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Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University Jalan Veteran (Kampus Sumbersari) Malang 65145 Tel. (0341) 569117ext 156, 173 ; Fax. (0341) 564755 Website : http://www.pji.ub.ac.id Email :pji@ub.ac.id
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INDONESIA
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia
Published by Universitas Brawijaya
ISSN : 2461114X     EISSN : 2461114X     DOI : https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.pji
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia (PJI) is an online journal which is published twice a year by Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Brawijaya University. The articles published in PJI cover the themes of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Technology, and Natural Product Pharmacy/Chemistry.
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Lain-Lain)
Articles 10 Documents
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Search results for , issue "vol. 11 no. 2 (2026)" : 10 Documents clear
The Optimization of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Stearic Acid in Citronella EssentialOil (Cymbopogon nardus L. Rendle) Paper Soap Formula as An Antibacterial for Staphylococcus aureus Sumule, Arsiaty; Endang Diyah Ikasari; Cahyani, Intan Martha; Vitara, Dea
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Introduction: Hands that look clean can be a medium for transmitting germs. Therefore, one of the prevention efforts that can be done is diligently washing hands using soap and running water, so that practical soap preparations such as paper soap are needed. The high content of terpenoid compounds and strong antibacterial activity in citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus L. Rendle) has the potential to be developed in paper soap preparations. The paper soap formulation of citronella essential oil was prepared using a combination of PVA and stearic acid. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of the using PVA and stearic acid on physical characteristics in the citronella essential oil paper soap and determine the ratio of the concentrations of PVA and stearic acid in the optimum formula using the Simplex Lattice Design method. Methods: Paper soap formula optimization analyzed by Simplex Lattice Design method using Design Expert 10.0.1. Optimized parameters were pH, foam stability, free alkali, tensile strength, and percentage elongation. The optimum formula was tested for antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus. Results: The results of Design Expert 10.0.1 showed that the optimum formula with a concentration ratio of PVA was 5.113% and stearic acid was 2.387%. The experimental results obtained an average of pH 10.95; foam stability 90.66%; free alkali 0.08%; tensile strength 0.7185 N/m2; and percentage elongation 15.12%. The results of the one sample T-test showed that these observations are differed not significantly to the result of the predictions indicating that the equation of each optimization parameter was valid except for the percentage elongation. The optimum formula has antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of 8.52 mm. Conclusion: PVA and stearic acid have a significant effect on optimization response.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Insulin Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (The research was conducted at dr. Iskak Tulungagung Hospital) Putri, Nadhifa Maharani Mega Mulya; Hidayati, Ika Ratna; Atmadani, Rizka Novia; Muzayyanah, Binti
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a series of metabolic diseases with signs of hyperglycemia arising from problems with insulin secretion or both. The cost of treating diabetes mellitus was estimated at USD 727 billion in 2017 and is expected to increase every year. The variation in antidiabetic drugs will lead to variation in cost and success rate. Objectives: Therefore, cost-effectiveness analysis, also known as method rate analysis, is used to determine the method that has the lowest cost and is effective to achieve the same goal. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus hospitalized at RSUD dr. Iskak Tulungagung Regency in 2023. Methods: The method used was a descriptive non-experimental approach, with a cross-sectional design and the instrument used was a retrospective data collection sheet at RSUD dr. Iskak Tulungagung Regency totaling 74 patients. Results: The results and conclusions of this study are the use of Single Insulin with GDS and GDP parameters that have low costs (cost-effective) is Insulin Novorapid® (Insulin Aspart) with an ACER value of Rp. 283,899.23 and the average direct medical costs incurred are Rp. 14,194. 961.25, while the use of combined insulin with RPG, 2-h PG and FPG parameters that have low costs (cost-effective) is the combination of Novorapid® (Insulin Aspart) + Levemir® (Insulin Detemir) with an ACER value of Rp. 412,230.56 and the average direct medical costs incurred are Rp. 18,177,082.66. Conclusions: Novorapid® as single insulin and Novorapid® + Levemir® as combination insulin are cost-effective.
