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VPH-1 Turning Research into Results: Characterizing the Dog Meat Trade in Bali to Help End the Trade Maria Maliga Vernandes Sasadara; Ni Putu VT Timur; I Ketut Puja; Nyoman S Dharmawan; Jennifer Hood
Hemera Zoa Proceedings of the 20th FAVA & the 15th KIVNAS PDHI 2018
Publisher : Hemera Zoa

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The dog meat trade (DMT) in Bali is a black-market trade that threatens international tourism on both animal welfare and human health grounds. Outlets selling dog meat often advertise this by displaying ‘RW’ signs as this abbreviation stands for ‘rintek wuuk’ (soft fur) in Manadonese. The DMT is notoriously cruel and uses inhumane methods to catch, transport, and slaughter dogs, many of which are believed to be stolen.Dog meat is not a food under Indonesian law and as such is not subject to food safety or zoonotic disease regulation. In particular, the DMT is believed to contribute to the transmission of rabies, which is endemic in Bali.Despite this, there was little factual information about the DMT in Bali, and this was hindering Government efforts to close the trade. We believe our study is the first to characterize the DMT in Bali and provides insights as to how and why the trade exists, and what actions are needed to end it.

AQ-3 Profile Cortisol, Neutrophyle/Lymphocyte Ratio and IL-6 on Bali Cattle Transported by Traditional Vessel during 120 Hours Hindar Panguji; Niqlah Rifqiyah
Hemera Zoa Proceedings of the 20th FAVA & the 15th KIVNAS PDHI 2018
Publisher : Hemera Zoa

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Transportation of livestock using wooden vessels is frequently used fulfilling the demand of another Province on Bali cattle. Cattle transportation arranged in the Office Internationale Epizooticae (OIE) and the Internatinal Air Transport Association (IATA) is highly susceptible to stress. This study aims to determine the profile of hormones cortisol, neutrophyle/lymphocyte ratio and IL-6 as stress indicator.

AQ-4 Desinfection of Conveyance Using Bacteria Model (Bacillus Subtillis & Bacillus Cereus) Lylya Syamsi; Winda Rahmawati; Ika Suharti; . Surati; Bambang Urip
Hemera Zoa Proceedings of the 20th FAVA & the 15th KIVNAS PDHI 2018
Publisher : Hemera Zoa

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Indonesia is an agricultural country consisting of 17,504 islands, each of which has different biodiversity potentials. Increase in trade traffic today supported by the modernization of a fast-paced and sophisticated transpotation tool enables the spread of quarantine animal diseases from abroad into Indonesia, or across Indonesia.A conveyance means used to transport animals or livestock from one area to another. This conveyance means in direct contact with the animals brought. The conveyance has the potential to transmit the disease from one animal to another and from one area to another. Animal transport means can be sea ships, cars, box cars, trucks, baskets etc.Reducing the potential of disease transmission carried by conveyance, quarantine action is required on the means of conveyance. One of the measures against conveyance is disinfection. Disinfection is a process of reducing the number of disease-causing or potentially pathogenic microorganisms by physical and chemical. Disinfection is done using a variety of disinfectants that are easy to find and easy to use. The types of disinfectants commonly used in disinfection are iodine, alcohol, ammonium quartener, formaldehyde, potassium permanganate, phenol.With this test, it is expected to get the type and effective disinfectant concentration to kill pathogenic microorganisms so that animal diseases transmission from transportation can be minimized.To determine the type and concentration of effective disinfectants to kill pathogenic microorganisms especially spores that can be transmitted through a variety of conveyances.

VPH-2 Risk Factor Analysis for the Transmission of Classical Swine Fever in West Timor, Indonesia Petrus Malo Bulu; Ian D Robertson; Maria Geong; Ewaldus Wera
Hemera Zoa Proceedings of the 20th FAVA & the 15th KIVNAS PDHI 2018
Publisher : Hemera Zoa

