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ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences

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Published by Universitas Diponegoro

ISSN : 08537291 EISSN : 24067598 DOI : -

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Earth & Planetary Sciences

ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences (IJMS) is dedicated to published highest quality of research papers and review on all aspects of marine biology, marine conservation, marine culture, marine geology and oceanography.

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Pemanfaatan Citra Landsat 7 EHM+ dalam Analisis Kesesuaian untuk Wisata Selam dan Snorkling Petrus Subardjo; Nur Ismu Hidayat
ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol 12, No 4 (2007): Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan
Publisher : Marine Science Department Diponegoro University

Tujuan penelitian adalah memetakan dan menganalisis kondisi biofisik wilayah perairan di Pulau Karimunjawa, Jepara guna pemanfaatan wisata selam dan snorkling. Penelitian dilaksanakan di wilayah perairan Pulau Karimunjawa, Kabupaten Jepara, dengan cakupan wilayah kajian antara 110°24’00” - 110°29’30” BT dan 05°49’00” - 05°53’30” LS. Ground check dan pengambilan data lapangan dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret 2006. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penginderaan jauh dan SIG. Penentuan lokasi sampling dilakukan dengan metode purposive random sampling. Analisis spasial di dalam Sistem Informasi Geografi (SIG) menggunakan indeks terbobot untuk analisis kesesuaian perairan untuk wisata selam dan snorkling, sesuai dengan kriteria-kriteria yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya. Nilai tertinggi yang diperoleh sebagai hasil analisis spasial dari persen penutupan karang hidup, suhu perairan, kecepatan arus, kecerahan perairan dan kedalaman adalah 75%, 29,5°C, 0,38 m/dt, 100%, dan 15 m. Hasil uji ketelitian pemetaan ekosistem peraian (terumbu karang, lamun dan pasir) menggunakan citra Landsat 7 ETM+ sebesar 86,21%. Ditinjau dari segi biogeofisik, pemanfaatan wisata bahari di perairan Pulau Karimunjawa terdiri dari 82,14 ha sangat sesuai untuk snorkling, 273,09 ha sesuai untuk snorkling, 52,36 ha sesuai bersyarat untuk snorkling, 226,51ha sesuai untuk selam, dan 425,89 ha tidak sesuai untuk selam dan snorkling. Kata kunci: Landsat 7 ETM+; kesesuaian wisata selam dan snorkling; Pulau Karimunjawa The research purpose is to mapping and analyze the biogeophysics condition of coastal water suitability for snorkeling and diving tourism. This research was conducted in Karimunjawa Island water territory, Jepara, Central Java in between 110°24’00” - 110°29’30”BT and 05°49’00” - 05°53’30”LS. Ground check and field data collection was done on March 2006. Survey method and sample data collection was based on purposive random sampling. Spasial analysis in Geographics Information System (GIS) such as weighted index was being used to analyze snorkeling and diving tourism suitability, according to the criteria, which have been specified previously. The highest value of live corals cover presentation, water temperature, ocean drift, light penetration and depth achieved from the survey was 75%, 29,5°C, 0,38 m/s, 100%, and 15 m. Accuracy assessment result for costal ecosystem mapping such as coastal reef, seagrass and sand using Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite imagery is 86,21 %. Based on its biogeophysic, marine tourism use in Karimunjawa Island water territory is consisted of 82,14 ha is highly suitable for snorkelling, 273,09 ha is suitable for snorkling, 52,36 ha is marginally suitable for snorkling, 226,51 ha is suitable for diving, and 425,89 ha is not suitable for snorkling and diving. Key words: Landsat 7 ETM+; snorkling and diving suitability; Karimunjawa Island

Komposisi Jenis dan Distribusi Gastropoda di Kawasan Hutan Mangrove Segara Anakan Cilacap Rudhi Pribadi; Retno Hartati; Chrisna A. Suryono
ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol 14, No 2 (2009): Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan
Publisher : Marine Science Department Diponegoro University

