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Navigating the Post-ETF Paradigm: An Integrative Multi-Factor Model for Projecting Bitcoin's 2025 Market Cycle Apex Abdul Malik; Ahmad Badruddin; Mary-Jane Wood; Sonia Vernanda; Gladys Putri; Ifah Shandy; Darlene Sitorus; Delia Tamim
Enigma in Economics Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): Enigma in Economics
Publisher : Enigma Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61996/economy.v3i1.91

Abstract

Bitcoin’s market structure underwent a fundamental and irreversible transformation following the 2024 regulatory approval and launch of spot Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) in the United States. This event catalyzed an unprecedented wave of institutional adoption, signaling the asset's maturation from a fringe, retail-driven speculative vehicle into an emergent institutional-grade macro-asset. This study moves beyond traditional cyclical models, which are predicated on historical, pre-institutional market dynamics, to analyze Bitcoin's valuation within this profoundly evolved landscape. The primary objective is to project the potential price apex for Bitcoin in the 2024-2025 market cycle by developing and applying a transparent, replicable, and comprehensive multi-factor analytical framework. A multi-factorial, longitudinal analysis was conducted using a combination of publicly available data and simulated datasets from Q1 2022 to Q2 2025. The model is built upon a structured, semi-quantitative framework designed to synthesize three core analytical pillars: (1) Macroeconomic Environment, quantitatively assessing the impact of Federal Reserve interest rate policy, US Dollar Index (DXY) dynamics, and inflation trends through correlation analysis and sensitivity modeling. (2) On-Chain Intelligence, utilizing a suite of metrics from primary sources like Glassnode, including MVRV Z-Score, LTH-SOPR, and Illiquid Supply growth, while critically evaluating the continued validity of their historical thresholds. (3) Market & Flow Dynamics, which integrates technical analysis with a rigorous, quantitative assessment of spot ETF demand versus daily new supply, moving beyond subjective interpretations of price charts. A transparent weighting rubric was developed to integrate the findings from each pillar, mitigating subjective bias and ensuring the analytical synthesis is replicable. The synthesis of the model's components revealed a powerful confluence of bullish factors projected to intensify through late 2024 and into 2025. The Macroeconomic pillar scored moderately positive, forecasting a probable shift to monetary easing. The On-Chain pillar registered a strongly positive score, driven by a profound and persistent supply shock, evidenced by record illiquid supply growth and sustained exchange outflows, indicating strong holder conviction. The Market & Flow Dynamics pillar also scored strongly positive, with institutional demand via ETFs consistently outstripping newly mined supply by a significant multiple. The model's base-case scenario, derived from the weighted synthesis of these pillars, projects a Bitcoin price apex in the range of $150,000 to $200,000, with the most probable timing for this peak occurring between Q4 2024 and Q2 2025. In conclusion, the findings indicate that the 2024-2025 Bitcoin market cycle is fundamentally distinct from its predecessors, primarily driven by a structural, institutional-led demand shock that interacts with, and is amplified by, traditional macroeconomic tailwinds and established cyclical patterns. The projected price apex reflects a market structure that has matured, with future cycles likely to be more influenced by global liquidity conditions than the halving event alone. This research provides a robust, transparent, and theoretically grounded framework for valuing Bitcoin in its new role within the global financial system and offers a template for future analysis of digital assets as they integrate with traditional finance.
Learning from Neighbors: A Comparative Policy Analysis of Tax Education Integration in the High School Curricula of Indonesia and Malaysia Hanifah Yasin; Idris Atmaja; Iqbal Anugerah; Dian Rahayu; Muhammad Hasan; Grace Olivia Silalahi; Selma Fajic; Fitriyanti Fitriyanti; Darlene Sitorus; Harun Urrashid
Enigma in Education Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): Enigma in Education
Publisher : Enigma Institute

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61996/edu.v3i1.96

Abstract

Nations across Southeast Asia are grappling with the challenge of enhancing tax compliance to fund national development. This study addresses this issue by examining the divergent policy pathways for high school tax education in two neighboring countries: Indonesia and Malaysia. While both nations recognize the importance of cultivating tax awareness among youth, their approaches to curriculum integration differ significantly. This study employed a qualitative comparative policy analysis. The research systematically examined and contrasted official policy documents from Indonesia’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology (Kemendikbudristek) and the Directorate General of Taxes (DJP), with those from Malaysia’s Ministry of Education (KPM) and the Inland Revenue Board of Malaysia (IRBM). The analysis focused on four key dimensions: policy rationale, curricular placement, institutional collaboration, and implementation strategy. Data was sourced from national curriculum frameworks, ministerial decrees, tax authority publications, and strategic plans issued between 2019 and 2024. A thematic analysis was conducted to identify and compare the core characteristics of each nation's approach. The analysis revealed two distinct models. Malaysia has pursued a formal, centralized integration model, embedding tax education as a mandatory topic within the Form 5 Mathematics curriculum since 2021. This ensures universal and systematic delivery by teachers. In contrast, Indonesia has adopted an emerging, decentralized model characterized by extracurricular outreach programs, such as Pajak Bertutur, led by the DJP. While Indonesia's new Kurikulum Merdeka presents significant opportunities for formal integration, its implementation remains ad-hoc and dependent on regional initiatives. Malaysia’s strategy offers a clear model of systemic integration that Indonesia could learn from. However, Indonesia’s Kurikulum Merdeka and its emphasis on project-based learning provide a unique opportunity to embed tax education more holistically as a component of civic and economic literacy, rather than solely as a mathematical exercise. The study concludes that for Indonesia to advance its tax education agenda, a more robust and operational partnership between the DJP and Kemendikbudristek is essential to transition from sporadic outreach to sustainable, curriculum-integrated education.
The ‘Live’ Gaze: A Neuromarketing and Eye-Tracking Analysis of Consumer Attention and Impulse Buying on Shopee Live and TikTok Shop in Indonesia Muhammad Hasan; Henry Peter Paul; Darlene Sitorus; Despian Januandri; Brenda Jaleel
Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/oaijss.v8i2.298

