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INDONESIA
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education
Published by IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc
ISSN : -     EISSN : 2747139X     DOI : -
Core Subject : Economy, Science, Education, Social,
Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Neuroscience Social Sciences Other
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education disseminates knowledge about Business, Law, and Education that useful to academics, educators, scholars, managers, practitioners, policy makers, consumers, and other stakeholders all around the world.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Sosial (Lain-Lain)
Articles 807 Documents
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The Role of Return on Equity in Moderating the Effect of Current Ratio on Debt-to-Equity Ratio in Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Companies Zulkifli Zulkifli
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1509

Abstract

The pharmaceutical and healthcare industry in Indonesia is facing increasing demand for healthcare services, the need for digital transformation, and high dependence on imported pharmaceutical raw materials, all of which increase corporate financing requirements. This study aims to analyse the effects of liquidity and profitability on capital structure and to examine the role of profitability as a moderating variable in the relationship between liquidity and capital structure among Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Resources companies in Indonesia. This research employed a quantitative approach with a causal research design. The study population consisted of 13 companies, of which 10 were selected using purposive sampling during the 2021-2024 period. Data were analysed using panel data regression with the Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) approach. The results indicate that the Current Ratio (CR) and Return on Equity (ROE) partially have negative and significant effects on the Debt-to-Equity Ratio (DER). Furthermore, ROE is shown to positively and significantly moderate the effect of CR on DER. These findings theoretically extend the perspective of the Pecking Order Theory and provide practical implications for corporate management in making optimal financing decisions, while also serving as a consideration for investors in making investment decisions.
Social Media Marketing, Brand Awareness, and Student Enrollment Decisions: The Mediating Role of Perceived Value Zulham Dwi Pratikto; Ratih Nur Setyaningsih
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1510

Abstract

Private higher education institutions increasingly depend on digital communication to compete for prospective students, yet the mechanism through which social media marketing translates into enrollment decisions remains insufficiently understood. This study examined the direct effects of social media marketing and brand awareness on student enrollment decisions and assessed perceived value as a mediating mechanism. A cross-sectional survey was administered to 170 prospective students selected through purposive sampling. The constructs were measured using a five-point Likert scale, and the data were analyzed in SPSS using multiple linear regression and a causal-steps mediation procedure. Perceived value showed the strongest positive association with enrollment decisions (coefficient = 0.580, p < .001), followed by brand awareness (coefficient = 0.255, p < .001). Social media marketing did not have a statistically significant direct association with enrollment decisions (coefficient = 0.053, p = .233), although it significantly predicted perceived value. The model explained 69.7% of the variance in enrollment decisions (R² = .697; F(3, 166) = 127.485, p < .001). Under the mediation criterion adopted in this study, the results are consistent with complete mediation: social media marketing appears to influence enrollment decisions primarily by strengthening prospective students’ perceptions of institutional value. The findings indicate that universities should prioritize credible value communication and sustained brand salience rather than relying on promotional exposure alone.
Shifting Paradigms of Sexual Violence Victims within the Integrated Criminal Justice System in Indonesia Josephine Suprapto; Made Aditya Pramana Putra
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1511

Abstract

This article examines the transformation of victim protection in Indonesia's integrated criminal justice system following the enactment of Law No. 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes (UU TPKS). It asks whether the statutory shift toward a victim-centered approach has been translated into adjudicative practice, particularly in relation to restitution and psychological rehabilitation. The study applies normative or doctrinal legal research. It combines statutory, historical, conceptual, and case approaches, with particular attention to Denpasar District Court Decision No. 77/Pid.Sus/2026/PN Dps. Primary legal materials include Law No. 12 of 2022, Law No. 31 of 2014 on Witness and Victim Protection, Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code, and Supreme Court Regulation No. 3 of 2017. The analysis is guided by Lawrence M. Friedman's legal system theory and Nonet and Selznick's responsive law theory. The article finds a significant gap between progressive statutory substance and courtroom implementation. Although the UU TPKS recognizes victims' rights to care, protection, recovery, restitution, and rehabilitation, judicial practice remains substantially offender-oriented. In the case studied, the decision successfully imposed criminal punishment but did not integrate restitution or victim recovery into the operative part of the judgment. The problem is not merely doctrinal but systemic: legal substance has advanced faster than legal structure and legal culture. The article contributes to Indonesian criminal justice scholarship by identifying a procedural vacuum in the enforcement of victim recovery rights. It argues for mandatory restitution calculation, judicial authority to address recovery ex officio, and institutional synchronization among investigators, prosecutors, judges, LPSK, social services, and victim assistance providers.
Leadership Style, Work Motivation, and Work Discipline as Predictors of Employee Performance: Evidence from Indonesia's Quick-Service Restaurant Industry Daffa Reza Al-Habsyi; Bimo Bakazdo Arief; Febrianty Febrianty; Reza Hardian Pratama
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1516

