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Journal of Maternal and Child Health
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : -     EISSN : 25490257     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Journal of Maternal and Child Health (JMCH) is an electronic, open-access, double-blind and peer-reviewed international journal, focusing on maternal and child health. The journal began its publication on July 11, 2015, and is published four times yearly. JMCH aims to improve the policy, program, service, and practice, as they impact infant, children, mother, women, adolescent, and family health.
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Articles 549 Documents
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Contextual Effect of Community Health Center on Low Birtweight in East Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat Rahayu, Baiq Zulvita; Budihastuti, Uki Retno; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 4, No 3 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Low birth weight babies (LBW) become a global health problem. Studies into the contextual effect of community health center on LBW are lacking. This study aimed to determine the contextual effect of community health center on the determinants of low birth weight in East Lombok, Indonesia using multilevel analysis.Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. It was conducted in East Lombok, from September to November 2018. A total sample of 200 infants from 25 community health centers was selected by random sampling. The dependent variable was LBW. The independent variables were maternal age, maternal education, family income, prenatal stress, maternal nutritional status, exposure to cigarette smoke, maternal occupation, social support, and social capital. The data were collected from the medical record and questionnaire. The data were analyzed by a multilevel multiple logistic regression analysis.Results: Maternal age <20 or ≥35 years (b = 2.60; 95% CI = 0.96 to 4.25; p= 0.002), prenatal stress (b = 1.30; 95% CI 95%= 0.01 to 2.57; p= 0.048), and exposure to cigarette smoke (b= 1.57; CI 95% = 0.37 to 2.76; p= 0.010) increased the risk of LBW. LBW decreased with high maternal education (b = -1.38; 95% CI= -2.60 to -0.15; p= 0.027), high family income (b= -1.32 ; 95% CI = -2.61 to -0.04; p= 0.072), strong social support (b= -1.50; 95% CI= -2.92 to -0.09; p= 0.036), good maternal nutritional status (b = -2.01; 95% CI= -3.26 to -0.76; p= 0.002), strong social capital (b= -1.45; 95% CI= -2.82 to -0.08; p=0.038), and maternal occupation (b= -1.43; 95% CI= -2.98 to 0.12; p= 0.072). Community health center had contextual effect on LBW with ICC= 20%.Conclusions: Maternal age <20 or ≥35 years, prenatal stress, and exposure to cigarette smoke increase the risk of LBW. LBW decreases with high maternal education, high family income, strong social support, good maternal nutritional status, strong social capital, and maternal occupation. Community health center has contextual effect on LBW.Keywords: low birth weight, stress, social support, community health centerCorrespondence: Baiq Zulvita Rahayu. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami No. 36 A, Surakarta, Central Java 57126, Indonesia. Email: rahayubaiq.zulvita@yahoo.co.id. Mobile: +6281917744469Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(3): 136-145https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.03.01
“Women’s Three Bodies”: An Anthropological Perspective on Barriers to Safe Abortion Services in Kibera Informal Settlements, Nairobi, Kenya Bosire, Edna N.; Ouma, W.Onyango-
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 4, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Abortion remains a critical determinant of maternal morbidity and mortality in Kenya. Recent studies on induced abortion estimated an annual abortion incidence of 48 abortions per 1,000 women of reproductive age, which is higher than other East African countries. In 2010, the Kenyan Constitution widened the provisions under which women qualified for safe abortions. However, majority of women still seek abortion services from unqualified providers. Using an interpretive, meaning-centered approach, this study aims to explore the barriers to safe abortion services in Kibera informal settlements, Nairobi Kenya.Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study encompassing both qualitative and quantitative research methods. We used different sampling techniques (convenient, purposive and snow ball methods) to recruit our study participants (n=55). Quantitative data was collected using a survey questionnaire and data was analyzed by SPSS version 21. Qualitatively, data was collected using Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Key Informant interviews and case study narratives. This involved note taking and audio recordings, which were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed using QSR Nvivo 21 software.Results: This study revealed that women’s decisions to procure abortion are influenced by a myriad of complex factors: a multiplicity of meanings regarding abortion, as provided by the law or as dictated by cultures or religion. Women’s access to safe abortion services were also determined by their ability to afford the procedure and to identify and reach a health care provider who offered the services.Conclusions: Legal access to abortion does not simultaneously ensure access to safe abortion services. Policy makers and health promoters need to work towards changing the socio-economic and religious forces that hamper access to safe abortions. Safe and affordable abortion services to women in Kenya including post abortion care need also be ensured.Keywords: barriers, access, safe abortion, KenyaCorrespondence: Edna Nyanchama Bosire, MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. 