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INDONESIA
Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Petugas Pengelola Obat dengan Tingkat Ketersediaan Obat Di Puskesmas Kota Malang
Published by Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia
ISSN : -     EISSN : 2461114X     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health,
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Jurnal penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan tingkat pengetahuan petugas pengelola obat dengan tingkat ketersediaan obat di beberapa Puskesmas Kota Malang. Penelitian yang dilakukan merupakan observasional analitik cross sectional. Teknik pengambilan sampel responden adalah dengan total sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah kuesioner pengetahuan petugas pengelola obat dan lembar pengumpul data tingkat ketersediaan yang dilihat dari data LPLPO
Arjuna Subject : Profesi Kesehatan - Farmasi
Articles 166 Documents
 13   14   15   16   17 
Association of Antiplatelet Type on Length of Stay and Neurological Outcomes in Ischemic Stroke Aprillia Wardhani, Firdha
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.pji.2025.010.02.7

Abstract

Antiplatelet therapy plays an important role in preventing the progression of ischemic stroke. However, the effectiveness of different types of antiplatelet agents in improving clinical outcomes still requires further investigation. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the type of antiplatelet used and the clinical outcomes of hospitalized ischemic stroke patients, based on changes in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and length of stay (LoS). This research was a retrospective cross-sectional observational study involving 92 hospitalized patients with ischemic stroke. Patients were grouped based on the antiplatelet therapy received: Clopidogrel (CPG) (n=58), Aspirin (n=17), and dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with Clopidogrel + Aspirin (n=17). Of the total patients, 43 (46.7%) showed improvement in NIHSS score, while 49 (53.2%) did not. The mean LoS was 7.033 days. The proportion of patients with NIHSS improvement by treatment group showed that the CPG group had the highest percentage of improvement, with 30 out of 58 patients (51.72%), compared to Aspirin 7/17 (41.2%) and DAPT 6/17 (35.3%). However, statistical analysis revealed no significant association between the type of antiplatelet and NIHSS improvement (p = 0.431). In addition, Kruskal-Wallis analysis revealed no significant association between LoS and antiplatelet type (p = 0.429). These findings suggest that other factors may play a more substantial role in determining the clinical outcomes of ischemic stroke patients. Keywords: antiplatelet, clinical outcome, NIHSS, ischemic stroke, LoS
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of The Antibiotic Ampicillin and Cefuroxime for Bronchopneumonia Patients Toddlers at Secondary Hospital in Surabaya Wardhani, Dewanti; Firdaus, Favian Rafif; Yunita, Nita; Abdul, Rahem
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.pji.2025.010.02.1