Abstract

Purpose: This study examines the effects of leadership style, work motivation, and work discipline on employee performance at Mie Gacoan, a rapidly growing Indonesian quick-service restaurant brand operated by PT Pesta Pora Abadi. The research is situated in the labor-intensive food and beverage service sector, where service speed, teamwork, and compliance with operating standards are central to organizational performance. Design/methodology/approach: The study employed an associative quantitative design using a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Respondents were active Mie Gacoan employees selected through purposive sampling, with an inclusion criterion of at least six months of work experience. The original draft indicated a target sample of 50-100 employees; the exact number of usable responses should be inserted before final journal submission. Measures were assessed using five-point Likert-type scales and analyzed using validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, and multiple linear regression. Findings: The descriptive results indicate that most respondents were young employees aged 18-25 years (65%), high-school or vocational-school graduates (72%), and relatively new employees with six months to one year of tenure (54%). Work discipline had the highest mean score (M = 4.05), followed by employee performance (M = 3.95), work motivation (M = 3.92), and leadership style (M = 3.87). The regression model explained 62.1% of the variance in employee performance. Work discipline emerged as the strongest predictor (beta = 0.354), while leadership style and motivation were also reported to have positive and significant effects. Practical implications: Management should maintain fair and consistent discipline, strengthen supervisor feedback, clarify career development pathways, and provide pressure-handling training for young employees. Originality/value: The paper contributes contextual evidence on employee performance in Indonesia's quick-service restaurant sector by integrating leadership style, work motivation, and work discipline in one empirical model.
Digital Concealment in Money Laundering: A technology-neutral approach to aggravated criminal liability in Indonesia Shendy Prasetyo; Milda Istiqomah; Bambang Sugiri
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1517

Abstract

The increasing use of digital anonymity technologies has transformed the modus operandi of money laundering, creating new challenges for criminal law enforcement. Although a Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a legitimate cybersecurity technology, its deliberate misuse may conceal digital identities, obstruct financial investigations, and complicate asset tracing. This study examines the Indonesian legal framework governing money laundering involving VPNs and evaluates whether their intentional use should constitute an aggravating circumstance. This research employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The findings reveal that Indonesian anti-money laundering legislation is capable of prosecuting offenses involving VPNs; however, it lacks normative differentiation regarding the intentional use of anonymity-enhancing technologies. This study argues that such misuse increases the offender's culpability and the social harmfulness of the offense, thereby justifying enhanced criminal sanctions. Accordingly, the study proposes a technology-neutral reform introducing the intentional misuse of VPNs and similar technologies as a statutory aggravating circumstance in Indonesia's anti-money laundering regime.
Compensation, Work Environment, and Employee Performance: The Mediating Role of Work Motivation at the Cultural Preservation Center of North Maluku Province M.Rizky Ramadhan; Muhammad Thahrim; Muhammad Asril Arilaha
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1518

Abstract

This study examines whether work motivation mediates the relationships between compensation, work environment, and employee performance at the Cultural Preservation Center (Balai Pelestarian Kebudayaan [BPK]) of North Maluku Province. A quantitative cross-sectional census survey was administered to all 50 active civil servants, comprising both permanent civil servants (PNS) and government employees with work agreements (PPPK). Data were collected using a five-point Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in SmartPLS 4. Compensation was positively associated with work motivation (β = 0.583, p < 0.001) but had no significant direct association with employee performance (β = -0.018, p = 0.455). The work environment was positively associated with employee performance (β = 0.424, p = 0.001) but not with work motivation (β = -0.024, p = 0.431). Work motivation was positively associated with employee performance (β = 0.472, p < 0.001). Moreover, work motivation significantly mediated the compensation-performance relationship (indirect effect β = 0.275, p = 0.002), whereas it did not mediate the work environment-performance relationship (β = -0.012, p = 0.433). These findings indicate that compensation and the work environment contribute to performance through distinct motivational and operational pathways.
Consumer Trust and Online Travel Purchase Decisions in Digital Tourism: A Systematic Literature Review Carnaval Rego Rio Sidabutar; Mochammad Fahmi; Akmil Asril; Bayu Wardhana
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1522

