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The risk factors of coronary heart disease among workers at south cimahi according to the jakarta cardiovascular score Waskito, P.Pujo; Roslaeni, Rini; Wahyu Handini, Rida
ACTA Medical Health Sciences Vol. 2 No. 1 (2023): ACTA Medical Health Sciences
Publisher : ACTA Medical Health Sciences

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Coronary heart disease is the world’s biggest killer. It is influenced by several risk factors, such as age, gender, blood pressure, body mass index, physical activity, diabetes mellitus, and smoking habit. This study aimed to describe the level of risk factors for coronary heart disease in 10 years according to The Jakarta cardiovascular score. The research used a descriptive method with a cross sectional design. The population of the study was 45 workers in the subdistrict office of South Cimahi. Samples were taken using simple random sampling. The majority of the workers in South Cimahi sub-district are male employees aged 50-54 years old (24.44%). Four people (8.9%) in the population were classified as having hypertension. While the majority, 97.8%, had normal glucose levels. However, only four people included in the category of obesity (8.9%). 51.1% of the employees, or 23 individuals, were smokers. The average workers in the South Cimahi district office had heavy physical activity, namely 24 people (53.3%). Based on The Jakarta cardiovascular score tool, there were 13 respondents who were included in the low-risk category (28.9%), while 26 respondents (57.8%) were included in the medium-risk category, and 6 respondents (13.3%) were at the high-risk category. The Jakarta cardiovascular score ranked the majority of the sub-district office workers in South Cimahi to be in the medium-risk category of developing coronary heart disease; therefore, education and prevention are required. DOI : 10.35990/amhs.v2n1.p21-28 REFERENCE World Health Organization. The Top 10 Causes of Death. 2020. P2PTM Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Apa Itu Penyakit Jantung Koroner (PJK)? Catheterization, R. Abdul, W. Sjahranie. Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Kecemasan Pasien. 2020; 2(1):1–7. Pujowaskito P, dkk. P2PTM Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Hari Jantung Sedunia: Jantungmu adalah Jantung Kami Juga. 2019. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Situasi Kesehatan Jantung. 2014. Dinas Kesehatan Kota Cimahi. Profil Kesehatan Kota Cimahi Tahun 2019. Dinas Kesehatan Kota Cimahi. Profil Kesehatan Kota Cimahi Tahun 2018. Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Cimahi. Kota Cimahi Dalam Angka 2021. BPS Kota Cimahi; 2021. Kecamatan Ceppu. Tugas dan Fungsi Kecamatan. 2021. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Peringatan Hari Jantung Sedunia 2021: Jaga Jantungmu untuk Hidup yang Lebih Sehat. Nadzir M, Prasetyo A, Fakultas Kedokteran UNEJ. Prediksi Penyakit Jantung Koroner pada PNS Melalui Metode Framingham Risk Score di RSUD dr. Soebandi Jember. 2015. Tiksnadi BB, Afrianti R, Sofiatin Y, Ridha A, Fihaya FY, Roesly RMA, dkk. Gambaran Profil Risiko Kardiovaskular Berdasarkan Skor. Yusvita F, Nandra NS. Deskripsi Tingkat Risiko Penyakit Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah pada Pekerja di PT. Forum Ilmiah X. 2018; 15. Kementerian Kesehatan. Pedoman Pengendalian Faktor Risiko Penyakit Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah. 2016; 98:64–72. Sari YA, Widiastuti, Fitriyasti B. Gambaran Faktor Risiko Penyakit Jantung Koroner di Poliklinik Jantung RSI Siti Rahmah Padang Tahun 2017-2018. 2021. Saraswati D, Lina N. Faktor Risiko Penyakit Jantung di Masyarakat pada Pos Pembinaan Terpadu (Posbindu) Puskesmas Cibeureum. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat Gorontalo. 2020; 4(1):1–7. P2PTM Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Apa Definisi Aktivitas Fisik? Rondonuwu R, Tuegeh J, Bahuwa S, Sisfiani D. Aktivitas Fisik dan Penyakit Jantung Koroner. 2020; 1(1):34–41. Yuliani F, Oenzil F, Iryani D. Hubungan Berbagai Faktor Risiko terhadap Kejadian Penyakit Jantung Koroner pada Penderita Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas. 2014; 3(1):37–40. Savia FF, Mato Rusni S. Pengaruh Merokok terhadap Kejadian Penyakit Jantung Koroner (PJK) di RS dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo. 2013. Umar F. Perilaku Merokok dan Lingkungan Tempat Tinggal Pasien Rawat Jalan Penyakit Jantung Koroner di Makassar. Media Gizi Masyarakat Indonesia. 2011; 1.

