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Sains Natural: Journal of Biology and Chemistry
Published by Universitas Nusa Bangsa
ISSN : 20863446     EISSN : 2621508X     DOI : https://doi.org/10.31938/jsn
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture, Engineering,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry
Jurnal Sains Natural is a peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, as well as short communication with the objectives to explore the knowledge about natural sciences. This journal incorporates not only all branches of chemistry and biology, but also sub-disciplines like Biochemistry, Polymer, Agricultural chemistry, Environmental chemistry, etc.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Semua) - Ilmu Pertanian dan Biologi (Lain-Lain)
Articles 250 Documents
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Species and Economic Value of Peat Swamp Ichthyofauna for Community in Kapuas Kiri Hulu Village Sintang Regency Syukur, Muhammad; Sumarni, Sri; Afriani, Rachmi; Nazarudin
Sains Natural: Journal of Biology and Chemistry Vol. 15 No. 2 (2025): Sains Natural
Publisher : Universitas Nusa Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31938/jsn.v15i2.772

Abstract

Ichthyofauna is a term for fish fauna or a group of fish. Peat swamp ichthyofauna refers to the entire collection of fish found in peat swamps. Studies on peat swamp ichthyofauna are important not only to identify their species but also to understand their economic roles for the local community. This study aims to identify the species and economic value of peat swamp ichthyofauna for the community in Kelurahan Kapuas Kiri Hulu, Sintang Regency. The research utilized interview and observation methods. Interviews were conducted with local residents to gather information regarding the species and economic value of peat swamp ichthyofauna. Observations were carried out to determine observation points. Ichthyofauna data collection was conducted at six observation points selected to represent the characteristics of the research area. The first observation point was in a community oil palm plantation area, the second in a natural peat swamp without human activity, and the third, fourth, and fifth points in small rivers with different characteristics connecting the Kapuas River in West Kalimantan to the peat swamp area. The sixth observation point was a peat swamp area utilized for community activities. The results of the study identified 14 species of peat swamp ichthyofauna in Kelurahan Kapuas Kiri Hulu, Sintang Regency, including Sepat Mutiara (Tricogaster leeri), Sepat Rawa (Tricogaster tricoptherus), Sepat Siam (Tricogaster pectoralis), Beto (Anabas testudineus), Delak (Channa striata), Seluang Bujur (Rasbora argyrotaenia), Engkarit (Puntius lineatus), Biawan (Helestoma temanncki), Senara (Parambassis ranga), Landin (Macrones gulio), Lele Rawa (Clarias teijsmanni),  Selomang (Betta foreman), Patik (Mystus namurus) dan Rik (Mystus micracantus)). Peat swamp ichthyofauna holds economic value for the local community, both as fresh fish for sale and as processed products such as fermented fish (pekasam), smoked fish (salai), salted fish, wet crackers, and ornamental fish.
Optimization of The Success Rate of The Epicotyl Grafting Method in Nutmeg with Different Rootstock Stages and Scion Leaf Numbers Suhartanto, Mohamad Rahmad; Ruhnayat, Agus; Qadir, Abdul; Rostiana, Otih
Sains Natural: Journal of Biology and Chemistry Vol. 15 No. 2 (2025): Sains Natural
Publisher : Universitas Nusa Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31938/jsn.v15i2.790

Abstract

The availability of seeds with known sex types is one of the obstacles in nutmeg cultivation. Epicotyl grafting using rootstocks aged 20–30 days is one of the solutions to overcome this issue. The objective of this study is to determine the optimal stage/age of rootstocks and the number of leaves of the scion to improve the success rate of nutmeg through epicotyl grafting. The experimental design used is a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with factorial pattern, repeated three times. The first factor is the stage of rootstock age, categorized as: 1 month (without leaves), 2 months (2 leaves), 3 months (3 leaves), and 4 months (4 leaves). The second factor is the number of leaves on the scion : 2 leaves cut in half, 2 leaves, and 3 leaves. Variables observation i.e. : a) C/N ratio in the rootstock and scion before grafting, b) plant morphology (Number of leaves, shoot length, shoot diameter, number of branches, and plant height.), and c) plant physiology (grafting success rate, graft union length, photosynthesis rate, and leaf chlorophyll content). The results showed that all rootstock stages and scion leaf number could be used for nutmeg grafting, with a 67-100% success rate. The best recommendation treatments are rootstocks with two leaves grafted to scions with two leaves, and rootstocks with four leaves grafted to scions with three leaves.
Synthesis of Zeolite-A Pellets from Bangka Kaolin and Its Application in Ethanol Dehydration Ulfah, Maria; Pasymi; Amir, Amelia; Iqbal, M; Hadi, Nandita
Sains Natural: Journal of Biology and Chemistry Vol. 15 No. 2 (2025): Sains Natural
Publisher : Universitas Nusa Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31938/jsn.v15i2.776