Abstract

Bronchopneumonia is an infectious disease in toddlers that produces high mortality, morbidity, and costs. The research aims to investigate the cost-effectiveness of ampicillin and cefuroxime for treating bronchopneumonia in toddlers. Data was collected retrospectively from medical records and hospital information systems between March 2023 and August 2023. The hospital-based trial was completed in October 2023. Stratified random sampling was employed to gather samples from those who met the inclusion criteria, which included using ampicillin or cefuroxime and having bronchopneumonia symptoms. Therapeutic success was determined by achieving a normal breathing rate within < 3 days, taking into account total direct medical expenses. The study discovered that the average direct medical cost for ampicillin patients is Rp. 2,792,875 ± 454.704, and for cefuroxime patients, Rp. 2.931.682 ± 908.964 per inpatient. The effectiveness of antibiotics showed that ampicillin (98%) surpassed cefuroxime (96%). Ampicillin's average cost-effectiveness ratio (ACER) is Rp. 28,499, which is less than cefuroxime's Rp. 30,538. The findings of calculating the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of ampicillin and cefuroxime are Rp. -69,404. Ampicillin has lower direct medical costs and higher effectiveness than cefuroxime, making it a more cost-effective therapy for bronchopneumonia in toddlers. Cost-effectiveness pharmacoeconomic studies are necessary to analyze therapy options
Pharmacist-Led Pediatric Diarrhea Management: A Systematic Review of Knowledge and Recommendation Appropriateness Ebtavanny, Tamara Gusti; Fitri, Salsabilah Aida; Suhartono, Suhartono; Hariadini, Ayuk Lawuningtyas
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Diarrhea remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children, particularly in areas with inadequate sanitation. Community pharmacists often serve as the first point of care, making their role crucial in ensuring appropriate, guideline-based management of pediatric diarrhea. This systematic review aimed to evaluate pharmacists’ knowledge and the appropriateness of their recommendations for treating pediatric diarrhea. A systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) protocol. Searches were performed via Harzing’s Publish or Perish on Google Scholar, PubMed, and Crossref using keywords: "diarrhea" AND "pediatric" OR "children" AND "treatment" AND "pharmacist" AND "knowledge". Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Among five studies assessing knowledge, three reported generally good pharmacist knowledge, while two showed significant improvements post-intervention (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01). Pharmacists demonstrated good understanding of ORS use, treatment options, and non-pharmacological advice. However, they showed limited ability to identify signs of dehydration. In terms of treatment recommendations, six of nine studies reported inappropriate use of antibiotics, with few pharmacists recommending WHO-recommended therapies (ORS and zinc). In contrast, five studies found that non-pharmacological advice was the primary approach. Three factors significantly influenced knowledge and appropriateness: patient assessment (P = 0.006), self-medication training (P < 0.0005), and year of graduation (P = 0.004). Pharmacists generally possess good knowledge in certain aspects of pediatric diarrhea management, but often make inappropriate treatment recommendations. Structured education and training are needed to improve clinical decision-making and adherence to treatment guidelines.
Physical Characteristics and Antioxidant Potential of Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook f.) Essential Oil Nanoemulgel as a Natural Cosmetic Widyowati, Retno; Sari, Trisiyana Sholika; Munandar, Tristiana Erawati
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Background : Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a major contributor to skin damage. Illicium verum (star anise) essential oil is rich in trans-anethole, a compound reported as the dominant component (over 88%) in previous GC-MS studies. Trans-anethole possesses potent antioxidant properties; however, its lipophilic nature limits its solubility and topical bioavailability. Objective : This study aimed to develop and characterize a nanoemulgel formulation Illicium verum essential oil and to evaluate its antioxidant activity for potential application as a natural antioxidant. Methods : Essential oil (1% w/v) was extracted by steam distillation and formulated into a nanoemulgel using a self-nanoemulsifying technique, which involves the spontaneous formation of nano-sized droplets upon mixing the oil phase with surfactants (Tween 80 and Span 80 in a 6:1 ratio) under agitation. The resulting nanoemulsion was incorporated into a hydrogel base using 1% Carbopol 940, a hydrophilic polymer that forms a three-dimensional network capable of retaining water, creating a gel-like texture suitable for topical application. The formulation was evaluated for pH, viscosity, droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and stability. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH assay, with ascorbic acid as the positive control then analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results : The nanoemulgel showed pH 6.03 ± 0.28, viscosity 13164 ± 2.65 cP, droplet size 188.5 ± 0.49 nm, PDI 0.1638 ± 0.15, and zeta potential -41.09 ± 1.59 mV indicating good physical stability and homogeneity. It passed centrifugation and spreadability tests and exhibited a semi-transparent appearance with a smooth texture and pleasant aroma. According to established criteria (Itam et al., 2021), the IC₅₀ value of the nanoemulgel (85.03 ± 0.75 µg/mL) demonstrated moderate antioxidant activity, while the essential oil alone exhibited strong activity (IC₅₀ = 50.89 ± 0.55 µg/mL), and ascorbic acid, used as a positive control, showed very strong activity (IC₅₀ = 2.59 ± 0.28 µg/mL). Statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference between groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions : The nanoemulgel formulation demonstrated favorable physical properties, including skin-compatible pH, suitable viscosity, nano-sized droplets, low polydispersity, and high colloidal stability. It retained moderate antioxidant activity, supporting its potential application as a natural antioxidant cosmetic. Further in vivo studies are recommended to validate its clinical efficacy.
Pharmacological Activity From Various Parts of Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.): A Review Widyowati, Retno; Putri, Anisa Yustikka; Sukardiman
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.pji.2025.010.02.9