Risk factor for covid-19 patients on ventilators at gatot soebroto army hospital I Wayan Agus Putra; Teja Koswara; Muhammad Alif Rafi
ACTA Medical Health Sciences Vol. 2 No. 1 (2023): ACTA Medical Health Sciences
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COVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. More than 90% of patients on ventilators with COVID-19 infections develop pneumonia, and 40% develop ARDS. The severity of the disease is influenced by a number of variables, such as age and comorbid factors. In July 2021, Indonesia experienced a very high increase, namely 948,467 new positive cases and 20,877 deaths. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for COVID-19 patients on ventilators at the Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital. The descriptive research method was employed. Data collection was taken from medical records. The sample in the study was 76 people who were COVID-19 patients on ventilators at the Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital from July to September 2021. The majority of COVID-19 patients were adults (60.5%) and male (53.9%). The results of the CT-value examination showed 63.2% of patients had CT values <29 (strong positives). The results of the D-dimer examination found that 94.7% of patients had abnormal results ≥500 ng/dL, and the results of the radiological examination found that 96.1% of patients indicated pneumonia. Patients with comorbid conditions included 46.1% with diabetes mellitus, 44.7% with hypertension, 31.6% with obesity, and 5.3% with cardiovascular disease. It was found that 80.3% of patients died at the end of treatment. DOI : 10.35990/amhs.v2n1.p29-37 REFERENCE Ciotti M, Ciccozzi M, Terrinoni A, Jiang W, Wang C, Bernardini S, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci [Internet]. 2020;0(0):1–24. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2020.1783198 Susilo A, Rumende CM, Pitoyo CW, Santoso WD, Yulianti M, Herikurniawan H, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019: Tinjauan Literatur Terkini. J Penyakit Dalam Indones. 2020;7(1):45. Indonesia KKR. Peta Sebaran Transmisi Lokal dan Wilayah Terkonfirmasi [Internet]. Infeksi Emerging. 2022. Available from: https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/dashboard/covid-19 Aqmarina NW, Risanti ED, Mahmudah LN, Jatmiko SW. Obesitas Sebagai Faktor Risiko Keparahan Pada Covid-19. Proceeding of The URECOL. 2021;(Nov):371–7. Rahayu LA, Admiyanti JC, Khalda YI, Adha FR, Agistany NFF. Hipertensi, Diabetes Melitus dan Obesitas Sebagai Faktor Komorbiditas Utama Terhadap Mortalitas Pasien Covid-19: Sebuah Studi Literatur. J Ilm Mhs Kedokt Indones. 2021;9:90–7. Sista K. Waspadai Obesitas dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Keparahan Penyakit COVID-19 [Internet]. RSUP dr. Soeradji Tirtonegoro. 2020 [cited 2022 Jul 6]. Available from: https://rsupsoeradji.id/waspadai-obesitas-dan-pengaruhnya-terhadap-keparahan-penyakit-covid-19/ Yanti B, Hayatun U. Peran Pemeriksaan Radiologis Pada Diagnosis Coronavirus Disease 2019. J Kedokt Syiah Kuala. 2019;20:53–7. Wijayanti LE, Aryani D, Wahyu S. Hubungan Nilai CT Pada Pasien Terkonfirmasi COVID-19. J Kesehat Tambusai. 2022;3:96–103. Permana A, Yari CE, Aditya AK. Gambaran D-Dimer Dan Limfosit Pada Pasien Terkonfirmasi COVID-19 di RS Haji Jakarta. J Ilm Anal Kesehat. 2021;7(1):62–71. Wahyu W, Putra S. Hubungan Konsentrasi Serum C-Reactive Protein dan D-Dimer dengan Derajat Keparahan dan Mortalitas Pasien COVID-19. Intisari Sains Medis. 2021;12(2):680–5. Putri NAP, Putra AE, Mariko R. Hubungan Usia, Jenis Kelamin dan Gejala dengan Kejadian COVID-19 di Sumatera Barat. Maj Kedokt Andalas. 2021;44(2). Elviani R, Anwar C, Sitorus RJ. Gambaran Usia pada Kejadian COVID-19. J Unja. 2021;277:6–11. Siappa O, Pratiningrum M. Hubungan Gejala Klinis dengan Nilai CT pada Pemeriksaan Real-time PCR SARS-CoV-2. J Ked Mulawarman. 2021;8(April):89–99. Matsushita K, Marchandot B, Jesel L, Ohlman P, Morel O. Impact of COVID-19 on the Cardiovascular System: A Review. J Clin Med. 2020. Willim HA, Ketaren I, Supit AI. Dampak Coronavirus Disease 2019 terhadap Sistem Kardiovaskular. e-CliniC. 2020;8(28):237–45. Hobohm L, Sagoschen I, Barco S, Schmidtmann I, Espinola-Klein C, Konstantinides S, et al. Trends and Risk Factors of In-Hospital Mortality of Patients with COVID-19 in Germany: Results of a Large Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Viruses. 