Abstract

Indonesia has abundant natural clay resources, including kaolin. In the Bangka Belitung Province, the kaolin reserves are estimated at 376,687,532 tons with identified reserve reaching 5,990,630 tons. The primary mineral constituents of kaolin are alumina and silica, which are essential raw materials for zeolite synthesis. Additionally, kaolin is widely utilized as a binder in various industrial applications. The research aimed to evaluated the potential of kaolin as a source of alumina and silica, as well as its effectiveness as a binder. This study investigated the influenced of calcination temperature and the composition of reactants (metakaolin, NaOH, and water) on the the performance of zeolite A pellets. The general process for yielding zeolite A pellets involved three main stages: transforming kaolin to metakaolin; preparing zeolite A powder and forming the pellets by mixing the synthesized zeolite A powder with calcined kaolin (metakaolin). In this study, kaolin was calcined at two temperatures at 570°C and 670°C, to produce metakaolin. The variables adjusted in the production of zeolite. The molar ratios of H2O to Na2O used in zeolite synthesis were varied at 37, 40, and 43, while the molar ratio of SiO2 to Al2O3 was maintained at 2.4, based on the chemical composition of the kaolin. Additionally, the Na2O to SiO2 ratio was kept constant at 2.5. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the synthesized material was zeolite A. The performance of the developed zeolite A pellets was found to be comparable to that of commercial catalysts. The optimal synthesis conditions were achieved with an H2O/Na2O ratio of 43 and kaolin calcined at 670°C. These results demonstrate that Bangka kaolin serves considerable potential for use both as a source of alumina and silica, and as a binder.
Effect of Nipah Biochar Pyrolysis Temperature on Composting Pineapple Waste Hariestya Viareco; Belmis, Restina
Sains Natural: Journal of Biology and Chemistry Vol. 15 No. 2 (2025): Sains Natural
Publisher : Universitas Nusa Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31938/jsn.v15i2.778

Abstract

The accumulation of organic waste, such as pineapple peels, requires innovative and sustainable management approaches. Biochar, a carbon-rich material derived from pyrolysis, has been identified as a promising bulking agent to improve composting efficiency. This study investigated the effect of nipah biochar produced at different pyrolysis temperatures (350°C and 450°C) on pineapple peel composting. The characteristics of the biochar were analyzed using XRD and SEM to determine its mineral composition and pore structure, while the composting efficiency was evaluated by measuring pH, moisture retention, and nutrient content. The results showed that the biochar produced at 450°C had a more stable mineral composition—such as graphite, gamma alumina, and quartz—and higher porosity compared to the biochar at 350°C. During the composting process, the 450°C biochar significantly improved pH regulation to the optimal range of 6-7, moisture retention by 50-60%, and compost quality. The decomposition process was also faster, producing compost with higher nitrogen content and C/N ratio compared to the control without biochar. These findings highlight the potential of nipah biochar at high pyrolysis temperatures as an effective bulking agent for sustainable organic waste management.
Combination Technique of AOP-Fenton and Photocatalysisi Using TiO2/Zeolit Coal Fly Ash Nanocomposite for Laboratory Waste Water Jati Kusumawardani, Linda; Syahputri, Yulian; Agel Figo Alfarosi
Sains Natural: Journal of Biology and Chemistry Vol. 15 No. 2 (2025): Sains Natural
Publisher : Universitas Nusa Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31938/jsn.v15i2.781

