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ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 14124092     EISSN : 24434183     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Social, Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Energy Environmental Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia is a chemistry journal published by Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia publishes original research articles or review articles in organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry, biochemistry, and environmental chemistry.
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Articles 307 Documents
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Efek Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Daun Tephrosia vogelii Hook. f. terhadap Histologi Hati Tikus Putih Jantan Rattus norvegicus Dewi Ratnasari; Valentina Adimurti Kusumaningtyas; Arie Hardian
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 21, No 2 (2025): September
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.97702.326-336

Abstract

Tephrosia vogelii Hook.f. tanaman yang secara tradisional digunakan untuk pengobatan demam, diare, penyakit kulit, malaria, dan meningitis, serta sebagai pestisida alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek toksik pemberian berulang ekstrak etanol daun T. vogelii terhadap berat dan histologi hati serta menentukan konsentrasi ekstrak etanol T. vogelii yang  aman terhadap liver tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) jantan. Objek dalam penelitian ini daun T. vogelii. Metode penelitian menggunakan desain Rancangan Acak Lengkap yang terdiri dari 5 perlakuan dan 6 kali pengulangan. Penelitian menggunakan parasetamol 50 mg/kg BB sebagai kontrol positif, air mineral sebagai kontrol negatif dan larutan uji ekstrak etanol daun T. vogelii dengan dosis 50mg/kg BB, 100 mg/kg BB dan 200 mg/kg BB dilakukan selama 28 hari. Parameter yang diamati adalah berat hati, inflamasi sel, dan steatosis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun T. vogelii tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap indeks organ (P>0,05), tidak menimbulkan inflamasi dan steatosis. Esktrak etanol daun T. vogelii dengan dosis 50, 100, dan 200 mg/kg BB tidak berpengaruh terhadap indeks organ, dan aman terhadap hati tikus putih jantan.Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Tephrosia vogelii Hook. f. Leaves on the Liver Histology of Male White Rats of Rattus norvegicus. Tephrosia vogelii Hook.f. is a plant traditionally used to treat fever, diarrhea, skin diseases, malaria, meningitis, and as a natural pesticide. This study aims to determine the toxic effect of repeated administration of T. vogelii leaves ethanol extract on liver weight and histology, and to establish the safe concentration of T. vogelii leaves ethanol extract for the liver of male white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The research method focuses on the leaf part. The study used a Completely Randomized Design with five treatments and six replications. Treatments included 50 mg/kg BW of paracetamol as a positive control, mineral water as a negative control, and test solutions of ethanol extract of T. vogelii leaves at doses of 50 mg/Kg BW, 100 mg/kg BW, and 200 mg/kg BW, administered over 28 days. The observed parameters were liver weight, cell inflammation, and steatosis. The research results show that the ethanol extract of T. vogelii has no significant effect on the organ index (P>0.05) and does not cause inflammation or steatosis. The ethanol extract of T. vogelii at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW does not affect the organ index and is safe for the liver of male white rats.
Pembuatan Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM) Teremban 2,4,5-Trimetoksikalkon dan Uji Kompatibilitasnya Reinner Ishaq Lerrick; Darius Toge Kore; Philiphi de Rozari; Febri Odel Nitbani; Fidelis Nitti; Johnson N Naat
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 21, No 2 (2025): September
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.96111.305-314