2022;14(2). Fitri IC, Singh G, Amin Z. Diagnosis Banding Ground Glass Opacities Pada CT-Scan Toraks di Era COVID-19. Indones J Chest. 2021;8(1):37–58. Petrovic V, Radenkovic D, Radenkovic G, Djordjevic V. Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Complications in COVID-19. Front Physiol. 2020;11(October):1–11. Putra MK, Utariani A, Soemartono C, Semedi BP, Hardiono. Penggunaan Ventilatory Ratio dan Alveolar Dead Space Fraction sebagai Prediktor Mortalitas pada Pasien COVID-19 dengan Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. J Anestesi Perioper. 2021;9(1):10–7. Suryaputra GP, Apriningsih H, Wardani MM. Hubungan Komorbid dengan Mortalitas dan Lama Rawat Inap pada Pasien COVID-19 di Rumah Sakit UNS Surakarta. Plex Med J. 2022;1(1):32–41. Karya KWS, Suwidnya IM, Wijaya BS. Hubungan Penyakit Komorbiditas terhadap Derajat Klinis COVID-19. Intisari Sains Medis. 2021;12(2):708–17.

Gravida 7 para 4 abortus 2 (G7P4A2) for multiple repeat caesarean section: general or neuroaxial anesthesia Dewi Yulianti Bisri; Tatang Bisri
ACTA Medical Health Sciences Vol. 2 No. 1 (2023): ACTA Medical Health Sciences
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A caesarean section (CS) is a surgical procedure that has several risks, such as uterine rupture, infection, bleeding, thrombosis, and damage to the bladder, ureters, or intestines. Compared to primary CS, multiple repeat caesarean sections (MRCS) are associated with additional risks, including placenta previa, abnormal placental invasion, difficulty in surgical dissection, longer surgeries, and greater amounts of bleeding. A woman, age 40 years, G7P4A2, gravida aterm, weight 64.4 kg, height 150 cm, Mallampati score 1, open mouth >3 cm, thyromental distance > 3 fingers, neck circumference 33 cm, former caesarean section 4 times, would have her caesarean section and sterilization at Melinda Woman Hospital Bandung-Indonesia. A caesarean section was performed under general anesthesia, induction with propofol, atracurium, and sevoflurane, and maintenance anesthesia with N2O/O2-sevoflurane. Induction-delivery time: 16 minutes, uterine incision 50 seconds, baby born with 1-minute Apgar score was 9 and 5-minute Apgar score was 10. Analgetic fentanyl is given after birth at a dose of 1.5 mcg/kgBw intravenously. There were no caesarean-section complications. Postoperatively, the patient was treated in the wards. Due to concerns about heavy bleeding, which would require massive transfusions, anesthesia was performed under general anesthesia due to the fact that massive transfusions make patient uncomfortable because of various complications of massive transfusion DOI : 10.35990/amhs.v2n1.p38-45 REFERENCE Cook JR, Jarvis S, Knight M, Dhanjal MK. Multiple repeat caesarean section in the UK: incidence and consequences to mother and child. A national, prospective, cohort study. BJOG. 2013;120(1):85–91. doi:10.1111/1471-0528.12010. [PubMed][Google Scholar] Rashid M, Rashid RS. Higher order repeat caesarean sections: how safe are five or more? 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Effect of antioxidants on kidney damage repair in - diabetes-induced animal: a literature study Astri Pradini; Dian Anggraeny; Tatang Bisri; Diana Akmalia
ACTA Medical Health Sciences Vol. 2 No. 1 (2023): ACTA Medical Health Sciences
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Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Chronic hyperglycemia indiabetes mellitus can cause various complications, one of which is diabetic nephropathy,which affects the kidney. Chronic hyperglycemia causes an increase in free radicals and adecrease in antioxidant activity resulting in oxidative stress conditions. This study aims to determine kidney damage caused by oxidative stress and the role of antioxidants in reducingthis damage through literature studies. The literature used comes from Google search results such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and ScienceDirect. From the search results, ten journals meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for review and comparison so that a conclusion could be drawn. The results of this literature study have demonstrated that biochemical parameters, such as increased levels of creatinine, urea, malondialdehyde (MDA), and decreased antioxidant enzymes, as well as kidney histological parameters, such as changes in the shape of tubules, glomeruli, and increased kidney expression, are indicators of kidney damage caused by oxidative stress. The mechanism of antioxidants in reducing kidney damage is through DNA cutting, binding to phenolic OH groups, down-regulation of the oxidase expression of nitrogen oxides 4 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (Nox4 NADPH), antioxidant enzyme systems, activation of the activated protein kinase pathway - silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (AMPK-SirT1- PGC-1 α), protein glycation reactions, and inhibition of protein 53 (P53) so that erythroid nuclear factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) can activate antioxidant gene transcription. 