Abstract

Background: Elaeis guineensis Jacq. belongs to Arecaceae family. This plant originates from West Africa and is spread across Asia such as Indonesia. Various parts have been used traditionally and proven by scientific experiments derived for various medicinal purposes for the treatment many disease because contains many phytonutrients. Objective: This study was to explore the pharmacological activities of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. from various parts and the potential compound content. Methods: The method was a literature review by searching research data about Elaeis guineensis Jacq. from 2010 to 2024 was derived from Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SpringerLink, NCBI and Google Scholar with the keywords of Elaeis guineensis Jacq, palm oil, in vivo, in vitro, in silico and pharmacologycal activity. Results: Elaeis guineensis Jacq. has composition of bioactive constituents including vitamin E,  fatty acid, fenolic, flavonoids, phenolics and karotenoid. With sample parts of leaves, fruits, seeds, and roots. Elaeis guineensis Jacq. has the ability as an pharmacology activity with the approach of in silico, in vitro and in vivo studies. The plant parts showed significant potential in various biological activities, including high antioxidant activity, significant antimicrobial effects against bacteria, anti-inflammatory, neuropharmacology, decreased blood glucose and insulin resistance, relatively safe toxicity tests at certain concentrations and protection against liver damage. The findings indicate the potential application in alternative medicine and nutraceutical development. Conclusion: Overall, this journal evaluated the pharmacological activities of various parts of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. through in silico, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological approaches showing that this species is a rich source of compounds. Further research is needed to develop therapeutic products based  on Elaeis guineensis Jacq. including clinical trials to ensure safety and efficacy in humans.
The Optimization of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Stearic Acid in Citronella EssentialOil (Cymbopogon nardus L. Rendle) Paper Soap Formula as An Antibacterial for Staphylococcus aureus Sumule, Arsiaty; Endang Diyah Ikasari; Cahyani, Intan Martha; Vitara, Dea
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Introduction: Hands that look clean can be a medium for transmitting germs. Therefore, one of the prevention efforts that can be done is diligently washing hands using soap and running water, so that practical soap preparations such as paper soap are needed. The high content of terpenoid compounds and strong antibacterial activity in citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus L. Rendle) has the potential to be developed in paper soap preparations. The paper soap formulation of citronella essential oil was prepared using a combination of PVA and stearic acid. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of the using PVA and stearic acid on physical characteristics in the citronella essential oil paper soap and determine the ratio of the concentrations of PVA and stearic acid in the optimum formula using the Simplex Lattice Design method. Methods: Paper soap formula optimization analyzed by Simplex Lattice Design method using Design Expert 10.0.1. Optimized parameters were pH, foam stability, free alkali, tensile strength, and percentage elongation. The optimum formula was tested for antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus. Results: The results of Design Expert 10.0.1 showed that the optimum formula with a concentration ratio of PVA was 5.113% and stearic acid was 2.387%. The experimental results obtained an average of pH 10.95; foam stability 90.66%; free alkali 0.08%; tensile strength 0.7185 N/m2; and percentage elongation 15.12%. The results of the one sample T-test showed that these observations are differed not significantly to the result of the predictions indicating that the equation of each optimization parameter was valid except for the percentage elongation. The optimum formula has antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of 8.52 mm. Conclusion: PVA and stearic acid have a significant effect on optimization response.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Insulin Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (The research was conducted at dr. Iskak Tulungagung Hospital) Putri, Nadhifa Maharani Mega Mulya; Hidayati, Ika Ratna; Atmadani, Rizka Novia; Muzayyanah, Binti
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a series of metabolic diseases with signs of hyperglycemia arising from problems with insulin secretion or both. The cost of treating diabetes mellitus was estimated at USD 727 billion in 2017 and is expected to increase every year. The variation in antidiabetic drugs will lead to variation in cost and success rate. Objectives: Therefore, cost-effectiveness analysis, also known as method rate analysis, is used to determine the method that has the lowest cost and is effective to achieve the same goal. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus hospitalized at RSUD dr. Iskak Tulungagung Regency in 2023. Methods: The method used was a descriptive non-experimental approach, with a cross-sectional design and the instrument used was a retrospective data collection sheet at RSUD dr. Iskak Tulungagung Regency totaling 74 patients. Results: The results and conclusions of this study are the use of Single Insulin with GDS and GDP parameters that have low costs (cost-effective) is Insulin Novorapid® (Insulin Aspart) with an ACER value of Rp. 283,899.23 and the average direct medical costs incurred are Rp. 14,194. 961.25, while the use of combined insulin with RPG, 2-h PG and FPG parameters that have low costs (cost-effective) is the combination of Novorapid® (Insulin Aspart) + Levemir® (Insulin Detemir) with an ACER value of Rp. 412,230.56 and the average direct medical costs incurred are Rp. 18,177,082.66. Conclusions: Novorapid® as single insulin and Novorapid® + Levemir® as combination insulin are cost-effective.