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Classical Swine Fever (CSF) is a serious and highly infectious viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boar (Paton and Greiser-Wilke 2003). The causative agent, Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) is a small (40±60 nm) enveloped ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus with a single stranded genome with positive polarity (Horzinek et al. 1971; Moennig and Greiser-Wilke 2008). The virus is one of three pestiviruses that forms a group of economically important pathogens (Moennig et al. 1990) belonging to the Flaviviridae family. It has a close antigenic relationship with the other pestiviruses - bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV), as demonstrated by immunodiffusion and immunofluorescence tests, and their similar morphology and nucleic acid homology (Wengler 1991; Wengler et al. 1995). Indonesia was free from CSF until 1993. Between 1994 and 1996 thousands of pigs were reported to have died from the disease in the Indonesian regions of North Sumatera, Jakarta, Bali, Central Java, and North Sulawesi (Satya and Santhia 2000). An outbreak of CSF was reported in Dili, East Timor in August 1997 and the disease then spread to the Kupang district of West Timor in March 1998 (Satya and Santhia 2009) and subsequently to all districts of Timor (Santhia et al. 1997; Santhia et al. 1998). The existence of CSF in an area and the potential for introducing the disease into a new area can be associated with the presence of certain risk factors. Identification of these risk factors is important in understanding the transmission of disease and for developing effective prevention, control and eradication programs. Farmers are a valuable source of information about potential risk factors and associated management and husbandry practices linked with disease as they often have many years of experience in raising or trading livestock. This knowledge can be used to identify risk factors for disease.The objective of the study was to identify potential risk factors associated with CSF infection in West Timor. In particular factors involved in the management and husbandry of pigs were investigated.

AQ-5 The Study of the Determination of Toxoplasmosis as One of Quarantine Pests and Diseases for Animals (HPHK) R H Suharto; . Qurniawaty; I M Widodo Akbar
Hemera Zoa Proceedings of the 20th FAVA & the 15th KIVNAS PDHI 2018
Publisher : Hemera Zoa

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Toxoplasmosis is one of the major zoonotic diseases spread throughout the world with varying degrees. This disease is caused by protozoa Toxoplasma gondii, intracellular parasite that can attack humans and all warm-blooded animals. Humans or animals suffering from toxoplasmosis do not show any specific clinical signs and often without signs at all because the disease is latent. Toxoplasmosis can be fatal and life-threatening in individuals with a decrease in the immune system.Cats and other felidae is the definitive host for Toxoplasma gondii, a place where these parasites develop and multiply sexually. Toxoplasma gondii may develop intraintestinally (inside the intestinal tissue) as well as extraintestinally (outside the intestinal tissue) in feline’s body. Intraintestinal development forms a life stage called oocysts. Oocysts are excreted along with the feces which then serves as a source of transmission for other hosts, such as rats, goats, sheep, and humans.Cases of toxoplasmosis have been found in various regions or areas of Indonesia both in humans and animals since 1970. Researches on toxoplasmosis in pets such as cats, livestock such as cattle and buffalo, goats, and pig were conducted from year to year. It proved that toxoplasmosis pulled a great interest from academics and researchers, both in human medicine and veterinary medicine.The Government of the Republic of Indonesia through the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture Number 4026/Kpts/OT.140/4/2013 on the Stipulation of Strategic Transmissible Animal Diseases has established toxoplasmosis as one of strategic transmissible animal diseases (PHMS) that have been found in Indonesia. Based on the PHMS status and situation map of 2011-2014 published by the Directorate General of Animal Husbandry and Animal Health, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, cases of toxoplasmosis were reported in several provinces in Indonesia.In the perspective of Indonesian animal quarantine, toxoplasmosis is not designated as Quarantine Pests and Diseases for Animals (HPHK), i.e. all animal pests and diseases that are stipulated by the government to be prevented from being entering into, spreading within, and leaving from the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Therefore, Toxoplasma gondii-carrying media which transported were not treated as a subject for specific quarantine measures that aims to prevent the entry, spread, and exit of Toxoplasma gondii. This causes the efforts to prevent toxoplasmosis, whether carried out by the government, practitioners, academics, and the general public are not fully implemented.

VPH-3 Framework to Evaluate Factors Associated With the Roaming Behaviour of Dogs in Flores Island, Indonesia Charlotte Warembourg; Ewaldus Wera; Petrus Malo Bulu; Salome Dürr
Hemera Zoa Proceedings of the 20th FAVA & the 15th KIVNAS PDHI 2018
Publisher : Hemera Zoa