Hutan mangrove Segara Anakan Cilacap merupakan kawasan hutan mangrove terluas di Pulau Jawa yang masih tersisa. Ekosistem di lokasi ini mempunyai produktivitas tinggi yang berperan sebagai tempat pemijahan, pembesaran, dan mencari makan bagi berbagai jenis hewan seperti ikan, krustasea, dan moluska. Gastropoda merupakan moluska yang paling banyak hidup pada hutan mangrove. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis komposisi, kelimpahan jenis dan distribusi gastropoda di kawasan hutan mangrove Segara Anakan Cilacap di Klaces dan Sapuregel yang masing-masing mempunyai tingkat sedimentasi yang tinggi dan rendah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di hutan mangrove Segara Anakan Cilacap ditemukan 29 jenis dari 10 famili gastropoda. Sedimentasi yang lebih tinggi di Klaces menyebabkan jumlah jenis dan kelimpahan individu gastropoda lebih banyak (24 jenis, 58,2 ind./m2) daripada Sapuregel (19 jenis dan 15,71 ind./m2 ) dengan Indeks KesamaanKomunitas 65,12%. Di Klaces, kemelimpahan gastropoda semakin tinggi dengan makinjauhnya lokasi dari pantai karena adanya tekanan Hngkungan yang berupa sampah organik maupun anorganik di sebagian besar pantai, namun di Sapuregel hampirsama. Kata kunci: mangrove, gastropoda, jenis, distribusi Mangrove forest in Segara Anakan Lagoon, Cilacap is unique natural resources and believes as the largest remained mangrove ecosystem in Java. The ecosystem shows very productive and plays important role as spawning, nursing and feeding ground of many economically important species of fishes, crustacean and mollusks. Gastropod is the most common mollusk found in mangrove area. The research aimed to analyzed composition, abundance and distribution of gastropod in Klaces having high sedimentation and sapuragel with low sedimentation in Segara Anakan Lagoon, Cilacap. The results show that at least 29 species of 10 families of gastropod found in the study area. High sedimentation at Klaces result in higher gastropods species and abundance (24 species, 58,2 ind./m2) than at Sapuregel (19 jenis dan 15,71 ind./m2) but the community similarity between the two compared areas was high (65.12%). At Klaces, the more far away from the coastline the more abundance gastropod due to environment pressure. Key words : mangrove, gastropod, species, distribution, diversity

Growth of Favia and Favites Coral Transplants Based on Polyps Number (Pertumbuhan Karang Transplan Genus Favia dan Favites Berdasarkan Jumlah Polip) Diah Permata Wijayanti; Elis Indrayanti; Wandi Febrian Asri; Ambariyanto Ambariyanto
ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol 20, No 1 (2015): Ilmu Kelautan
Publisher : Marine Science Department Diponegoro University