Abstract

The increase in student practical activities will raise the amount of liquid waste generated from practical and research activities in higher education laboratories. The liquid waste must be specially treated before being discharged into water bodies. An alternative for laboratory waste treatment is the AOP method, specifically the Fenton process and photocatalysis. This study aims to determine the final results of laboratory liquid waste treatment using the AOP Fenton process and photocatalysis with TiO2/Coal Zeolite nanocomposite, testing parameters such as COD, BOD, TSS, and TDS. The results of waste treatment using the AOP-Fenton technique showed an increase in efficiency in reducing the values of the four parameters: COD 92.8%; BOD 92.6%; TSS 62.30%; and TDS 37.6%. The treatment process continued with photocatalysis under optimum conditions of pH 4, catalyst dose of 0.8 grams, and radiation time of 180 minutes, showing an increase in efficiency for the four parameters: COD 97.05%; BOD 98.3%; TSS 86.1%; and TDS 81.6%. The final waste analysis results for the four parameters were compared with PERMEN LH No. 5 of 2014. It is concluded that the waste concentration meets the standard quality criteria for category 1 waste.
Effect of NaOH Concentration on Surface Width and Pore Volume of Silica Gel From Beef Shrain as Adsorbent Nurmutaaqimah; Siti Jamilatun; Aster Rahayu
Sains Natural: Journal of Biology and Chemistry Vol. 15 No. 2 (2025): Sains Natural
Publisher : Universitas Nusa Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31938/jsn.v15i2.814

Abstract

Rice husk is a natural source of silica that has the potential to be utilized in various applications, especially in industrial wastewater treatment. This study aims to determine the effect of NaOH concentration on the surface area and pore volume of silica gel from rice husk as an adsorbent. The method used is sol-gel with variations in NaOH concentration, namely 1, 2, and 3 M. The process of making silica gel consists of four steps. The silica gel manufacturing process consists of four steps: (1) combustion of rice husk using a furnace, (2) preparation of sodium silicate solution, (3) formation of silica gel through the addition of HCl, and (4) sample testing. Based on XRF analysis, rice husk ash is rich in silica (SiO₂) with a concentration of up to 32.189%, while water content testing shows that the 2 M NaOH concentration provides the largest decrease in water content (96%), higher than the concentrations of 1 M and 3 M, which reach 95%, in line with the results of BET analysis showing optimum conditions at a concentration of 2 M producing the highest surface area (138.720 m²/g) and the largest pore volume (0.673 cm³/g). The 1 M NaOH concentration produced a smaller surface area of 73.869 m²/g with a pore volume of 0.501 cm³/g. Meanwhile, the 3 M NaOH concentration decreased the surface area to 111.626 m²/g with a pore volume of (0.640 cm³/g). Overall, the 2 M NaOH concentration proved to be the most effective in increasing surface area and pore volume. Thus, the resulting silica gel is very suitable for adsorption applications, especially in the treatment of industrial wastewater.
The Effect of Solvent Types on The Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity of Lino Bark Extract Landi Pote, Lodowik; Taek, Maximus M.; Nadut, Anggelinus; Latumakulita, Gertreda
Sains Natural: Journal of Biology and Chemistry Vol. 15 No. 3 (2025): Sains Natural
Publisher : Universitas Nusa Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31938/jsn.v15i3.825

Abstract

The G. koordersiana Burret plant, especially its bark, is used by the Sumba community to treat wounds, ulcers, and liver. This study aims to determine the effect of solvent types on the antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of G. koordersiana Burret extract. The research methods used were maceration method, antibacterial test, and cytotoxic test of G. koordersiana Burret bark extract. The results showed that the yield of ethanol, methanol, and n-hexane extracts were 42.15%; 41.65%; and 0.62%, respectively. Ethanol and methanol extracts had antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria, while n-hexane extract did not show antibacterial activity against both bacteria. Cytotoxic tests showed that the LC50 values ​​of ethanol, methanol, and n-hexane extracts were 61.35 ppm; 758.58 ppm; and 2,494,181.19 ppm, respectively. Ethanol and methanol extracts had antibacterial activity and were toxic, while n-hexane extract did not show antibacterial activity and was not toxic. The antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of ethanol and methanol extracts showed the presence of secondary metabolite compounds of the alkaloid, phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, triterpenoid, and saponin groups, while n-hexane extract contained triterpenoid compounds that had no inhibitory power against bacteria or cytotoxic activity.
The Comparative Analysis of Caffeine in Fermented and Non-Fermented Arabica Coffee Beans Romsiah; Pebyanti, Intan; Munarsih, Ensiwi; Hilma
Sains Natural: Journal of Biology and Chemistry Vol. 15 No. 3 (2025): Sains Natural
Publisher : Universitas Nusa Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31938/jsn.v15i3.879

