adjectives by article na + prefix [um-] in Toba Batak result in various morphological and phonological processes as follows: (1) if article na +prefix [um-] is attached to adjectives preceded by vowels [a], [e], [i], [o], and [u] the last phoneme of prefix [um-] is doubled i.e [um-] is pronounced as [umm-] sound. (2) if the initial phoneme is a bilabial plosive voiced consonant [b], prefix [um-] is pronounced as [ub-]sound as its allomorph. (3) if the initial phoneme is a velar plosive voiced consonant [g], prefix [um-] is pronounced as [uŋ-] sound. (4) if the initial phoneme is a palato alveolar affricate voiced consonant [j] prefix [um-] is spelt as [un-] sound but pronounced as [uj-] sound. (5) if the initial phoneme is a bilabial nasal voiced consonant [m] prefix [um-] does not change. (6) if the initial phoneme is an alveolar nasal voiced consonant [n], prefix [um-] is spelt and pronounced as [un-] sound. (7) if the initial phoneme is a bilabial plosive voiceless consonant [p], prefix [um-] is spelt as [um-] sound but pronounced as [up-] sound. (8) if the initial phoneme is an alveolar rolled voiced consonant [r], prefix [um-] is spelt and pronounced as [ur-] sound. (9) if the initial phoneme is an alveolar fricative voiceless consonant [s], prefix [um-] is spelt as [un-] sound but pronounced as [us-] sound. (10) if the initial phoneme is an alveolar plosive voiceless consonant [t], prefix [um-] is spelt as [un-] sound but pronounced as [ut-] sound.

Comparative Forms of Adjectives by Suffix –an in Toba Batak Ambarita, Esron
The Explora Vol. 7 No. 2 (2021): Agustus 2021
Publisher : Pascasarjana Universitas HKBP Nommensen

The objectives of this study is to investigate word formations of comparative forms of adjectives by suffix [-an] in Toba Batak. Comparative forms of adjectives by suffix [-an] in Toba Batak are constructed without considering the number of syllables of the base forms of adjectives as those in English. Besides, the attachments of suffix [-an] to adjectives in Toba Batak to construct comparative forms do not require any phonological rules as those when attaching prefix [um-] to construct comparative form in Toba Batak. The stress of the words modified with suffix [-an] is in suffix [-an] itself. The meaning of suffix [-an] denotes comparative forms. It signifies more meaning than what is indicated in the base forms of the adjectives to which suffix [-an] is attached. In short, word formation of comparative form by suffix [-an] in Toba Batak can be done to all adjective bases in very simple way inflectionally.

Excessive Adjectives with the Multiple Affixations pa-hu in Toba Batak Ambarita, Esron; Panggabean, Himpun; Sembiring, Elita Modesta
Journal of Applied Linguistics Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): July 2025
Publisher : English Lecturers and Teachers Association (ELTA)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52622/joal.v5i1.412

The objectives of this study was to investigate phonological conditioning of the multiple affixations pa-hu in Toba Batak. The method of this study is descriptive qualitative approach to describe Toba Batak phenomena deeply. While multiple affixations have been widely examined in Indonesian language and in other regional languages, its manifestations in Toba Batak remain largely unexplored. Therefore, this study fills this gap. The findings reveal four distinct categories of phonologically conditioned allomorphs of the multiple affixations pa-hu in Toba Batak with the following requirements: (1) if the root adjective ends in sound [k], [n], or [ŋ], the multiple affixations pa-hu appear as [pa-ku]; (2) if the root adjective ends in sound [m] or [p], the multiple affixations pa-hu appear as [pa-pu]; (3) if the root adjective ends in sound [s], the multiple affixations pa-hu appear as [pa-su]; and (4) if the root adjective ends in sound [t], the multiple affixations pa-hu appear as [pa-tu]. The implications highlight the need to protect regional languages like Toba Batak in the face of globalisation and reach applicable domains like cultural revitalisation. Thus, this study advocates for more research on under-represented languages by bridging the gap between theoretical linguistics and real-world conservation initiatives. Keywords: Excessive adjectives; Multiple affixations; Grammatical functions, Grammatical meanings; Lexical meanings