Budidaya karang melalui teknik transplantasi merupakan salah satu cara untuk menyelamatkan keberadaan karang terumbu di alam. Selain untuk diperdagangkan, karang hasil transplantasi juga dapat ditanam untuk memperbaiki terumbu karang yang rusak. Penelitian ini menggunakan ukuran dan bentuk polip Favia dan Favites sebagai dasar penentuan ukuran benih untuk mengurangi kerusakan koloni donor. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan transplan Favia dan Favites. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental dengan rancangan acak lengkap. Dua ukuran polip dipilih mewakili ukuran benih kecil dan besar, yaitu 2 cm dan 4 cm. Penanaman karang transplan dilakukan di Teluk Awur selama bulan April hingga November. Pengamatan dilakukan tiap 2 minggu sekali. Analisa data menggunakan ANCOVA. Analisa statistik menunjukkan pertumbuhan kedua ukuran transplan tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05). Pertumbuhan transplan Favia dan Favites ditandai dengan munculnya tunas intratentakular. Pertumbuhan transplan tertinggi dicapai transplan Favites ukuran 4 cm dengan kecepatan tumbuh 0.596 cm2.bulan-1, sedangkan pertumbuhan terendah ditunjukkan oleh transplan Favites ukuran 2 cm dengan pertumbuhan 0.463 cm2.bulan-1. Kata kunci: pertumbuhan karang, transplantasi, Favia, Favites, jumlah polip Cultivation coral by using transplantation method is one attempt to alleviatecorals collection in nature. In addition to be traded, the corals can be transplanted to repair damaged coral reefs. This study utilized size and polyps form of coral Favia and Favites to be transplanted to minimize damage of coral donors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth of Favia and Favites transplants. The research was carried out by experimental method using a completely randomized design. Two different size of polyps i.e 2 polypsrepresented small size and 4 polyps represented large size were applied for each coral species. Research was conducted from April–November at Teluk Awur Bay, Jepara. The samples were observed every two weeks. Collected data wereanalyzed by repeated measurement ANCOVA. Statistical analysis showed that the growth of transplants did not show significant differences (P>0.05) between each genus and between 2 and 4 polyps. The growth of transplants have shown by extratentacular budding on Favia and intratentacular budding on Favites. The highest growth rate of transplants was shown by 4 polyps of Favites at 0.596 cm2.mo-1 and the lowest by 2 polyps of Favites at 0.463 cm2.mo-1,respectively. Keywords: Coral Growth, Transplantation, Favia, Favites, Number of Polyps

Respons Makan Ikan Kerapu Macan (Ephinephelus fuscoguttatus) Terhadap Perbedaan Jenis dan Lama Waktu Perendaman Umpan Aristi Dian Purnama Fitri
ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol 16, No 3 (2011): Ilmu Kelautan
Publisher : Marine Science Department Diponegoro University

Umpan berfungsi untuk menarik perhatian ikan agar tertangkap. Studi tingkah laku makan ikan merupakan bagian yang paling penting untuk mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan umpan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui responss makan ikan kerapu macan (Ephinephelus fuscoguttatus) dengan perbedaan jenis dan lama perendaman umpan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode eksperimen laboratorium. Umpan yang digunakan adalah udang krosok (Metapenaeus elegans) dan ikan rucah (Sardinella gibbosa). Data penelitian meliputi waktu respons makan ikan terhadap umpan dengan lama perendaman 1, 7 dan 12 jam. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji-t. Kandungan kimia umpan (proximat dan asam amino) dianalisis berdasarkan lama waktu perendaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa respons makan E. fuscoguttatus terhadap umpan udang krosok dan ikan rucah tidak berbeda (P>0,05). Respons makan E. fuscoguttatus terhadap perbedaan kondisi waktu perendaman umpan udang krosok dan ikan rucah selama 1 jam dan 7 jam berbeda (P<0,05). Lama waktu perendaman umpan 12 jam tidak berbeda (P>0,05). Semakin lama waktu perendaman umpan (hingga 12 jam) terjadi penurunan kandungan asam amino dari masing-masing umpan sehingga berpengaruh terhadap menurunnya respons makan Ephinephelus fuscoguttatus. Kata kunci : Respons makan, Ephinephelus fuscoguttatus, Umpan The bait has a function to attract for fish to be caught. Fish behavior studies of fish meal is the most important to examine the effectiveness of the use of bait. The aims of the researched were to determine response of eating tiger grouper (E. fuscoguttatus) with different types and duration of soaking bait. Research carried out by laboratory experimental methods. Bait used was shrimp (Metapenaeus elegans) and fish (Sardinella gibbosa). The research data includes the response time to eat fish bait with a long immersion, 7 and 12 hours. Data were analyzed using t-test. Chemical content of feed (proximate analysis and amino acids) were analyzed based on the long soaking time. The results showed that eating response E. fuscoguttatus on bait shrimp and fish different (P>0.05). Response eating E. fuscoguttatus to different conditions of time soaking bait shrimp and fish for 1 hour and 7 hours different (P<0.05). Soaking time for bait 12 hours is not different (P>0.05) compared to long soaking 1 hour and 7 hours. The longer the bait soaking time (up to 12 hours) a decline in amino acid content of each feed and therefore contributes to decreased eating responses E. fuscoguttatus. Key words: Eating response, E. fuscoguttatus, Baits