Antiplatelet Efficacy in Outpatient Post-Ischaemic Stroke Patients at Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang City General Hospital Alfazahrah, Azki; Triastuti, Efta; Achmad, Anisyah
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Introduction: According to WSO (World Stroke Organization) in 2022, stroke is the second leading cause of disability and death worldwide. One of the treatments for ischemic stroke is Antiplatelet. Antiplatelet therapy is said to have a significant effect in the management of ischemic stroke and secondary stroke prevention. Various types of antiplatelets are used but the effectiveness of each drug in improving clinical conditions such as hemiparesis still requires further research. In this study, the Hemiparesis Improvement Score was used in clinical practice at Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital Malang City to make it easier to see clinical conditions directly. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of antiplatelet based on clinical parameters of hemiparesis in outpatients after ischemic stroke at Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital Malang City. Methods: This study used a retrospective analytic observational method with secondary data in the form of medical records of ischemic stroke outpatients undergoing antiplatelet therapy. Data collection was carried out by purposive sampling with a total sample of 155 patients with an intervention time setting of at least 3 months. Data analysis was performed using Odds Ratio Multinominal Regression and Chi-Square Test to evaluate the treatment effect on clinical parameters of hemiparesis, hemiparesis improvement time and comorbid analysis as confounding factors. Bonferroni Post Hoc Test was performed for further analysis. Results: The results showed that the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin (P- value adjusted (Bonferroni post hoc) = 0.0228) provided significant improvement in hemiparesis compared to aspirin monotherapy (OR = 0.320; P-value = 0.035); P-value adjusted (Bonferroni post hoc) = 1.6857), clopidogrel (OR = 0.295; P-value = 0.029; P- value adjusted (Bonferroni post hoc) = 1.3239), or cilostazole (OR = 0.250; P-value = 0.013; P-value adjusted (Bonferroni post hoc) = 0.5506). Kruskall Wallis test in month 2 cilostazole improved hemiparesis (Mean rank = 93.41; Sig.= 0.043; Sig.adj (Dunn Test) = 0.045) and in month 3 the combination of aspirin clopidogrel improved hemiparesis (Mean rank = 84.21; Sig.= 0.030; Sig.adj (Dunn Test) = 0.026). From this study it can be concluded that the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin is effective in improving the clinical condition of post-ischemic stroke patients based on hemiparesis parameters. Conclusion: Based on this study, it is suggested to be able to consider additional factors such as the level of patient compliance and the effect of physical rehabilitation in accelerating the improvement of hemiparesis.
Evaluation of Trends and Rationality in Prophylactic Antibiotic Use Among Caesarean Section Patients at a Hospital in Malang City Andreani, Shanty; Valentina Yurina; Efta Triastuti
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Introduction: The caesarean section rate in Indonesia has been increasing, reaching 25.9% of total deliveries. This condition potentially increased the risk of complications, including Surgical Site Infection (SSI). Globally, the incidence of SSI in cesarean section patients ranged from 5 to 15%. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze differences in the rationality of prophylactic antibiotic used concerning body temperature and Length of Stay (LOS) in cesarean section patients at a hospital in Malang City. Methods: The study employed a retrospective design with a cross-sectional approach and applied purposive sampling. The research instruments included medical records and data collection sheets. The analysis of prophylactic antibiotic usage trends was conducted using the ATC/DDD and DU 90% methods, in accordance with the WHO guidelines. Meanwhile, the Gyssens method was used to evaluate the rationality of prophylactic antibiotic use. Results: The study results showed that the total DDD/100 patient-days was 15.5, with cefazolin classified as a prophylactic antibiotic within the DU 90% segment. Based on the Gyssens method, 183 samples (52.9%) were classified as rational antibiotic use, while 163 cases (47.1%) were classified as irrational. In terms of body temperature, no difference was found between rational and irrational antibiotic use. Similarly, regarding LOS, no significant difference was observed between these two categories of antibiotic rationality. Conclusions: Based on the study findings, It can be concluded that there is no significant difference between the rationality of prophylactic antibiotic use (rational and irrational) in relation to body temperature and LOS in cesarean section patients at a hospital in Malang City. Keywords: Cesarean Section, ATC/DD, DU 90%, Gyssens, Rationality
Effectiveness of Anaemia Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients with Chemotherapy-Induced Anaemia at Dharmais Cancer Hospital Jakarta in 2023 Muti, Annisa Farida; Yasya Sabrinanissa; Rahmi, Eldiza Puji; Pradana, Dhigna Luthfiyani Citra
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Introduction: Chemotherapy-induced anemia is a common complication in breast cancer patients, primarily caused by bone marrow suppression, which inhibits erythropoiesis and reduces hemoglobin levels. Effective management of anemia is crucial in improving patients' quality of life and tolerance to cancer therapy. This study aims to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of anemia therapy, including packed red cell (PRC) transfusion and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) administration, in breast cancer patients post-chemotherapy at Dharmais Cancer Hospital in Jakarta. Methods: The study design used was a retrospective observational study with data collected from inpatient medical records throughout 2023. A total of 35 patient records were selected using total sampling technique. Hemoglobin levels before and after anemia therapy were analyzed using paired statistical tests to assess the effectiveness of the therapy. Results: The analysis results showed a statistically significant increase in hemoglobin levels after therapy was administered (p < 0.001). Conclusion: indicating that both PRC transfusions and ESA therapy effectively contributed to correcting post-chemotherapy anemia in breast cancer patients.