Abstract

Digital tourism increasingly depends on consumer confidence in platforms that mediate intangible, information-intensive, and security-sensitive transactions. However, the literature remains fragmented regarding the antecedents and behavioral functions of trust in online travel purchasing. This systematic literature review identifies the principal trust-related antecedents, examines the direct and mediating roles of trust, and maps unresolved research gaps. Following PRISMA 2020, 309 records were identified, 207 were screened after preliminary removal, 56 full-text reports were assessed for eligibility, and seven empirical studies were included in the thematic synthesis. The evidence clusters into three sets of trust-forming conditions: platform and service quality, social and informational cues, and consumer- or context-specific risk perceptions. Trust generally predicts purchase or repurchase intention and frequently mediates the effects of platform quality, authenticity, and flow experience. Nevertheless, its statistical influence is not uniform; in some settings, ratings, reviews, and e-service quality exert stronger effects. The evidence base is dominated by cross-sectional, single-platform studies and provides limited insight into post-purchase behavior and cross-market variation. Future research should employ comparative, longitudinal, and multi-platform designs and distinguish more clearly between trust as an antecedent, mediator, moderator, and outcome. For practitioners, transparent information, robust security, reliable service, and credible review systems remain central to sustainable digital tourism.
Legal Protection for Intellectual Property Rights Holders Utilized as Debt Collateral: An Analysis of the Execution Norm Vacuum in Guarantees Putu Krisna Indira Yasana Putri; Ni Luh Gede Astariyani
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1523

Abstract

This article examines a regulatory disjunction in Indonesia: intellectual property rights (IPR) are formally recognized as fiduciary collateral, yet the legal framework remains incomplete at the enforcement stage. Using normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches, the study evaluates primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials through qualitative, descriptive, and prescriptive analysis. The findings show that IPR has a valid de jure status as collateral but remains practically subordinate because the law does not clearly regulate the object and method of realization, post-sale registration, accredited valuation, or the relationship between transferred economic rights and inalienable moral rights. These deficiencies weaken legal certainty for creditors and debtors. The article proposes an integrated framework consisting of IPR-specific enforcement procedures, standardized valuation, interoperable digital registries, contractual protection of moral rights, adaptive liquidation mechanisms, insurance and escrow arrangements, and specialized judicial oversight with proportional realization. Reform of the Fiduciary Guarantee Law and its implementing regulations is necessary to convert formal recognition into an enforceable and balanced secured-financing regime.
Transformational Leadership and Work Motivation as Predictors of Elementary-School Dapodik Operator Performance: Evidence from Pinrang Regency, Indonesia Masni Masni; Andi Hendra Syam; Rina Rina
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1535

Abstract

This study examines whether transformational leadership and work motivation predict the performance of elementary-school operators of Indonesia’s Basic Education Data system (Data Pokok Pendidikan, Dapodik) in Pinrang Regency. A quantitative, cross-sectional explanatory design was used. From a population of 315 operators, 176 respondents were selected through simple random sampling using a finite-population formula with a 5% precision level. Data were collected using a 13-item questionnaire and documentation and were analysed through multiple linear regression in IBM SPSS Statistics 25. Item-total correlations exceeded the critical value of .147. Visual diagnostic checks indicated no substantial violations of normality, multicollinearity, or homoscedasticity assumptions. Transformational leadership was positively but not significantly associated with operator performance (B = .087, SE = .137, β = .119, t = .615, p = .539), whereas work motivation was a positive and statistically significant predictor (B = .409, SE = .071, β = .502, t = 5.746, p < .001). The model was significant overall, F(2, 173) = 17.560, p < .001, explaining 16.9% of the variance in performance (adjusted R² = .159). The findings indicate that motivation is the more proximal predictor of performance in a highly standardized digital-administration role. Education authorities should therefore combine recognition, professional development, adequate work support, and adaptive leadership with continuing digital-capability development. The cross-sectional, single-region, and self-report design limits causal interpretation and generalizability.
Consensus-Based Pricing Model for Professional Services: A Legal and Technological Approach in Indonesia Nanin Koeswidi Astuti
International Journal of Business, Law, and Education Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): International Journal of Business, Law, and Education (on progres)
Publisher : IJBLE Scientific Publications Community Inc.

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56442/ijble.v7i2.1536

Abstract

The digital economy has significantly expanded professional service transactions in Indonesia; however, no established mechanism currently provides a reliable benchmark for determining fair service fees. This gap has contributed to price disparities, information asymmetry, and unequal bargaining power between service providers and clients. This study aims to examine the legal framework governing professional service pricing, assess the compatibility of a consensus-based pricing model with competition law principles, and develop a conceptual Consensus-Based Pricing Model. The study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The findings demonstrate that the proposed model does not constitute price fixing, as it merely provides a transparent, non-binding, and informative pricing benchmark while preserving the parties' freedom to negotiate the final price. By leveraging digital platforms through a co-regulatory approach, the model has the potential to reduce information asymmetry, strengthen consumer protection and legal certainty, and promote fair market competition.

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