Abstract

Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM) telah menjadi perangkat baru untuk mengekstraksi ion logam terutama dari larutan, karena selektivitas dan sensitivitasnya yang mudah disesuaikan melalui pembuatannya yang mudah. Ragam senyawa ekstraktan telah banyak dikembangkan dalam studi ekstraksi logam berbasis PIM. Namun, senyawa kalkon dan turunannya yang umum diketahui sebagai ekstraktan dan sensor logam, belum ditemukan penggunaannya dalam studi terkait PIM. Pada riset ini, senyawa 2,4,5-trimetoksikalkon, disintesis dari oksidasi minyak asaron asal Timor menggunakan ozon dan diikuti oleh reaksi kondensasi aldol dengan asetofenon, akan diembankan ke dalam matriks PIM PVC/D2EHPA. PIM yang disiapkan tersebut kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) dan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), serta dipelajari kompatibilitasnya. PIM yang mengandung 60% PVC, 40% D2EHPA dan berbagai konsentrasi 2,4,5-trimetoksikalkon (25, 20, 15, 10, dan 5 ppm) mempunyai sudut kontak air masing-masing sebesar 51,939º, 51,665º, 51,318º, 51,151º, dan 50,863º; serta nilai penyerapan air masing-masing sebesar 9,80%; 9,82%; 9,54%; 9,68%; dan 9,76% yang menunjukkan bahwa PIM yang dihasilkan bersifat hidrofilik. Sementara itu, hasil pengukuran kuat tarik dan persentase perpanjangan menunjukkan bahwa PIM tersebut bersifat fleksibel dengan nilai yang diperoleh masing-masing 12,15; 11,96; 11,91; 10,95; 10,22 MPa dan 32,7; 86,6; 127; 156,7; 166,7%.Preparation of Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM)-Embedded 2,4,5-Trimethoxychalcone and Its Compatibility Study. Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM) has become an emerging device for extracting metal ions, especially from solution, due to its selectivity and sensitivity fine-tuned through facile preparation. Chalcones, as well as their derivatives, which are known as metal extractants and sensors, have not been employed in PIM-related studies. In this research, the compound 2,4,5-trimethoxychalcone, synthesized sequentially over Timor’s asarone oil oxidation using ozone, followed by Aldol condensation reaction with acetophenone, was embedded into the PVC/D2EHPA PIM matrices. The prepared PIM was then characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and was studied for its compatibility. PIM contained 60% PVC, 40% D2EHPA and varied 2,4,5-trimethoxychalcone (25, 20, 15, 10, and 5 ppm) had water contact angles values of 51.939º, 51.665º, 51.318º, 51.151º, 50.863º, and water uptake of 9.80%, 9.82%, 9.54%, 9.68%, 9.76% respectively, which indicated that the resulting PIM was hydrophilic. Meanwhile, the tensile strength and elongation percentage showed that those PIM were flexible with the obtained values of 12.15, 11.96, 11.91, 10.95, 10.22 MPa and 32.7, 86.6, 127, 156.7, 166.7%, respectively.
Recovery Nutrien dari Efluen Digester Anaerobik Air Limbah Tahu dengan Presipitasi Struvite Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini; Fenisa Fauziyah Marshal; Puti Sri Komala; Aufa Aniq Rumzi; Dewi Nilawati; Widyarani Widyarani; Diana Rahayuning Wulan; Neni Sintawardani; Nicolaus Nezha Nunez Mahasti
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 21, No 2 (2025): September
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.93205.198-223

Abstract

Efluen dari digester anaerobik multistages fixed-bed reactor pengolahan air limbah industri tahu di Desa Giriharja, Kabupaten Sumedang, memerlukan pengolahan lanjut karena masih mengandung nutrien amonium dan fosfor yang melebihi standar baku mutu untuk badan air. Presipitasi struvite merupakan presipitasi kimia yang memungkinkan untuk memperoleh kembali (recovery) amonium dan fosfat dari air limbah dengan cara penambahan magnesium. Air laut dapat digunakan sebagai sumber magnesium untuk proses presipitasi untuk mengurangi biaya operasional. Presipitasi struvite dipengaruhi oleh pH, ion-ion penting, suhu, dan zat-zat asing. Nilai pH yang tinggi dapat meningkatkan efisiensi penyisihan dan recovery P dan N, akan tetapi dapat meningkatkan presipitasi magnesium dan kalsium fosfat sehingga mengurangi kualitas kristal struvite yang terbentuk. Tingkat kejenuhan struvite berbanding lurus dengan logaritma konsentrasi ionik dalam kristal. Tingkat pertumbuhan, jenis dan ukuran kristal dipengaruhi oleh tinggi suhu. Tingginya konsentrasi zat asing pada larutan dapat mengakibatkan terhalangnya pertumbuhan kristal struvite. Penggunaan air laut sebagai sumber magnesium dalam presipitasi struvite dapat mengurangi biaya produksi, transportasi, serta menggantikan penggunaan bahan kimia.Nutrient Recovery from Tofu Wastewater Anaerobic Digester using Struvite Precipitation. Effluent from a multistage anaerobic digestion fixed-bed reactor for tofu industrial wastewater treatment in Giriharja Village, Sumedang Regency, requires further treatment because it still contains nutrients of ammonium and phosphorus that exceed the water quality standards. Struvite precipitation is a chemical precipitation process that allows for the recovery of ammonium and phosphate from wastewater by adding magnesium. Seawater can be used as a source of magnesium for the precipitation process to reduce operational costs. Struvite precipitation is affected by pH, essential ions, temperature, and foreign substances. A high pH value can increase the efficiency of P and N removal and recovery, but it can also increase the precipitation of magnesium and calcium phosphate, thereby reducing the quality of the struvite crystals formed. The level of struvite saturation is directly proportional to the logarithm of the ionic concentration in the crystals. The growth rate, type, and size of crystals are affected by temperature. High concentrations of foreign substances in the solution can inhibit struvite crystal growth. Using seawater as a source of magnesium in struvite precipitation can reduce production and transportation costs and replace the use of chemicals.
Sintesis Nanopartikel Perak Menggunakan Campuran Reduktor Kimia Trisodium Sitrat dan Bioreduktor Ekstrak Kulit Batang Cempedak (Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.) Isah Waliah Indriani; Noor Hindryawati; Irfan Ashari Hiyahara
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 21, No 2 (2025): September
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.103484.389-400