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Dogs (Canis familiaris) are among the earliest domesticated animals and one of the most ubiquitous domestic species worldwide. Albeit of many benefits, this partnership can cause problems. Zoonoses (diseases transmittable from animals to humans) transmitted by dogs, particularly rabies, can have a high impact on animal and public health. Worldwide, more than 99% of human cases result from dog bites. The disease is responsible for around 59,000 human deaths per year with 60% occurring in Asia (1)(2). In societies where domestic dogs are owned, but free-roaming, a substantial risk for disease transmission through frequent contacts within the dog population exists. Yet, knowledge on the behaviors of free roaming domestic dogs (FRDD) is limited. Published studies exist on demography of dog populations worldwide, however studies examining roaming behavior and factors influencing it are rare. Do FRDD behave similarly worldwide? Is a dog just a dog? Or are there specific factors that influence their roaming behavior and therefore disease transmission? Such information is needed to inform mathematical disease spread models, which can be used to design evidence-based disease control strategies within FRDD populations.We hypothesize that the behavior of FRDD depends on individual-dog, anthropogenic and environmental factors, which consequently influence the spread of infectious diseases in dog populations, which is also influenced by the duration of the immunity after anti-rabies vaccination. Our objectives are to identify those influential factors and investigate the impact of identified factors on disease spread.We combine infectious disease modelling with empirical data collected in Flores Island, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. We identified three study sites (Pogon, Habi, and Hepang) including urban and rural areas of different dog density. We gathered the following data: Movement data from individual dogs and contact rates among them using GPS collars, dog characteristics and management by conducting interviews with dog owners, environmental factors through observation, serological samples through venipuncture, and dog counts via transects. We targeted 200 dogs (100, 60 and 40 dogs for high, middle and low-density sites). These are appropriate sample sizes, based on our previous experience. Blood samples are collected over a one year period. All the dogs included in the study are sampled at D0, D30, D90, D180 and D360 after vaccination. The samples will be serologically analyzed for rabies antibodies and compared to the vaccination history of the dogs. We will then incorporate knowledge gained on dog roaming, rabies immunity and dog population size into mathematical agent-based simulation models.Thanks to this study, and similar data collected in African and Latin American countries, we will have a better understanding of the behaviour of the FRDD worldwide and their impact on zoonosis transmission. This study will contribute to the common aim of WHO and OIE to eradicate dog mediated human rabies by adapting the current recommendations for rabies vaccination to local settings and getting knowledge on the empirical rabies immunity duration in the field. Considering the close linkage between dog and human health, this study will also benefit humans by controlling rabies in free roaming domestic dog populations. Our objectives are to identify those influential factors and investigate the influence of identified factors on disease spread.

AQ-6 Detection of Brucella abortus in Beef Cattle which Transported Via Kendari Agricultural Quarantine in 2017 N Rifqiyah; A I Pratomo; A Novianjaya; A Karyono
Hemera Zoa Proceedings of the 20th FAVA & the 15th KIVNAS PDHI 2018
Publisher : Hemera Zoa

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Brucellosis on cattle is mainly caused by Brucella abortus. Beside cattle, the bacteria is also able to infect other ruminants like buffalo, camel, swine, sheep, and goat. Brucella bacteria have nine biotypes causing similiar disease. The disease may lead to abortion which resulting in high economic losses. Brucellosis can be transmitted via oral and nasal. The source of infection are mainly plasenta and fetal fluid from infected cattle which contaminating feed and drinking water. A cattle farm may become infected from the introduction of new cattle from outside, whether it is male, female, calf, or adult cattle. In pregnant cow, Brucella abortus will develop rapidly because of the presence of erythritol, a type of carbohydrate which act as growth stimulant for Brucella abortus. It is commonly found in chorion, cotyledon, or fetal fluid. The Province of Southeast Sulawesi had a population of 331,958 cattle in 2016. The cattle is routinely transported to its neighbor province, South Sulawesi. In 2017, the cattle is transported 219 times with a total number of cattle of 3,038.

AQ-7 Analyses of Environment Factors Influencing Surra Outbreak in Sumba Timur Nusa Tenggara Timur - Indonesia Rita Sari Dewi; R D Soejoedono; A H Wardhana; S Mulatsih
Hemera Zoa Proceedings of the 20th FAVA & the 15th KIVNAS PDHI 2018
Publisher : Hemera Zoa