Abstract

Arabica coffee is recognized as a high-value plantation commodity, favored for its distinctive flavor profile. However, its relatively high caffeine content can cause certain side effects in some individuals, such as sleep disturbances or increased blood pressure. One approach to reducing caffeine content without compromising flavor quality is fermentation using microorganisms. Rhizopus oryzae is known to produce enzymes capable of altering the chemical composition of coffee, making it a potential method for lowering caffeine levels while enhancing sensory quality. This study aimed to examine changes in physical properties and caffeine content of Arabica coffee powder subjected to fermentation with Rhizopus oryzae at concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% w/w, compared to a non-fermented control sample. The fermentation process was carried out for 24 hours at room temperature. Analyses included organoleptic evaluation, moisture content measurement, and caffeine determination using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Results indicated that fermentation with Rhizopus oryzae at a 4% concentration yielded the most optimal outcome, with caffeine reduced to 0.95%, moisture content at 0.94%, and a final pH of 4.8. The brewed coffee from this treatment also exhibited a distinctive aroma, light brown color, and a balanced bitterness. Overall, fermentation with Rhizopus oryzae proved effective in reducing caffeine levels while maintaining and improving the sensory quality of Arabica coffee.
Qualitative Profiling of Antimalarial Compounds from Endophytic Fungi Associated with Rhizophora mucronata Suhendar, Usep; Fawziah, Rieskha; Lohita Sari, Bina; Yoshida Srie Rahayu, Sata; Sulastri, Lilik; Wulandari, Ratna; Anisa, Dede; Namira, Raisa
Sains Natural: Journal of Biology and Chemistry Vol. 15 No. 3 (2025): Sains Natural
Publisher : Universitas Nusa Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31938/jsn.v15i3.816

Abstract

Malaria remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide, underscoring the urgent need for novel antimalarial sources. Endophytic fungi associated with mangrove roots of Rhizophora mucronata represent promising candidates, as they are capable of synthesizing secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids with known antiplasmodial activity. This study aimed to qualitatively identify antimalarial bioactive compounds from endophytic fungal extracts previously exhibiting the highest heme polymerization–inhibition activity. Fungal isolates were fermented in liquid medium for 21 days and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts were profiled by Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) using two solvent systems: n-hexane : ethyl acetate (5:1) and dichloromethane : methanol (10:1). Band visualization was performed under UV light (254 nm and 366 nm) and with semi-specific reagents (Dragendorff and citro-boric), followed by Rf value comparison. TLC analysis revealed blue-green fluorescent bands corresponding to flavonoids and brown-orange bands indicative of alkaloids, with optimal Rf values of 0.46 (n-hexane : ethyl acetate) and 0.54 (dichloromethane : methanol). These findings confirm the presence of key antimalarial compound classes in the endophytic fungal extract, supporting its potential as a coastal bioresource for drug discovery and development.
Performance Evaluation and Adsorption Isotherm of Activated Bottom Ash for Free Fatty Acid Removal Ardiansyah, Novellia; Utami, Anggia Afza; Amir, Amelia; Ulfah, Maria
Sains Natural: Journal of Biology and Chemistry Vol. 15 No. 3 (2025): Sains Natural
Publisher : Universitas Nusa Bangsa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31938/jsn.v15i3.843

Abstract

Boiler bottom ash is one of the by-products produced from the combustion of palm shells and fiber in the boiler furnace at high temperature.  These were usually disposed of on the land around the palm mill, causing environmental problems. In this research, non-activated and activated bottom ash treated with phosphoric acid were used as an adsorbent for removing free fatty acids (FFA) from crude palm oil (CPO) recovery. This study had two parameters. The first parameter is an adsorbent activator concentration with the variation level of 0, 5, 10, and 15 %. The second parameter is contact time with four levels involved in this research. They were 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours. The bottom ash adsorbent with a 10% concentration of phosphoric acid and a 3-hour contact time had the highest efficiency and capacity in removing FFAs from CPO recovery. The lowering of water and impurity content in CPO recovery after the adsorption process was in the range of 0.05% to 0.22% and 0.01% to 0.04%, respectively. The isotherm model was evaluated using the Langmuir and the Freundlich. The Isotherm model was fitted to the Freundlich, and this indicated multilayer adsorption with R2 = 0.9869.

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