Copigmentation of Black Rice Anthocyanin Extract and Steam Soybean Polyphenols: Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity Syafitri, Liza; Rais, Ichwan Ridwan; Salamah, Nina
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Introduction: Black rice (Oryza sativa L. indica) and soybean (Glycine max L. merr) have potential as sources of natural antioxidants due to their bioactive compounds. Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant activity of black rice extract co-pigmented with steamed soybean extract and determine the effect of solvent variation on the antioxidant activity. Methods: The extraction process was carried out using several solvent variations, namely 70% ethanol, a combination of 70% ethanol with 3% citric acid solution, and a combination of 70% ethanol with 5% citric acid solution. Extract characterization includes yield, organoleptic properties, total polyphenols, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity for black rice extract. Antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Results: The results showed that black rice extract with a combination of 70% ethanol solvent and 5% citric acid had the highest antioxidant activity with an IC₅₀ value of 136.456±0.022 ppm (medium category), followed by extracts with a combination of 70% ethanol and 3% citric acid (IC₅₀ = 2414±0.003 ppm), black rice extract with 70% ethanol (IC₅₀ = 2621±0.006 ppm), and soybean extract with 70% ethanol (IC₅₀ = 3252±0.006 ppm). Copigmentation of anthocyanin and polyphenol extracts with a ratio of 80:20 (black rice: soybean) produced the strongest antioxidant activity (IC50= 107± 0.0398 ppm) and the highest total polyphenol content (112.87±0.175 GAE/g). Conclusions: This study shows that copigmentation effectively improves the stability and functional activity of the combination of black rice extract and steam soybean extract.
Evaluation of Antibiotics for Inpatients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections at Tamiang Layang Regional General Hospital in 2023 Nadya Ayu Nida; Hasniah; Ramadhani, Juwita
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

The high rate of acute respiratory infections (ARI) is a crucial health issue, the therapy usually used is antibiotics, but there is still inappropriate use, therefore an analysis is needed to ensure an antibiotic has been used rationally or not. This study aims to identify profiles and evaluate antibiotic use using the ATC/DDD, DU90% and Gyssens methods. Data were collected retrospectively from medical records of Tamiang Layang Regional Hospital in 2023 with a sample of 73 medical records. The results of the study obtained 57.53% of males and 42.46% of females with the highest incidence of 5-14 years old (28.77%), patients who have not attended school 39 patients (33.42%) and 52 patients (71.23%) have not worked and the highest diagnosis of pneumonia as many as 55 patients (75.34%). The antibiotic profile used by patients was ampicillin 26 prescriptions (35.61%), levofloxacin 19 prescriptions (26.02%), ceftriaxone 19 prescriptions (26.02%) and azithromycin 9 prescriptions (12.33%). The total DDD value was 80.82 DDD/100 hospitalizations with the most use being levofloxacin at 40.10 DDD/100 hospitalizations. Antibiotics included in DU90% were levofloxacin, ampicillin and azithromycin. The quality of antibiotic use using the Gyssens method was 54.80% rational prescriptions and 45.20% irrational. The chi-square value obtained LOS value had a relationship with the rationality of antibiotic use (ρ = 0.030).