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Pertimbangan Anestesi pada Pasien dengan Myeloradiculopathy pada Tingkat Vertebra Th2-Th4 Menjalani Anterior Cervicosternotomy Nadya, Siti Fairuz; Fuadi, Iwan
ACTA Medical Health Sciences Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023): ACTA Medical Health Sciences
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Myeloradiculopathy, a condition that involves the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots, is the major cause of disability patients. Most patients with myeloradiculopathy receive surgical intervention with the aim of removing the underlying compression injury from the nerve, decompressing the cord, and moving it without friction or further damage. Surgery on the spine and spinal cord has broadened its scope in recent years. The anterior approach is a challenging procedure given the various vascular, osseous, nervous, and articular structures that prevent adequate exposure and the potential damage to anesthetists. Our objective was to evaluate the pre-operative analysis, maintenance during intra-operative care, and post-operative care in patients with myeloradiculopathy undergoing posterior stabilization surgery with an anterior approach (cervicosternotomy). A 23-year-old woman was diagnosed with Myeloradiculopathy at Th2 Vertebrae Level due to space-occupying extradural lesion at Th2-Th4 vertebral level with pathological fracture at Thoracal Th2 et Th7 et Th10 due to suspected spondylitis tuberculosis with paravertebral abscess, with ASA I (Physical Status Classification System). The patient was then treated with laminectomy debridement, abscess drainage, and posterior stabilization through a cervicothoracic spine surgery with an anterior approach. The patient received the preoperative assessment, intraoperative maintenance, and postoperative evaluations, which are very important to ensure a good outcome of the cervicosternotomy with an anterior approach. DOI : 10.35990/amhs.v2n2.p88-95 REFERENCE Cook CE, Cook AE. Cervical Myelopathy and Radiculopathy. In: Elsevier Ltd.; 2011. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7020-3528-9.00009-1 Stanley B. An introduction to anaesthesia for neurosurgery. Updat Anaesth. 2007;(23):43–8. Nagpal A. No Title. PM&R Knowledge NOW. Fuentes S, Malikov S, Blondel B, Métellus P, Dufour H, Grisoli F. Cervicosternotomy as an anterior approach to the upper thoracic and cervicothoracic spinal junction: Technical note. J Neurosurg Spine. 2010;12(2):160–4. doi:10.3171/2009.9.SPINE09471 Khanna P, Sarkar S, Garg B. Anesthetic considerations in spine surgery: What orthopaedic surgeon should know! J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2020;11(5):742–8. doi:10.1016/j.jcot.2020.05.005 Raw DA, Beattie JK, Hunter JM. Anaesthesia for spinal surgery in adults. Br J Anaesth. 2003;91(6):886–904. doi:10.1093/bja/aeg253 Prough DS, Svensén CH. Perioperative fluid management. Anesth Analg. 2006;4(Suppl):84–91. doi:10.5492/wjccm.v4.i3.192 Bao FP, Zhang HG, Zhu SM. Anesthetic considerations for patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res. 2017;12(3):499–504. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.202916 Lall RR, Hauptman JS, Munoz C, et al. Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in spine surgery: Indications, efficacy, and role of the preoperative checklist. Neurosurg Focus. 2012;33(5):1–10. doi:10.3171/2012.9.FOCUS12235 Kursumovic E, Arrowsmith JE. Reviews of Educational Material. Anesthesiology. 2017;127(4):731. doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000001745 Li ZJ, Fu X, Xing D, Zhang HF, Zang JC, Ma XL. Is tranexamic acid effective and safe in spinal surgery? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Spine J. 2013;22(9):1950–7. doi:10.1007/s00586-013-2774-9 Cottrell J, Patel P. Cottrell and Patel’s Neuroanesthesia. 6th ed. 2016. Available from: https://shop.elsevier.com/books/cottrell-and-patels-neuroanesthesia/cottrell/978-0-323-35944-3 Cunha PD, Barbosa TP, Correia G, et al. The ideal patient positioning in spine surgery: a preventive strategy. EFORT Open Rev. 2023;8(2):63–72. doi:10.1530/EOR-22-0135 Luo J, Min S. Postoperative pain management in the postanesthesia care unit: An update. J Pain Res. 2017;10:2687–98. doi:10.2147/JPR.S142889 Prabhakar NK, Chadwick AL, Nwaneshiudu C, et al. Management of postoperative pain in patients following spine surgery: A narrative review. Int J Gen Med. 2022;15(May):4535–49. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S292698