Analysis of Carotenoids and the Identification of Mangrove Sediment Bacteria of Segara Anakan, Cilacap Riyanti Riyanti; Meris Rahmawati; Nuning Vita Hidayati; Agung Dhamar Syakti; Ocky Karna Radjasa
ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol 23, No 4 (2018): Ilmu Kelautan
Publisher : Marine Science Department Diponegoro University

The excessive consumption of artificial dyes can lead to negative effects on human body. Thus, the invention of natural dyes, such as carotenoids, is needed in order to reduce the negative impacts. Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and reddish yellow pigments produced by plants, animals, algae, and microorganisms. This study was aimed to analyze the carotenoid pigments of mangrove sediment bacteria in Segara Anakan, Cilacap, and to identify species of bacteria that can produce carotenoids. Carotenoids were analysed by using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Meanwhile molecular identification of bacteria was carried by 16S rDNA PCR and DNA sequence was analysed through a program called Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). The kinship of bacteria was shown in Phylogenetic tree by using Bioedit and MEGA 5 software. Qualitative analysis by using TLC produced several pigments like: β-carotene, β-isorenieraten, lycopene, flavonoids, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and a feofitin with Rf value of 0.36-0.95. Quantitative analysis showed that bacteria KH (greenish yellow), KT (dark yellow) and KM (light yellow) produced carotenoids at 95.30 mg.g-1, 110.34 mg.g-1 and 25.349 mg.g-1. KH, KT and KM were suspected to be bacteria known as Streptomyces chartreusis, Bacillus megaterium and Streptomyces chromofuscus with similarity of 99%. Mangrove sediment bacteria had the potential of producing carotenoids as an alternative of eco-friendly natural dyes.

Isolasi dan Determinasi Bakteri Luminesensi yang Bersimbiosis pada Cumi-cumi Loligo duvauceli Delianis Pringgenies; Sri Sejati
ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol 9, No 1 (2004): Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan
Publisher : Marine Science Department Diponegoro University

Bioluminisensi merupakan penomena alam, yaitu cahaya yang ditimbulkan oleh suatu organ sebagai hasil dari reaksi kimia yang melibatkan tiga komponen, yakni luciferin (substrat), luciferase (enzim) dan molekul oksigen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bakteri simbiosis pada organ luminisensi cumi L. duvauceli adalah bakteriluminisen dari jenis bakteri Photobacterium phosphoreum dan bakteri memancarkan warna biru. Jenis bakteri ini merupakan bakteri yang paling terang memancarkan cahaya di bandingkan dengan jenis bakteri luminisensi lainnya. Hasil penelitian terhadap jumlah total bakteri memperlihatkan bahwa bakteri dapat memancarkan cahaya pada konsentrasi 4,6. 109 CFU/ml dengan diameter koloni bakteri pada 0,075 cm, sedangkan pada konsentrasi lebih rendah yaitu 2,0. 104 dengan diameter koloni bakteri 0,025 cm memperlihatkan bakteriluminisensi tidak memancarkan cahaya. Jadi konsentrasi bakteri sangat berperan dalam proses pemancaran cahaya pada bakteri luminisensi P. phosphoreum.Kata kunci: Isolasi bakteri, luminesensi, cumi-cumi (Loligo duvauceli)Bioluminescence refers to the visible light emission in liveng organisms that accompanies the oxidation of organic compounds (luciferins), mediated by an enzyme catalyst (luseferase). Result on the identification of bacteria live in the cuttlefish of L. duvauceli showed species of Photobacterium phosphoreum and the colony emits a blue lights. P. phosphoreum is the brightest bacteria in terms of emitting lights compared to other species of luminous bacteria. The total bacterial count gives 4.6 109 CFU/ml with diameter of colony of 0.075 cm which able to emit lights, while lower concentration at 2.0 104 CFU/ml and colony diameter of 0.025 cm give no emission of light. In respect to this, it suggest that concentration of luminous bacteria has role in theprocess of light emission by P. phosphoreum.Key words: Bacteria isolation, bioluminescence bacteria determination, squid (Loligo duvauceli)