Phytochemical Analysis of Polar, Semipolar and Non-polar Fractions of Ethanol Extract of Jamblang Leaves (Syzygium cumini (L.)) and Antioxidant Test Using The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrydhydrazyl) Method Meiliza Ekayanti; Luqiaturrohmah, Putri; Hasan, Putri Zhafirah Maulida
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 1 (2025)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Abstract: Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with one or more unpaired electrons that are highly reactive and can cause damage to cells by binding to essential compounds such as lipids, proteins and DNA. Antioxidants are compounds that play a crucial role in protecting cells from oxidative stress caused by free radicals. Antioxidants inhibit or neutralize reactive oxygen species and mitigate oxidative damage to biomolecules, thereby reducing the risk of degenerative pathology and supporting homeostasis. This study aims to analyze the phytochemical compounds and determine the antioxidant activity of the polar, semi-polar, and non-polar fractions of the ethanol extract of Jamblang leaves (Syzygium cumini (L.)). The extraction method used was maceration with 96% ethanol, which was evaporated to obtain a concentrated ethanol extract with a yield of 10.321%. Fractionation was performed by dissolving the extract in polar water and then partitioning with non-polar n-hexane. The water layer was further fractionated using semipolar ethyl acetate. The yields from the fractionation were 12.48% for the water fraction, 18.41% for the ethyl acetate fraction and 1.76% for the n-hexane fraction. The compounds contained in the jamblang leaf fractions include alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids and saponins. Identification through thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with quercetin as a reference showed the same Rf value of 0.92, indicating the presence of flavonoid compounds. Under UV light at 366 nm, a red-purple fluorescence was observed, indicating the presence of terpenoid steroids. The antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method with ascorbic acid and quercetin as positive controls. The IC50 values ​​obtained were 35.406±46.410 for the water fraction, 237.623±205.1 for the ethyl acetate fraction and 39.961 ppm for the n-hexane fraction. The conclusion of this study is that the jamblang leaf fractions contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids and saponins. Exhibit very strong antioxidant activity in the water fraction, moderate antioxidant activity in the ethyl acetate fraction and very strong antioxidant activity in the n-hexane fraction.
Antiplatelet Efficacy in Outpatient Post-Ischaemic Stroke Patients at Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang City General Hospital Alfazahrah, Azki; Triastuti, Efta; Achmad, Anisyah
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Introduction: According to WSO (World Stroke Organization) in 2022, stroke is the second leading cause of disability and death worldwide. One of the treatments for ischemic stroke is Antiplatelet. Antiplatelet therapy is said to have a significant effect in the management of ischemic stroke and secondary stroke prevention. Various types of antiplatelets are used but the effectiveness of each drug in improving clinical conditions such as hemiparesis still requires further research. In this study, the Hemiparesis Improvement Score was used in clinical practice at Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital Malang City to make it easier to see clinical conditions directly. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of antiplatelet based on clinical parameters of hemiparesis in outpatients after ischemic stroke at Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital Malang City. Methods: This study used a retrospective analytic observational method with secondary data in the form of medical records of ischemic stroke outpatients undergoing antiplatelet therapy. Data collection was carried out by purposive sampling with a total sample of 155 patients with an intervention time setting of at least 3 months. Data analysis was performed using Odds Ratio Multinominal Regression and Chi-Square Test to evaluate the treatment effect on clinical parameters of hemiparesis, hemiparesis improvement time and comorbid analysis as confounding factors. Bonferroni Post Hoc Test was performed for further analysis. Results: The results showed that the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin (P- value adjusted (Bonferroni post hoc) = 0.0228) provided significant improvement in hemiparesis compared to aspirin monotherapy (OR = 0.320; P-value = 0.035); P-value adjusted (Bonferroni post hoc) = 1.6857), clopidogrel (OR = 0.295; P-value = 0.029; P- value adjusted (Bonferroni post hoc) = 1.3239), or cilostazole (OR = 0.250; P-value = 0.013; P-value adjusted (Bonferroni post hoc) = 0.5506). Kruskall Wallis test in month 2 cilostazole improved hemiparesis (Mean rank = 93.41; Sig.= 0.043; Sig.adj (Dunn Test) = 0.045) and in month 3 the combination of aspirin clopidogrel improved hemiparesis (Mean rank = 84.21; Sig.= 0.030; Sig.adj (Dunn Test) = 0.026). From this study it can be concluded that the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin is effective in improving the clinical condition of post-ischemic stroke patients based on hemiparesis parameters. Conclusion: Based on this study, it is suggested to be able to consider additional factors such as the level of patient compliance and the effect of physical rehabilitation in accelerating the improvement of hemiparesis.
Evaluation of Trends and Rationality in Prophylactic Antibiotic Use Among Caesarean Section Patients at a Hospital in Malang City Andreani, Shanty; Valentina Yurina; Efta Triastuti
Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/