Duck Egg Shell and Bay Leaf Extracts (Syzygium polyanthum [Wight] Walp.) Toothpaste Development Using Sodium CMC as a Binder ERYANI, MIKHANIA; perwita, tista; aditama, agnis; rashati, dewi; husni, patihul; wijiani, nina
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Background: Toothpaste is a semi-solid preparation that helps shield teeth from bacterial harm by including abrasive compounds and other helpful elements. Duck eggshells are one of the natural materials that contain calcium carbonate as an abrasive, while bay leaves are a plant that hassantibacterial properties. Objectives: This study aims to formulate duck egg shell toothpaste and bay leaf extract (Syzygium polyanthum [Wight] Walp.) with sodium CMC variation concentrations. Methods: toothpaste is formulated with variation CMC concentration are 3% for F1; 4.5% for F2; and 6% for F3 and evaluate its physical properties. The physical properties tests conducted included organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and foam height. Results: From the research results, there is an effect of varying sodium CMC concentrations on the physical properties of pH, viscosity, spreadability, and foam height, but no effect of varying sodium CMC concentrations on the organoleptic and homogeneity properties. Conclusions: The research indicate that all formulas meet the requirements for the physical property tests of duck egg shell toothpaste and bay leaf extract.
Prescription Redemption and Price-Related Decisions among Hypertensive Patients in Community Pharmacies in Surabaya Deapsari, Fani; Rafif Fidaus, Favian; Charis Aqsha, Aulia; Almaulidia Rahman, Nabila
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Introduction: Hypertension remains a major public health problem worldwide. Prescription redemption is a critical early step to medication adherence. Objectives:  This study examined prescription redemption behavior, price-related decision-making, and pharmacist consultation behavior among hypertensive patients attending community pharmacies in Sawahan District, Surabaya, Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 258 adult patients using a structured behavioral questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics, clinical profile, prescription redemption patterns, price attention, generic substitution requests, and pharmacist consultation behavior. Results: Most participants reported visiting a pharmacy after physician consultation (82.9%); however, only 46.1% consistently redeemed all medicines listed on the prescription. High price attention was reported by 64.0% of participants, whereas only 16.7% frequently requested generic alternatives. Pharmacist consultation was common (77.5%), particularly among unemployed and newly diagnosed patients. In bivariate analysis, complete prescription redemption was associated with longer duration of hypertension, willingness to pay out of pocket, and not purchasing medicines outside the prescription. Conclusions: These findings suggest that cost awareness does not automatically lead to patient-initiated generic substitution and indicate a need for proactive pharmacist counseling that explicitly addresses affordability, complete redemption, and appropriate generic options.
Effect of Different Types of Sugar and Fermentation Time on Total Alcohol Content of Eco Enzyme Based on Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr)and Orange (Citrus x sinensis (L.) Osbeck) Putri, Fitria; Setyowati, Erna; Pratiwi, Sylvia
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Introduction: Eco enzyme is a fermented product derived from a mixture of organic waste, sugar, and water (3:1:10). Fermented products produce alcohol (ethanol), which can be used as a reference for quality control, regulatory compliance, and biological activity. Several factors can affect alcohol content, including the type of sugar and fermentation time, both of which have not been widely researched. Objectives: This study aims to determine the effects of different types of sugar and fermentation time on the total alcohol content of eco-enzymes derived from pineapple and orange peels. Methods: The eco enzymes formed were evaluated organoleptically (color and aroma), pH, and total alcohol content were determined by the colorimetric method. Results: All samples changed color and aroma, formed sediment, and had a decrease in pH from a range of 5–6 to 3.44–4.22 after fermentation. The average total alcohol content obtained at fermentation after 30, 60, and 90 consecutive days was 2.336%, 3.072%, and 2.149%, respectively. The highest alcohol content was obtained in the 60-day fermentation molasses treatment of 3.512 ± 0.498%. Statistical analysis showed that fermentation time had a significant effect on the total alcohol content of eco enzymes (p < 0.001), whereas sugar type did not (p = 0.129). Conclusions: The results of this study show that fermentation time is an important factor in determining alcohol formation in the eco enzyme.

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