Pertumbuhan Juvenil Ikan Kerapu Macan (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) yang Dipelihara dengan Padat Penebaran Berbeda Hadi Ajie Endrawati; Muhammad Ajie Zaenuri; Endang Pancasakti Kusdiyantini; Hermin Pancasakti Kusumaningrum
ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol 13, No 3 (2008): Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan
Publisher : Marine Science Department Diponegoro University

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan juvenil ikan kerapu macan (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) yang dipelihara dengan padat penebaran yang berbeda. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dari April hingga Mei 2006 di Laboratorium Biologi Oseanografi UNDIP. Percobaan dilakukan di akuarium berukuran 40 x 40 x 60 cm3, dengan media air laut 10 liter. Perlakuan yang diterapkan adalah ikan kerapu macan (E. fuscoguttatus dengan tingkat kepadatan 5, 10 dan 15 ekor per aquarium. Copepoda diberikan sebagai pakan alami dengankepadatan 50 ind /L air media. Pemeliharaan dilakukan selama 4 minggu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi padat penebaran, pertambahan bobot dan panjang yangdicapai ikan kerapu macan (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ) semakin kecil yaitu berturut-turut 3.67± 0.17; 3.21 ± 0.06 dan 2.16 ± 0.22 gram dan 0.63 ± 0.1 ; 0.55 ± 0.017 dan 0.5 ± 0.05 cm masing-masing untuk penebaran 5, 10 dan 15 ekor per wadah. Hal ini menunjukkan adanya persaingan dan kanibalisme.Kata kunci: larva, kerapu macan, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, padat penebaran, pertumbuhan

Accumulation of Heavy Metals (Cu and Pb) In Two Consumed Fishes from Musi River Estuary, South Sumatera Wike Ayu Eka Putri; Dietriech G Bengen; Tri Prartono; Etty Riani
ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol 21, No 1 (2016): Ilmu Kelautan
Publisher : Marine Science Department Diponegoro University

Fish is one of the protein sources for humans which its existence is susceptible to the contamination, one of which is the heavy metal. The lack of information regarding the content of heavy metal in the edible fish in South Sumatera makes this study important to be done. This study was aimed to analyze the concentration of heavy metal in two species of edible fishes at Musi River Estuary site. The study was conducted in the estuary section of Musi River from September to November 2014. The heavy metals of Cu and Pb in the water and in the fish organs were analyzed using AAS with a type of SpektrA A-20 Variant Plus using a mixture of Air-Acetylene flame. The result showed the variation of Cu and Pb concentrations in each of species and three organs observed. The concentration of Cu and Pb in the liver was higher than in the gills and the muscle (liver>gills>muscle). The concentration of Cu and Pb in the muscle of all fish species were not exceed the safe limit for consumption. Keywords: Cu and Pb, consumed fish, Musi River estuary

Perendaman pada Waktu dan Sumber Air yang Berbeda Terhadap Mortalitas dan Penempelan Balanus spp. Ria Azizah; Abdul Ghofar
ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol 11, No 1 (2006): Jurnal Ilmu Kelautan
Publisher : Marine Science Department Diponegoro University