BASE FULL REDUPLICATION IN TOBA BATAK: A STUDY OF GENERATIVE MORPHOLOGY Ambarita, Esron
Majalah Ilmiah METHODA Vol. 13 No. 1 (2023): Majalah Ilmiah METHODA
Publisher : Universitas Methodist Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46880/methoda.Vol13No1.pp72-81

The objective of this paper is to explore base full reduplication in Toba Batak from the perspective of generative morphology. The theory applied in this study is Halle’s model (1973). The basic principle in generative morphology is that the process of word formation can generate actual words and potential words. According to generative morphology, the mechanism of word formations will be postulated in the list of morphemes, word formation rules, filter, and dictionary. The method of this study is qualitative descriptive; it is a method that describes language phenomena naturally without any exception or manipulation. The results reveal that there are six types of base full reduplication in Toba Batak i.e. nominal base full reduplication, verbal base full reduplication, adjectival base full reduplication, adverbial base full reduplication, numeral base full reduplication, and interrogative base full reduplication. The process of forming the base full reduplication is by reduplicating the base lexemes. Therefore, the two base lexemes are put together side by side to generate base full reduplication. There are no processes that take place in the filter because the step-by-step processes find neither any idiosyncrasies such as phonological, semantics, and lexical idiosyncrasies. The processes of base full reduplication in this study are inflectional. The grammatical and lexical meanings of the base full reduplication vary, depending on the meanings of the reduplicated base lexemes.

The Patterns of Ablaut Reduplication in Toba Batak: A Construction-Based Approach Ambarita, Esron; Sembiring, Milisi
REiLA : Journal of Research and Innovation in Language Vol. 7 No. 1 (2025): REiLA : Journal of Research and Innovation in Language
Publisher : The Institute of Research and Community Service (LPPM) - Universitas Lancang Kuning

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31849/reila.v7i1.17024

The study addresses a critical gap in morphological research by investigating the understudied patterns of ablaut reduplication in Toba Batak (TB), an endangered Austronesian language, through a construction-based approach. While ablaut reduplication has been widely examined in Indo-European languages like English and German, its manifestations in TB remain largely unexplored, despite the language’s cultural significance and vulnerability. This study fills this gap by employing a modified version of Halle’s (1973) generative morphology model, tailored to TB’s unique linguistic features, to analyze data collected from 12 native speakers in Samosir Regency. The findings reveal three distinct categories of ablaut reduplication in TB: verbal (VAR), nominal (NAR), and adjectival (AAR), each exhibiting specific vowel patterns. For instance, monosyllabic words typically alternate between [u]/[e] and [a]/[u], while disyllabic words follow a [u-a] to [a-I]/[a-u] sequence. Notably, the study demonstrates that TB’s ablaut reduplication is unproductive, lacking grammatical meaning and affixation, with lexical meaning derived solely from vowel alternations. The modified Hallean model, incorporating orthographic and phonological rules, proves effective in capturing these nuances, offering a novel framework for analyzing non-Indo-European languages. By documenting these patterns, the study not only enriches the understanding of TB’s morphological system but also contributes to broader linguistic typology and the preservation of endangered languages. The implications extend to applied fields such as language education and cultural revitalization, underscoring the urgency of safeguarding regional languages like TB amidst globalization. This research thus bridges theoretical linguistics and practical conservation efforts, advocating for further studies on underrepresented languages.

The Realizations of Code-Switching in Kompas Newspapers : A Study in Political and Law Articles Ambarita, Esron; Br. Gultom, Grace Gabriela
Journal of Applied Linguistics Vol. 3 No. 2 (2024): January 2024
Publisher : English Lecturers and Teachers Association (ELTA)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

This study aimed to investigate the realizations of code-switching in KOMPAS, a leading national newspaper in Indonesia with the highest editorial quality from an Indonesian perspective. The study is restricted to political and law articles by doing an in-depth descriptive analysis to reveal the goals. This study used a qualitative descriptive method dealing with a quantifiable mode. The results show that code-switching in quoted statements in political and law articles in KOMPAS newspapers was realized in (1) English words with meanings, (2) English words without meanings, (3) combination of Indonesian prefixes and English words, (4) combination of English words and Indonesian suffixes, (5) English phrases, (6) repeated English interjections, (7) English sentences, and (8) combination of English words and English sentences in one utterance. Keywords: The realizations of code-switching; KOMPAS newspapers; Political and law articles