27 St Andrews Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa. Email: edna.bosire@wits.ac.za. Telephone: 011 717 2383.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(2): 97-109https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.02.05
Path Analysis on Factors Affecting the Choice of Female Surgical Contraceptive Method in Kendal, Central Java Maghfiroh, Ainul; Budihastuti, Uki Retno; Nurhaeni, Ismi Dwi Astuti
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 4, No 3 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Indonesia is one of the developing countries with a high rate of population growth. The government established a Family Planning program in overcoming this problem with effective use of the female surgery contraception. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of female surgery contraceptive method using path analysis model.Subject and method: A retrospective case-control study was conducted in Kendal, Central Java. A sample of 200 women was selected for this study by fixed diseases sampling. The dependent variable was the choice of female surgery contraceptive method. The independent variables were age, education, number of children alive, employment, knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, husband support, and perception of gender equality. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: The choice of female surgery contraception method was directly and positively associated with good knowledge (b= 1.91; 95% CI= 0.80 to 3.02; p= 0.001), positive attitude (b= 1.56; 95% CI= 0.45 to 2.66; p= 0.006), good gender equality perception (b= 1.25; 95% CI= 0.18 to 2.32; p= 0.021), high self efficacy (b= 1.61; 95% CI= 0.48 to 2.74; p= 0.005), high education (b= 1.18; 95% CI= 0.02 to 2.35; p= 0.045), strong husband support (b= 1.24; 95% CI= 0.14 to 2.39; p= 0.027), working outside the home (b= 1.14; 95% CI= 0.06 to 2.21; p= 0.037 ), number of children alive ≥3 (b= 1.74; 95% CI= 0.61 to 2.88; p= 0.003), and maternal age ≥35 years (b= 1.57; 95% CI = 0.34 to 2.75; p= 0.012). It was indirectly associated with age and education.Conclusions: The choice of female surgery contraception method is directly and positively associated with good knowledge, positive attitude, good gender equality perception, high self-efficacy, high education, strong husband support, working outside the home, number of children alive ≥3, and maternal age ≥35 years. It is indirectly associated with age and education.Keywords: female surgery contraceptive method, determinant, path analysisCorrespondence: Ainul Maghfiroh. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta, Central Java 57126, Indonesia. Email: Ainulmaghfiroh0504@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285641012090.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(3): 146-157https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.03.02
Contextual Effect of Posyandu on Adherence to Iron Tablet Consumption among Pregnant Women in Blitar, East Java Ardianti, Febrina; Dewi, Yulia Lanti Retno; Murti, Bhisma
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 4, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Anemia in pregnant women remains a health priority to be addressed immediately. Anemia in pregnant women may increase the risk of maternal mortality, abortion, perinatal death, low birth weight, and postpartum bleeding. This study aimed to examine the contextual effect of posyandu on adherence to iron tablet consumption among pregnant women in Blitar, East Java.Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Blitar, East Java, in November 2018. The dependent variable was adherence of iron tablet consumption. The independent variables were education, intention, attitude, perceived behavior control, family income, subjective norm, husband support, and posyandu. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multilevel linear regression run on Stata 13.Results: Iron tablet consumption increased with high education (b= 0.85; 95% CI= 0.05 to 1.66; p= 0.038), strong intention (b= 0.40; 95% CI= 0.02 to 0.77; p= 0.037), multiparity (b= 0.89; 95% CI= 0.15 to 1.62; p= 0.018), positive attitude (b= 0.29; 95% CI= 0.15 to 0.42; p<0.001), perceived behavior control (b= 0.33; 95% CI= 0.17 to 0.48; p<0.001), high family income (b= 0.05; 95% CI= 0.01 to 0.10; p= 0.018), iron tablet availability (b= 1.62; 95% CI= 0.84 to 2.40; p<0.001),strong husband support (b= 0.22; 95% CI= 0.04 to 0.40; p= 0.019), and subjective norm (b= 0.27; 95% CI= 0.03 to 0.52; p= 0.027). Iron tablet consumption decreased with side effect (b= -1.22; 95% CI= -2.12 to -0.33; p= 0.007). Posyandu had contextual effect in adherence to iron tablet consumption with ICC= 12.58%.Conclusion: Iron tablet consumption increases with high education, strong intention, multiparity, positive attitude, perceived behavior control, high family income, iron tablet availability, strong husband support, and subjective norm. Iron tablet consumption decreases with the side effect. Posyandu has contextual effect in adherence to iron tablet consumption.Keywords: Fe tablet consumption, posyandu, multilevel analysisCorrespondence: Febrina Ardianti. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta, Central Java 57126. Email: ardiantifebrina@gmail.com. Mobile:+62816609336.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(2): 110-117https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.02.06
Prevalence and Path Analysis on the Effects of Diarrhea and Life Course Determinants on Stunting in Children Under Two Years of Age in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara Ilma, Nabilah Nurul; Salimo, Harsono; Pamungkasari, Eti Poncorini
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 4, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: The interaction between infections and malnutrition has been recognized as a vicious cycle. Repeated diarrhoeal illnesses as well as other common childhood infections progressively altered the normal growth trajectories of children. This study aimed to analyze the effects of diarrhea and lifelong determinants on the incidence of stunting in children under two years in Kupang.Subjects and Method: This was a case-control study conducted in 25 integrated health posts in Alak and Oebobo Subdistricts, in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, from November December 2018. A sample of 200 children under two years was selected by multi-stage random sampling. The dependent variable was stunting. The independent variables were diarrhea, birth length, parental income, maternal education, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal height, maternal mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), complementary feeding, maternal hygiene practice, and sanitation. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis.Results: Stunting prevalence in Kupang was 30.5%. The risk of stunting was directly decreased by appropriate complementary feeding (b= -1.97; 95% CI= -3.55 to -0.39; p= 0.014), good hygiene practice (b= -4.38; 95% CI= - 6.63 to -2.12; p<0.001), good sanitation (b= -2.32; 95% CI= -4.00 to -0.64; p= 0.007), and birth length ≥48 cm (b= -2.22; 95% CI= -3.74 to -0.69; p= 0.004). The risk of stunting was directly increased by diarrhea (b= 2.55; 95% CI= 1.01 to 4.09; p= 0.001). It was indirectly affected by parental income, maternal education, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal height, and maternal MUAC at pregnancy.Conclusion: The risk of stunting is directly decreased by appropriate complementary feeding, good hygiene practice, good sanitation, and birth length ≥48 cm. The risk of stunting is directly increased by diarrhea. It is indirectly affected by parental income, maternal education, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal height, and maternal MUAC at pregnancy.Keywords: stunting, determinants, prevalence, diarrheaCorrespondence: Nabilah Nurul Ilma. Masters Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: nabilahnurul86@gmail.com. Mobile: +6287838555468.Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 2019, 4(4): 230-241https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.04.02
The Role of Midwives and Traditional Birth Attendant Partnership Program in Empowering Traditional Birth Attendant to Improve Maternal Health in Klaten, Central Java Panuntun, Sri; Karsidi, Ravik; Murti, Bhisma; Akhyar, Muhammad
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 4, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: It cannot be denied that the dependence of pregnant women on the knowledge, knowledge and experience of traditional birth attendant is still very high. Traditional birth attendants are considered as figures who have abilities related to local culture. On the other hand midwives are the most well-known health care workers to rural areas, have medical knowledge, knowledge and technology, on average young, but have not fully gained public trust.Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative study with case study approach. The study was conducted in North Klaten District, Klaten Regency, Central Java.Results: Traditional birth attendants were people who were trusted by the community to have knowledge and experience in the health of pregnancy. Partnership Guidelines for Midwives and traditional birth attendant issued by the Ministry of Health are divided into stages of pregnancy, and childbirth.Conclusion: The implementation of midwive and TBA partnership in accordance with govern­ment guidelines can begin with regional regulations that stipulate the implementation of the WB, followed by providing physiotherapy training to traditional birth attendants in postpartum maternal massage and baby massage, so that the competency of the traditional birth attendant is more targeted.Keywords: empowerment, midwives, traditional birth attendant, partnershipCorrespondence: Sri Panuntun. Doctoral Program in Health Promotion/Community Development, SebelasMaret University, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A,Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: ichaku06@yahoo.com.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(4): 279-286https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.04.07