Abstract

Livestream commerce (LSC) has redefined digital retail in Southeast Asia, with Indonesia as its most competitive market. The two dominant platforms, Shopee Live and TikTok Shop, leverage vastly different user interfaces and engagement philosophies—commerce-first versus content-first, respectively. However, the precise cognitive and affective mechanisms by which these platforms guide consumer attention and trigger impulse purchases remain empirically unexamined. This study employed a within-subjects laboratory experiment with 60 Indonesian consumers (aged 18-25). A multi-modal neuromarketing approach was used, synchronizing eye-tracking (ET) and electroencephalography (EEG) data. Participants viewed six 60-second LSC clips (three from Shopee Live, three from TikTok Shop) matched for product category. Key eye-tracking metrics (Total Fixation Duration, Time to First Fixation) were analyzed across predefined Areas of Interest (AOIs: Host Face, Product, Price, CTA Button, Chat). EEG data was processed to derive Frontal Alpha Asymmetry (FAA) for approach-avoidance motivation and Cognitive Load indices. Post-stimulus surveys measured Impulse Buying Urge (IBU). Significant differences emerged. Shopee Live generated longer Total Fixation Duration on the Host’s Face (M=12,500ms) and Price/Discount AOIs (M=8,800ms). Conversely, TikTok Shop elicited significantly faster Time to First Fixation on the Product (M=1,600ms) and CTA Button (M=2,800ms), and higher TFD on these AOIs. Neurologically, TikTok Shop produced significantly greater FAA (M=0.19 vs. 0.08), indicating higher approach motivation, and also induced a higher cognitive load. A multiple regression analysis revealed that the strongest predictors of IBU were TFD on the CTA Button, FAA, and TFD on the Host’s Face. TFD on the product itself was not a significant predictor. In conclusion, the findings demonstrate that platform architecture fundamentally shapes the "live" gaze. Shopee Live fosters a deliberative, host-centric, and price-evaluative attentional strategy. TikTok Shop promotes a rapid, immersive, and conversion-focused gaze, driving higher affective engagement (approach) and subsequent impulse buying. The study provides novel evidence that in LSC, impulse triggers are tied more to conversion-point (CTA) and para-social (Host) cues than to the product itself.
The ‘Live’ Gaze: A Neuromarketing and Eye-Tracking Analysis of Consumer Attention and Impulse Buying on Shopee Live and TikTok Shop in Indonesia Muhammad Hasan; Henry Peter Paul; Darlene Sitorus; Despian Januandri; Brenda Jaleel
Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences
Publisher : HM Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.37275/oaijss.v8i2.298

Abstract

Livestream commerce (LSC) has redefined digital retail in Southeast Asia, with Indonesia as its most competitive market. The two dominant platforms, Shopee Live and TikTok Shop, leverage vastly different user interfaces and engagement philosophies—commerce-first versus content-first, respectively. However, the precise cognitive and affective mechanisms by which these platforms guide consumer attention and trigger impulse purchases remain empirically unexamined. This study employed a within-subjects laboratory experiment with 60 Indonesian consumers (aged 18-25). A multi-modal neuromarketing approach was used, synchronizing eye-tracking (ET) and electroencephalography (EEG) data. Participants viewed six 60-second LSC clips (three from Shopee Live, three from TikTok Shop) matched for product category. Key eye-tracking metrics (Total Fixation Duration, Time to First Fixation) were analyzed across predefined Areas of Interest (AOIs: Host Face, Product, Price, CTA Button, Chat). EEG data was processed to derive Frontal Alpha Asymmetry (FAA) for approach-avoidance motivation and Cognitive Load indices. Post-stimulus surveys measured Impulse Buying Urge (IBU). Significant differences emerged. Shopee Live generated longer Total Fixation Duration on the Host’s Face (M=12,500ms) and Price/Discount AOIs (M=8,800ms). Conversely, TikTok Shop elicited significantly faster Time to First Fixation on the Product (M=1,600ms) and CTA Button (M=2,800ms), and higher TFD on these AOIs. Neurologically, TikTok Shop produced significantly greater FAA (M=0.19 vs. 0.08), indicating higher approach motivation, and also induced a higher cognitive load. A multiple regression analysis revealed that the strongest predictors of IBU were TFD on the CTA Button, FAA, and TFD on the Host’s Face. TFD on the product itself was not a significant predictor. In conclusion, the findings demonstrate that platform architecture fundamentally shapes the "live" gaze. Shopee Live fosters a deliberative, host-centric, and price-evaluative attentional strategy. TikTok Shop promotes a rapid, immersive, and conversion-focused gaze, driving higher affective engagement (approach) and subsequent impulse buying. The study provides novel evidence that in LSC, impulse triggers are tied more to conversion-point (CTA) and para-social (Host) cues than to the product itself.