BASE FULL REDUPLICATION IN TOBA BATAK: A STUDY OF GENERATIVE MORPHOLOGY Ambarita, Esron
Majalah Ilmiah METHODA Vol. 13 No. 1 (2023): Majalah Ilmiah METHODA
Publisher : Universitas Methodist Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

The objective of this paper is to explore base full reduplication in Toba Batak from the perspective of generative morphology. The theory applied in this study is Halle’s model (1973). The basic principle in generative morphology is that the process of word formation can generate actual words and potential words. According to generative morphology, the mechanism of word formations will be postulated in the list of morphemes, word formation rules, filter, and dictionary. The method of this study is qualitative descriptive; it is a method that describes language phenomena naturally without any exception or manipulation. The results reveal that there are six types of base full reduplication in Toba Batak i.e. nominal base full reduplication, verbal base full reduplication, adjectival base full reduplication, adverbial base full reduplication, numeral base full reduplication, and interrogative base full reduplication. The process of forming the base full reduplication is by reduplicating the base lexemes. Therefore, the two base lexemes are put together side by side to generate base full reduplication. There are no processes that take place in the filter because the step-by-step processes find neither any idiosyncrasies such as phonological, semantics, and lexical idiosyncrasies. The processes of base full reduplication in this study are inflectional. The grammatical and lexical meanings of the base full reduplication vary, depending on the meanings of the reduplicated base lexemes.

AN ANALYSIS OF PREFIXES IN IKA NATASSA’S NOVEL IN ARSITEKTUR CINTA Mandalahi, Esterlita; Siagian, Novitasari; Siregar, Grace Shinta Wulandari; Marbun, Charli; Ambarita, Esron
LANGUAGE : Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Vol. 5 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Pusat Pengembangan Pendidikan dan Penelitian Indonesia (P4I)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51878/language.v5i4.9108

ABSTRACT Morphological studies in literary works are important for understanding how linguistic elements contribute to meaning construction and narrative development. This study aims to analyze the use of prefixes in the novel Arsitektur Cinta by Ika Natassa, focusing on the four most productive prefixes in Indonesian, namely di-, me-, ber-, and ter-. The research focuses on the types of prefixes used, their grammatical functions and meanings, and their contribution to character development and narrative dynamics. This study employs a qualitative descriptive method, with data collected through systematic identification, recording, and classification of prefixed words found in the novel. The analysis stages involve grouping the data based on prefix types, morphological functions, and their contextual usage in sentences. The findings show that the prefixes me- and di- are the most dominant, functioning to express actions, processes, and experiences undergone by characters, both as agents and as recipients of actions. Meanwhile, the prefixes ber- and ter- are used to depict states, spontaneous reactions, and conditions that are unintentional or static. These findings indicate that prefixes function not only grammatically but also play an important role in enriching the narrative, strengthening characterization, and supporting plot development. Thus, this study concludes that affixation is a linguistic element that makes a significant contribution to the construction of meaning and narrative dynamics in contemporary Indonesian literary works. ABSTRAK Kajian morfologi dalam karya sastra penting dilakukan untuk memahami bagaimana unsur kebahasaan berperan dalam pembentukan makna dan pengembangan narasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penggunaan prefiks dalam novel Arsitektur Cinta karya Ika Natassa dengan fokus pada empat prefiks yang paling produktif dalam bahasa Indonesia, yaitu di-, me-, ber-, dan ter-. Fokus permasalahan penelitian ini meliputi jenis prefiks yang digunakan, fungsi gramatikal dan maknanya, serta kontribusinya terhadap pembangunan karakter dan dinamika alur cerita. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa identifikasi, pencatatan, dan pengklasifikasian kata-kata berprefiks yang ditemukan dalam teks novel secara sistematis. Tahapan analisis dilakukan dengan mengelompokkan data berdasarkan jenis prefiks, fungsi morfologis, dan konteks penggunaannya dalam kalimat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prefiks me- dan di- merupakan prefiks yang paling dominan digunakan, yang berfungsi untuk mengekspresikan tindakan, proses, dan pengalaman yang dialami oleh tokoh, baik sebagai pelaku maupun sebagai penerima tindakan. Sementara itu, prefiks ber- dan ter- digunakan untuk menggambarkan keadaan, reaksi spontan, serta kondisi yang bersifat tidak disengaja atau statis. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan prefiks tidak hanya berfungsi secara gramatikal, tetapi juga berperan penting dalam memperkaya narasi, mempertegas karakterisasi, dan mendukung perkembangan alur cerita. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa afiksasi merupakan unsur kebahasaan yang memiliki kontribusi signifikan dalam membangun makna dan dinamika naratif dalam karya sastra Indonesia kontemporer.