Abstract

Introduction: The caesarean section rate in Indonesia has been increasing, reaching 25.9% of total deliveries. This condition potentially increased the risk of complications, including Surgical Site Infection (SSI). Globally, the incidence of SSI in cesarean section patients ranged from 5 to 15%. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze differences in the rationality of prophylactic antibiotic used concerning body temperature and Length of Stay (LOS) in cesarean section patients at a hospital in Malang City. Methods: The study employed a retrospective design with a cross-sectional approach and applied purposive sampling. The research instruments included medical records and data collection sheets. The analysis of prophylactic antibiotic usage trends was conducted using the ATC/DDD and DU 90% methods, in accordance with the WHO guidelines. Meanwhile, the Gyssens method was used to evaluate the rationality of prophylactic antibiotic use. Results: The study results showed that the total DDD/100 patient-days was 15.5, with cefazolin classified as a prophylactic antibiotic within the DU 90% segment. Based on the Gyssens method, 183 samples (52.9%) were classified as rational antibiotic use, while 163 cases (47.1%) were classified as irrational. In terms of body temperature, no difference was found between rational and irrational antibiotic use. Similarly, regarding LOS, no significant difference was observed between these two categories of antibiotic rationality. Conclusions: Based on the study findings, It can be concluded that there is no significant difference between the rationality of prophylactic antibiotic use (rational and irrational) in relation to body temperature and LOS in cesarean section patients at a hospital in Malang City. Keywords: Cesarean Section, ATC/DD, DU 90%, Gyssens, Rationality

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