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui mortalitas teritip (Balanus spp.) pada kolektor kayu yang mendapat waktu perendaman yang berbeda dan efek perendaman kayu dalam air tawar terhadap penempelan dan pelepasan teritip (Balanus spp.). Teritip (Balanus spp.) yang dipakai dalam penelitian berasal dari perairan Tambak Lorok di sekitar muara sungai Banjir Kanal Timur. Secara garis besar penelitian terbagi 2 : (1) Pengamatan di lapangan untuk pengumpulan teritip dan (2) Percobaan (indoor) untuk penglepasan teritip dan pengujian kekuatan kayu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lama perendaman teritip dalam air tawar berpengaruh nyata terhadap mortalitas teritip. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa perendaman kolektor kayu dalam air sungai selama 4 minggu sebelum dipasang sebagai kolektor dapat menurunkan penempelan larva sampai 10–20%. Hal ini dapat memberikan implikasi positif dalam pemeliharaan perahu nelayan. Kayu-kayu yang sebelumnya direndam dalam air tawar tidak ditempeli teritip sampai hari ke-8, sedangkan pada kayu yang sebelumnya tidak direndam, sudah ditempeli teritip pada hari ke-2. Teritip yang sudah mati lebih mudah lepas cangkangnya pada permukaan kayu yang sebelum dipasang sebagai kolektor direndam dahulu dalam air sungai (56 %), dibanding pada kayu yang tidak direndam (1,6 %). Hasil pengujian material menunjukkan bahwa kekuatan kayu sebelum dan sesudah perendaman air tawar relatif konstan. Kata kunci : perendaman, Balanus spp., mortalitas, penempelan An experiment was conducted with aims to investigate mortality of the barnacle exposed to different time regimes in freshwater dan to investigate the preventive effects of freshwater-dipping in wooden-plates upon the attachment of cyprids/larvae of the acorn-bernacles Balanus spp. The bernacles were collective from the coastal site of Tambak Lorok in the vicinity of the river mouth Banjir Kanal Timur. The experiments was divided into 2 parts : filed observation and material collection at Tambak Lorok, and indoor experiment. It was shown that dipping of the wooden plates in river for weeks prior to collector setting may reduce the attachment of cyprid larvae by 10–20%. This result might have positive implication in the maintenance of wooden fishing boots. The wooden materials (dipped in river water prior to usage) may not be attached by cyprids until day-8, compared to day-2 in untreated materials. It was also evident that exposure time in freshwater, both in river water and well-water have highly significant effect upon the mortality of barnacle. The removal of the dead barnacle shells occurred in much greater numbers on the wooden plates dipped in river water prior to setting up as larval collector (56 %), than in untreated materials (1,6 %). The result of material tests showed that the strenght of the wooden materials remained relatively constant prior and after freshwater exposure.Key words: dipping, Balanus spp., attachment, mortality

Ectoparasite Prevalences of Grouper Fish (Epinephelus fuscogutatus x Epinephelus polyphekadion) Cultured in Floating Net Cages Sudirman Adibrata; Muh Yusuf; Cristiana Manullang
ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol 25, No 1 (2020): Ilmu Kelautan
Publisher : Marine Science Department Diponegoro University

Monitoring the health of the reared fish in a floating net cage (FNC) is often conducted by examining their ectoparasites. This study determines ectoparasite prevalences of grouper fish (Epinephelus fuscogutatus x E. polyphekadion). It was conducted in the waters surrounding Pongok Island, South Bangka Regency. The health examination of both fish and ectoparasites was carried out by applying simple random sampling during three periods, November 2016 (I), February 2017 (II) and May 2017 (III). Hydro-oceanography surveys were done every month during the three years. The grouper checkings (I, II and III) indicated the prevalences of ectoparasites in these periods were 43.3%, 8.8% and 13.5%, respectively. Fish death highly occurred in the period I, and the grouper survival rate at harvesting time was only 70% from initial seed stocking of 1,500 fish. The ectoparasite intensities during the research periods were 1.6, 1.6 and 1.5, respectively. This condition implies that every 10 groupers would potentially be attacked by at least 15-16 ectoparasites. A slow seawater current flow triggered the quick uplifting of the ectoparasites from the seafloor. The water condition at the FNC location in 2011 and 2017 was still under the quality standard. The ectoparasites were coming from the surrounding environment of the FNC location. It is inevitable that the fish culture management should focus on cleansing the ectoparasites attaching on the groupers, dusting the net cage clean, and arranging the harvest pattern on a particular month following the surrounding environmental condition to prevent ectoparasite attacks.

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