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Surra is a disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi haemoparasit [1]. The parasite was first discovered by Griffith Evans, a British veterinarian, who described T. evansi on horse and camel blood in India in 1880. The disease is characterized by anemia, weight loss, intermittent fever, and death in various domestic animals, such as horses, cows, buffalo, and camels. Recently T. evansi has been successfully isolated from animals (carnivores) at zoos in Pakistan [2]. The disease can be transmitted vertically and horizontally. Transmission horizontally through the bite of a fly (Tabanidae and Stomoxis) acting as a mechanical vector [3].Surra is present in North Africa, The midle east, Asia and South America. The disease is endemic in India, China, Shouteast Asia, Northen Africa, The Middle East, South America, Philippines, Bulgaria and Indonesia [4]. T. evansi have entered Southeast Asia through imported livestock from India [5], and began attacking the horse population on the Indonesian island of Java in 1987 [5]. Since it was first discovered, the disease continues spread to various regions and become endemic in some provinces in Indonesia. Sumba Island East Nusa Tenggara Province is one of the islands declared a free area of Surra until 2009, when Surra entered the island due to livestock traffic. Historically Sumba Island has a horse Sandelwood (germplasm) with high economic and social cultural value, and one of Indonesia's livestock producers with high livestock population. Surra infected livestock of Sumba islands due to traffic of livestock from endemic area such as Bima, The outbreak in Sumba Barat Daya occurred in July 2010 and spread Sumba Timur on August 2010. The outbreak resulted in the death of 44 horses (2010), 381 horses and 20 water buffaloes (2011) and 328 horses and 129 water buffaloes 2012 (The Livestock Service of East Sumba Report). Horses, water buffaloes and cows for Sumba society not only as a fulfillment of protein needs but also as social symbols and customary animals are very important for the life of the people of sumba. Surra poses a threat to people's lives both economically and socially. Surra influenced by several factors such as geographical condition, vector existence, rearing system and physiological condition of animal [6]. The aim of this study are to analyze correlation of environment factors with Surra outbreak.

VPH-4 The Influence of Medium pH on Lactobacillus acidophillus Viability in Soyghurt Tested In Vitro and In Vivo Lia Siti Halimah; Sayu Putu Yuni Paryati; Eka Noneng Nawangsih
Hemera Zoa Proceedings of the 20th FAVA & the 15th KIVNAS PDHI 2018
Publisher : Hemera Zoa

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L. acidophillus bacteria have a high tolerance for acidic atmosphere. This bacterial resistance occurs because the ability to maintain cytoplasmic pH is more alkaline than extracellular pH so that all the different proteins and enzymes in it can still work optimally. L. acidophillus bacteria have cell membranes that are more resistant to cell leakage. Cellular membranes consisting of two layers of phospholipid (lipid bilayer) which on each surface of the layer are attached to proteins and lipid bilayer glycoproteins are semipermeable, which will limit the movement of compounds in and out between the cytoplasm and the external environment. The digestive tract has a different pH, starting from the oral cavity with a pH ranging from 6-7 (interval), stomach with pH 1.5-2 (acid), and intestine with a pH of 8-8.9 (base). Many bacteria can live and have habitat in the oral and intestinal cavities, but only certain bacteria are known to survive in the stomach. The nature of bacteria, in general, does not stand in an acidic atmosphere in the stomach, but there are also pathogenic bacteria (detrimental) that are resistant to the acidic atmosphere in the stomach so that it can cause disease in the digestive system. The stomach is an organ of the digestive system which functions to digest food and as the body's defense organ. The body's defense mechanism is carried out by the stomach against bacteria, namely by removing stomach acid. The presence and endurance of L. acidophillus bacteria in the stomach have not been reported. Therefore, in this study will be tested the effect of soyghurt containing L. acidophillus bacteria on the viability of L. acidophillus bacteria in the stomach and its effect on the gastric fluid profile of male Wistar rats.

AQ-8 Detection of the Foot and Mouth Disease in Buffalo Meat Originating From India with the Reverse-Transcription PCR Method Hestu Prastanti; . Marjono; Melyna Sandra; . Kasidi
Hemera Zoa Proceedings of the 20th FAVA & the 15th KIVNAS PDHI 2018
Publisher : Hemera Zoa

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The foot and mouth disease (FMD) is still a major issue in the world of animal health. To date, not many countries are free from FMD; Indonesia is a country that has been FMD-free since 1986 and has been acknowledged by the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) from 1990. This success was not easily obtained, as a huge amount of energy, funds, and thoughts were expended over a period of nearly one hundred years. The regional situation in Asia at present is still a huge threat to the potential of FMD entry. Malaysia, Thailand, and India are risks for the re-entry of the disease to Indonesia.There are constant efforts to smuggle meat in from regional Asian countries. The eastern coast of Sumatra is still a favorite area for importing meat illegally from countries not yet FMD-free. Moreover, the import of frozen boneless meat from FMD-free zones in India is still a threat and could potentially spread FMD to our country. Therefore, there need to be anticipation efforts and an early detection ability to identify the FMD virus which might be carried by imported meat. The meat that enters illegally and comes from FMD-free zones in India has the potential for bringing and spreading FMD; The lack of a specific method to be used as a tool for detection of FMD through imported or illegal meat.The purpose of this method development activity is to acquire a suitable, quick, and highly accurate method in detection of FMD which might be carried by imported or illegal meat; one of these methods is assessment using Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). This method is expected to become a standard method in FMD testing in the Agricultural Quarantine Agency.

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