Abstract

Sintesis nanopartikel perak (AgNPs) telah dilakukan menggunakan reduktor kimia trisodium sitrat (Na3C6H5O7) dan bioreduktor dari ekstrak kulit batang cempedak (Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.) serta campuran keduanya. AgNPs hasil sintesis dianalisis menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis, PSA (Particle Size Analyzer) dan TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope). AgNPs berhasil disintesis dapat dilihat dari perubahan warna medium reaksi menjadi kuning kecokelatan. AgNPs tetap stabil dipengukuran hari ke 5, ditunjukkan dari data spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Panjang gelombang maksimum muncul berturut turut untuk AgNPs dengan reduktor Na3C6H5O7 pada 426 – 430 nm;  AgNPs dengan bioreduktor dari ekstrak kulit batang cempedak pada 426 – 428 nm;  dan AgNPs dengan bioreduktor campuran pada 428 – 432 nm. Kondisi optimum sintesis AgNPs diperoleh dengan reduktor campuran pada konsentrasi AgNO3 4,5 mM;  perbandingan volume Na3C6H5O7:ekstrak kulit batang cempedak 2:1. Hasil karakterisasi dari PSA menunjukkan nanopartikel perak memiliki distribusi ukuran rata-rata 78,2 nm. Morfologi nanopartikel perak dari TEM menunjukkan AgNPs berbentuk bulat dengan rata-rata ukuran partikel sebesar 93,49 nm. Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis using a Mixture of Chemical Reductors of Trisodium Citrate and Bioreductors of Cempedak Stem Bark Extract (Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been carried out using the chemical reductant trisodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) and bioreductant prepared from the extract of cempedak bark (Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.) and a mixture of both. The synthesized AgNPs were analyzed using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, PSA (Particle Size Analyzer), and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope). The successful synthesis of AgNPs can be identified from the change in color of the reaction medium to brownish yellow. AgNPs remained stable on the 5th day of measurement, as shown by the UV-Vis spectrophotometer data. The maximum wavelengths appeared successively for AgNPs with Na3C6H5O7 reductant at 426 – 430 nm; AgNPs with bioreductant from cempedak bark extract at 426 – 428 nm; and AgNPs with mixed bioreductant at 428 – 432 nm. The conditions for AgNPs synthesis are optimum with a mixed reducing agent at a concentration of AgNO3 of 4.5 mM; the volume ratio of Na3C6H5O7:cempedak bark extract of 2:1. The characterization results from PSA showed that silver nanoparticles had an average size distribution of 78.2 nm. The morphology of silver nanoparticles from TEM showed that AgNPs were spherical with an average particle size of 93.49 nm. 
Optimasi Ekstraksi Flavonoid dari Ulva lactuca dengan Kombinasi Cell Disruption dan Ultrasound-Assisted Hot Water Helda Wika Amini; Muhammad Rizky Kurniawan; Nida Ayu Salsabila; Boy Arief Fachri; Zuhriah Mumtazah; Meta Fitri Rizkiana; Istiqomah Rahmawati; Bekti Palupi; Yukti Nurani; Rekfa Wika Amini
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 21, No 2 (2025): September
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.21.2.98141.284-295