DERIVATIONAL SUFFIXES ON ULANGEN IN THE KARO LANGUAGE BIBLE Marbun, Romaito; Ginting, Julia Carolina; Samosir, Joy Aprilia; Ambarita, Esron
LANGUAGE : Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Pusat Pengembangan Pendidikan dan Penelitian Indonesia (P4I)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.51878/language.v6i1.9289

ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze derivational suffixes found in Ulangen of the Karo Language Bible. The focus of the study is to identify the types, functions, and meanings of derivational suffixes used in the text. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method. The data were taken from verses in Ulangen of the Karo Language Bible containing derivational suffixes and were collected through documentation techniques. The collected data were analyzed based on Yule’s theory of derivation. The findings show that there are three types of derivational suffixes found in Ulangen, namely suffix -ken, suffix -i, and suffix -en. Among these suffixes, suffix -ken is the most dominant and productive derivational suffix, primarily functioning to derive verbs with causative meanings. Suffix -i functions to derive verbs expressing actions, processes, or locative meanings, while suffix -en functions as a nominalizer forming nouns that express results, objects, or abstract concepts. The study concludes that derivational suffixes in the Karo language function to form new lexemes by changing meanings and, in some cases, lexical categories of base words. These findings support Yule’s theory that derivational morphology plays a crucial role in word formation. Furthermore, the consistent use of derivational suffixes in the Karo Language Bible indicates that religious texts provide reliable data for morphological analysis and contribute to the documentation of regional and minority languages. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sufiks derivatif yang terdapat dalam Ulangen pada Alkitab Bahasa Karo. Fokus penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi jenis, fungsi, dan makna sufiks derivatif yang digunakan dalam teks tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data diambil dari ayat-ayat dalam Ulangen Alkitab Bahasa Karo yang mengandung sufiks derivatif dan dikumpulkan melalui teknik dokumentasi. Data yang telah dikumpulkan dianalisis berdasarkan teori derivasi yang dikemukakan oleh Yule. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tiga jenis sufiks derivatif yang ditemukan dalam Ulangen, yaitu sufiks -ken, sufiks -i, dan sufiks -en. Di antara ketiga sufiks tersebut, sufiks -ken merupakan sufiks derivatif yang paling dominan dan produktif, yang terutama berfungsi untuk membentuk verba bermakna kausatif. Sufiks -i berfungsi untuk membentuk verba yang menyatakan tindakan, proses, atau makna lokatif, sedangkan sufiks -en berfungsi sebagai penominal yang membentuk nomina yang menyatakan hasil, objek, atau konsep abstrak. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa sufiks derivatif dalam bahasa Karo berfungsi untuk membentuk leksem baru dengan mengubah makna dan, dalam beberapa kasus, kategori leksikal kata dasar. Temuan ini mendukung teori Yule yang menyatakan bahwa morfologi derivatif memiliki peran penting dalam pembentukan kata. Selain itu, penggunaan sufiks derivatif yang konsisten dalam Alkitab Bahasa Karo menunjukkan bahwa teks keagamaan dapat menjadi sumber data yang andal untuk analisis morfologis serta berkontribusi pada pendokumentasian bahasa daerah dan bahasa minoritas.

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