Theory of Planned Behavior on Factors Affecting Tetanus Toksoid Immunization Uptake Among Pregnant Women in Boyolali, Central Java Yumafita, Tiara; Rahardjo, Setyo Sri; Adriani, Rita Benya
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 4, No 3 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Tetanus is an infectious disease caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria. TT immunization in pregnant women can prevent neonatal deaths. Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus (MNT) has been among the most common life-threatening consequences of unclean deliveries and umbilical cord care practices, and are indicators of inequity in access to immunization and other maternal, newborn, and child health services. The neonatal mortality rate was still high in Boyolali Regency, Central Java. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors of TT immunization uptake among pregnant women in Boyolali, Central Java, using Theory of Planned Behavior.Subjects And Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Boyolali, Central Java, from November to December 2018. A sample of 200 pregnant women from 25 community health centers was selected by simple random sampling and positioned at level 2 in a multilevel model analysis. Eight pregnant women were selected at random from each community health center. The dependent variable was TT immunization uptake. The independent variables were knowledge, education, the influence of midwife private practice, parity, income, intention, attitude, perceived behavior control, and social norm. The data on immunization uptake was obtained from the medical record. The other data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by multilevel multiple logistic regression analysis.Results: The use of TT immunization increased with better maternal knowledge (b= 1.47; 95% CI= 0.02 to 2.92; p= 0.047), high maternal education (b = 2.19; 95% CI = 0.64 to 3.75; p= 0.006), influence of midwife private practice (b= 2.07; 95% CI= 0.41 to 3.72; p= 0.014), parity ≥2 (b= 1.81; 95% CI = 0.13 to 3.5; p= 0.034), income ≥minimum regional wage (b= 1.95; 95% CI= 0.39 to 3.50; p= 0.014), strong intention (b = 1.73; 95% CI = 0.11 to 3.34; p= 0.035), positive attitude (b= 2.11; 95% CI = 0.17 to 4.05; p= 0.033), strong perceived behavior control (b= 3.84; 95% CI = 1.47 to 6.20; p <0.001), supportive social norm (b= 2.26; 95% CI= 0.29 to 4.23; p= 0.024). Community health center had a contextual effect on TT immunization uptake with ICC= 35.86%.Conclusion: The use of TT immunization increased with better maternal knowledge, high maternal education, the influence of midwife private practice, parity ≥2, income ≥minimum regional wage, strong intention, positive attitude, strong perceived behavior control, supportive social norm. The community health center has a contextual effect on TT immunization uptake.Keywords: TT immunization, knowledge, education, midwife private practice, parity, income, intention, attitude, perceived behavior control, social norm, pregnant womenCorrespondence: Tiara Yumafita, Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 362A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: Tiarayumafita8@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281230492658.Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(3): 190-200https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.03.06
Social Cognitive Theory on the Domestic Violence in Yogyakarta Jati, Linda Puspita; Joebagio, Hermanu; Prasetya, Hanung
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 4, No 5 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Background: Domestic violence (also named domestic abuse or family violence) is violence or other abuse by one person against another in a domestic setting, such as in marriage or cohabitation. This study aimed to explore domestic violence in Yogyakarta using Social Cognitive Theory.Subjects and Method: This was a qualitative study using phenomenology approach. The study was carried out in a non-government organization, in Yogyakarta, in November 2018. The key informants included counselor at the Swadaya Masyarakat Rifka Annisa Yogyakarta and two victims of domestic violence. The data were collected by in-depth interview, participative observation, and document review. Results:There were variations of domestic violence, but the majority stemmed from external factors. Social environment, perceived gender equality, socioeconomic factor, and patriarchal culture affected the incidence of domestic violence. The educational background did not affect the risk of domestic violence. All victims experienced domestic violence due to gender inequality in decision making. Domestic violence could be physical or psychic.Conclusion: Domestic violence is affected by social environment, perceived gender equality, socioeconomic factor, and patriarchal culture. The educational background did not affect the risk of domestic violence.Keywords: domestic violence, Social Cognitive TheoryCorrespondence: Linda Puspita Jati. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: linda.puspitajati@student.uns.ac.id. Mobile: +6285643538539. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(5): 326-334https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.05.04