Abstract

Ulva lactuca merupakan biota laut yang berpotensi sebagai sumber bahan aktif kosmetik karena kandungan bioaktifnya seperti flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, terpenoid, dan tanin. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengekstraksi flavonoid serta menganalisis nilai Sun Protection Factor (SPF) U. lactuca menggunakan kombinasi metode cell disruption dan ultrasound-assisted hot water (UAHW). Tiga metode perlakuan cell disruption (tanpa perlakuan, osmotic shock, dan hidrotermal dengan autoklaf) dikombinasikan dengan variabel UAHW yaitu suhu ultrasonik (40, 60, 80 °C) dan waktu ultrasonik (5, 10, 15 menit). Ekstraksi dilakukan menggunakan pelarut etanol 96% pada serbuk U. lactuca berukuran 60 mesh. Optimasi dilakukan menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM) dengan Box–Behnken Design (BBD). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa total flavonoid dan nilai SPF tertinggi (33,23 mg QE/g dan SPF 20,80) diperoleh tanpa perlakuan cell disruption, pada suhu 80 °C dan waktu ekstraksi 10 menit. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa metode UAHW efektif meningkatkan ekstraksi flavonoid dan SPF meskipun tanpa cell disruption. Selain itu, pendekatan RSM terbukti efisien dalam optimasi proses. Studi ini memberikan kontribusi pada pengembangan bahan aktif alami U. lactuca untuk aplikasi kosmetik, khususnya sebagai agen pelindung sinar UV.Optimization of Flavonoid Extraction from Ulva lactuca Using a Combination of Cell Disruption and Ultrasound-Assisted Hot Water. Ulva lactuca is a marine organism with significant potential as a source of active ingredients for cosmetic applications, owing to bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and tannins. This study aimed to extract flavonoids and evaluate the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of U. lactuca using a combination of cell disruption methods and ultrasound-assisted hot water (UAHW) extraction. Three cell disruption treatments (no treatment, osmotic shock, and hydrothermal using an autoclave) were combined with UAHW variables, including ultrasonic temperature (40, 60, 80 °C) and ultrasonic time (5, 10, 15 minutes). The extraction was conducted using 96% ethanol as a solvent on U. lactuca powder sieved to 60 mesh. Optimization was performed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken Design (BBD). The highest total flavonoid content (33.23 mg QE/g extract) and SPF value (20.80) were obtained without cell disruption, at 80°C for 10 minutes. The study confirms that UAHW effectively enhances flavonoid extraction and SPF, even without cell disruption. Furthermore, the RSM approach proved efficient for process optimization. This study contributes to developing natural active ingredients from U. lactuca for cosmetic applications, particularly as UV-protective agents.
Optimization Depolymerization of Tilapia Fish Scale Chitosan by Oxidative Degradation with H2O2 using Central Composite Design (CCD) Dhian Eka Wijaya; Afra Raeviana Putri; Intan Lestari; Edwin Permana; Munifilia Ekasari; Nur Ahniyanti Rasyid
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 22, No 1 (2026): March
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.22.1.95765.95-105

Abstract

Tilapia fish scales are among the fishery wastes that have not been optimally utilized, even though they have economic potential when processed into chitosan. Chitosan is a poly(2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucose) obtained by deacetylation of chitin, with a high molecular weight ranging from 100 to 1.200 kDa, making it difficult to dissolve in water. To increase its solubility, chitosan can be depolymerized into oligochitosan with a lower molecular weight, around 5 – 10 kDa. This depolymerization process is influenced by temperature, time, and concentration factors. This study aims to determine the optimal conditions for the depolymerization of chitosan from tilapia fish scales using a central composite design (CCD). The stages of chitosan production include demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation, yielding a white powder with a molecular weight of 264.214 kDa and a degree of deacetylation of 74.24%. Based on CCD optimization, the optimal conditions for the depolymerization of tilapia fish scale chitosan were 3.6 M H2O2, 50 °C, and 2 hours, yielding a molecular weight of 3093 kDa. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) characterization showed a peak shift from wave number 3267 cm-1 to 3303 cm-1. Oligochitosan also showed 100% solubility in water at neutral pH
Preparation and Optimization of Coal Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer and Its Application as an Adsorbent for Basic Yellow 2 and Methylene Blue Dyes Eddy Heraldy; Edi Pramono; Yuniawan Hidayat; Khoirina Dwi Nugrahaningtyas; Angel Maydeleine; Intan Dwi Rahmadani
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 22, No 1 (2026): March
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.22.1.98784.254-263

Abstract

The preparation of geopolymer from coal fly ash (CFA) solid waste of Jepara PLTU has been carried out by activating CFA using a 10 M NaOH solution and Na2SiO3. Characterization of CFA and geopolymer using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The adsorption process was studied under parameters including pH, geopolymer mass, contact time, and initial adsorbate concentration. The optimum conditions for the adsorption process of basic yellow 2 dye with fly ash-based geopolymer were optimum at solution pH of 11; adsorbent mass of 0.15 g; contact time of 120 minutes; and initial concentration of 80 ppm, while methylene blue adsorption was at solution pH of 11; adsorbent mass of 0.15 g; contact time of 120 minutes; and initial concentration of 60 ppm. Coal fly ash, a solid waste product from the Jepara PLTU, can be used to produce geopolymers through geopolymerization in the presence of activators such as NaOH and Na₂SiO₃. The adsorption capacities of these geopolymers for basic yellow 2 and methylene blue dye solutions are 26.55 and 19.825 mg/g, respectively.
Free Radical Scavenging, Cytotoxic Activity, and Antioxidant-Targeted Molecular Docking Analysis of Akar Kusim Besar (Artabotrys sp.) Methanolic Extract from Ketambe, Indonesia Halimatussakdiah Halimatussakdiah; Ulil Amna; Vivi Mardina; Misdi Misdi
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 22, No 1 (2026): March
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.22.1.108079.200-216

Abstract

Akar Kusim Besar (Artabotrys sp.), a vine from the Annonaceae family and an orangutan food source in Ketambe (Indonesia), is known to contain diverse bioactive metabolites. This study evaluated the phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity, and molecular docking of its methanolic leaf extract. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins. The extract showed strong radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 100.816 µg/mL) and cytotoxicity against Artemia salina larvae (LC50 = 57.702 µg/mL), indicating potential bioactivity attributable to flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis detected 30 compounds, of which 12 were subjected to molecular docking against human glutathione peroxidase 7 (2P31). Stigmasta-3,5-diene exhibited the strongest binding affinities, while several compounds complied with Lipinski's Rule of Five, supporting their potential druglikeness. Together, these findings suggest that Artabotrys sp. exhibits promising antioxidant and cytotoxic activities, and that molecular docking provides mechanistic insight into its anticancer potential.
The Effect of Co-Processed Excipient and Mannitol on Physical Properties and Release Test of Flavonoid Total of Bajakah Root (Spatholobus littoralis Hassk.) Water Extract in Effervescent Granule Dian Eka Ermawati; Nur Cahyo Fajar Trihantono; Ulfa Afrinurfadhilah Darojati; Nindita Claurisa Amaris Susanto; Sholichah Rohmani; M. Fiqri Zulpadly; Annisa Diyan Meitasari; Diyah Tri Utami; Anif Nur Artanti; Heru Sasongko; Meta Kartika Untari
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 22, No 1 (2026): March
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.22.1.94157.148-156

Abstract

Bajakah root is traditionally used in herbal medicine and exhibits notable antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 0.155 mg/mL) with a total flavonoid content of 32.49 ppm. However, conventional consumption by boiling is limited by poor taste, odor, and low stability. To overcome these limitations, this study developed effervescent granules to enhance acceptability and absorption. The effect of combining co-processed excipients (lactose–manihot starch in a ratio of 64.32:35.68) with mannitol on granule characteristics and flavonoid release was investigated. Bajakah root extract was prepared by hot water infusion (90 °C, 15 min; ratios 1:10 and 1:20) followed by freeze-drying. Phytochemical contents were analyzed using UV–Vis spectrophotometry. Co-processed excipients were prepared via wet granulation and characterized by SEM. Formulations with co-processed excipient–mannitol ratios of 3:1, 2:2, and 1:3 were evaluated for physicochemical properties and flavonoid release. Results showed total flavonoid and tannin contents in the extract of 2.19% and 9.04%, respectively. Excipient ratios significantly affected flow rate, angle of repose, moisture content, and disintegration time (p < 0.05), but not pH. All formulations met pharmacopoeial requirements for ≥80% flavonoid release within 60 min. The optimal formulation (1:3) demonstrated excellent properties, supporting its potential as an effective herbal delivery system.
Synthesis, Characterization, and DFT Computational Study of Cu(II) Complex with 3-Hydroxybenzoate Fastabiqul Khoirot; Muhammad David Julian Syach; Sentot Budi Rahardjo; Triana Kusumaningsih
ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia Vol 22, No 1 (2026): March
Publisher : UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET (UNS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/alchemy.22.1.114305.106-116

Abstract

This study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and density functional theory (DFT) computational study of Cu(II) complexes with 3-hydroxybenzoic acid ligands. The synthesis process was carried out by reacting CuCl₂·2H₂O with 3-hydroxybenzoic acid ligands in methanol, refluxing for 3 hours, and allowing the mixture to stand until complex precipitation formed. The complex formula was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and molar conductivity measurements (41 S·cm2·mol-1), indicating that Cl⁻ acts as a counterion and that the complex formula is [Cu(3-hydroxybenzoate)2]Cl2·4H2O. The complex exhibits a single electronic absorption peak at 914 nm, indicating ligand-metal charge transfer (LMCT) and d-d transitions, consistent with a distorted square-planar geometry. The infrared spectrum shows a phenolic –OH band, indicating that –OH is not deprotonated. Computational methods were used to reveal the electronic structure and molecular geometry, and to verify the experimental data. This complex forms a distorted square planar structure.

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