Multilevel Analysis on the Contextual Effect of Posyandu on Healthy Prenatal Behavior Among Pregnant Women in Bengkayang, West Kalimantan Murdikawati, Dayang Fitri; Budihastuti, Uki Retno; Dewi, Yulia Lanti Retno
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 4, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Evidence suggests that prenatal care, healthy behaviors such as exercise and nutrition, general stress level, and routine blood pressure examination, are associated with fetal and maternal health. However, there is a lack of studies on factors affecting these healthy prenatal behaviors in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the contextual effect of posyandu on healthy prenatal behavior among pregnant women in Bengkayang, West KalimantanSubjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at 25 integrated health posts (posyandu) in Bengkayang, West Kalimantan, from November to December 2018. A sample of 200 pregnant women was selected by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was healthy prenatal behavior. The independent variables were maternal education, family income, knowledge, health personnel support, family support, community leader support, and distance to posyandu. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by multilevel logistic regression.Results: Healthy prenatal behavior was affected by maternal education (b= 4.64; 95% CI= 2.05 to 7.23; p<0.001), family income (b= 3.26; 95% CI= 1.15 to 5.37; p= 0.002), knowledge (b= 2.83; 95% CI= 0.90 to 4.47; p= 0.004), family support (b= 2.69; 95% CI= 0.70 to 4.69; p= 0.008), commu­nity leader support (b= 3.01; 95% CI= 1.05 to 4.96; p= 0.003), health personnel support (b=3.74; 95% CI= 1.44 to 6.04; p= 0.001), and distance to posyandu (b= -3.51; 95% CI= -5.50 to -1.52; p= 0.001). Posyandu had strong contextual effect on healthy prenatal behavior with ICC= 74%.Conclusion: Healthy prenatal behavior is affected by maternal education, family income, knowledge, family support, community leader support, health personnel support, and distance to posyandu. Posyandu has strong contextual effect on healthy prenatal behavior. Keywords: healthy prenatal behavior, prenatal, path analysisCorrespondence: Dayang Fitri Murdikawati. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: DayangFM@gmail.com. Mobile: 08999988880.Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 2019, 4(4); 242-249https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.04.03
Effect of Social Suport and Social Interaction on Anxiety Among Pregnant Women Simarmata, Imelda Dearni; Budihastuti, Uki Retno; Tamtomo, Didik
Journal of Maternal and Child Health Vol 4, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: There is growing evidence that the antenatal period is a time of increased liability to mental disorders. The most common psychiatric illnesses during pregnancy and the postpartum period are depressive and anxiety disorder. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of social support and social interaction on anxiety among pregnant women.Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out in community health centers in Kutai Kartanegara, East Kalimantan, from November to December 2018. A sample of 200 pregnant women was selected by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was anxiety. The independent variables were education, parity, stress, family income, family support, social interaction, and counseling. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by multiple linear regression.Results: Anxiety among pregnant women increased with stress (b= 0.33; 95% CI= 0.16 to 0.49; p= 0.001). It was decreased by high education (b= - 2.37; 95% CI= -3.93 to -0.81; p= 0.003), high income (b= -4.69; 95% CI= -7.81 to -1.57; p= 0.003), parity (b= 0.38; 95% CI= -2.98 to -0.26; p= 0.001), strong family support (b= -0.38; 95% CI= 0.52 to 0.24; p= 0.001), social interaction (b= -0.27; 95% CI= -0.42 to -0.12; p= 0.001), and conselling (b= -0.91; 95% CI= - 1.77 to -0.05; p= 0.004).Conclusion: Anxiety among pregnant women increases with stress. It is decreased by high education, high income, parity, strong family support, social interaction, and counseling.Keywords: anxiety, stress, social interaction, pregnant womenCorrespondence: Imelda Dearni Simarmata. Masters Program in Public Health, UniversitasSebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: imeldadearni1888@gmail.com. Mobile: 081227657035Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(4): 297-303https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.04.08

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