COVID-19 with kidney disorders in Dustira Hospital Y Kusmala, Yudith; Linasari, Desy; K Nissa, Fitria
ACTA Medical Health Sciences Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023): ACTA Medical Health Sciences
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Corona virus diseases-19 (COVID-19) affects the respiratory system and the kidneys. Kidney disorders manifestations in COVID-19 patients are AKI, AKI superimposed chronic kidney disease (CKD), and COVID -19 in CKD sufferers on hemodialysis. The SARS CoV-2 virus can cause deterioration and decline in kidney function because it can bond with angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors on the surface cells of the kidney. This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study that aims to know the profile of kidney abnormalities in COVID -19 patients treated at Dustira Hospital based on the description of age, sex, type of kidney disorder, therapy, and outcome of therapy. This study takes the total sampling data in the form of medical record data from January to December 2021. During this time 275 samples were obtained. Research results show the average age of patients is 57 + 13.5 years. The majority of the patients were male (58.5%). The highest percentage of diagnosed kidney disorders in COVID-19 patients was AKI-superimposed CKD (38.2%). 53.5% COVID-19 patients with kidney disorders received conservative therapy, while 46.5% received hemodialysis With 68.7% conservative therapy and 77.3% hemodialysis, the majority of Covid-19 patients with kidney disorders were able to survive. The study concludes that COVID-19 with kidney disorders is most common in elderly men (>55 years), with the most cases developing AKI-superimposed CKD. There were a lot of patients who receive conservative therapy but endure life, and many have therapy action hemodialysis, resulting in a higher survival rate. DOI : 10.35990/amhs.v2n2.p54-62 REFERENCE Krishnan A, Hamilton JP, Alqahtani S, Woreta TA. Covid-19: an overview and clinical update. World J Clin Case. 2021;9(1):1–17. Sugihantono A, Burhan E, Samuedro E, Aryati, Rinawati W, Sitompul PA. Pedoman pencegahan pengendalian Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19). 5th ed. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI; 2020. p. 2–214. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Taktis praktis antisipasi gelombang ketiga Covid-19. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI; 2022. p. 1–26. World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard [Internet]. [cited 2022 Oct 12]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/ Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Infeksi Emerging Kementerian Kesehatan RI [Internet]. [cited 2022 Oct 12]. Available from: https://covid19.kemkes.go.id/ Pusat Informasi dan Koordinasi COVID-19 Jawa Barat [Internet]. [cited 2022 Oct 12]. Available from: https://pikobar.jabarprov.go.id/ Pranarka K, Andayani R. Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. 6th ed. In: Setiati S, Alwi I, Sudoyo AW, Simadibrata M, Setiyohadi B, Syam A, editors. Jakarta: Interna Publishing; 2018. p. 3782–6. Cheung AK, Chang TI, Cushman WC, Furth SL, Hou FF, Ix JH, et al. KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2021;99(3):S1–87. Serfozo P, Wysocki J, Gulua G, Schulze A, Ye M, Liu P, et al. Ang II conversion to angiotensin-(1-7) in the circulation is POP-dependent and ACE2-independent. Hypertension. 2020;75(1):173–82. Migliaccio M, Mauro M, Ricciolino R. Renal involvement in Covid-19: A review of the literature. DovePress. 2021;14:895–903. Cruz NAN, Oliveira LCG, Silva Junior HT, Pestana OM, Casarini DE. ACE2 in the pathogenesis of renal abnormalities in COVID-19 patients. Front Physiol. 2021;12(8). Novianty D. Gagal ginjal akut sebagai komplikasi Covid-19: literature review. Indones J Nurs Health Sci [Internet]. 2021;2. Available from: http://jurnal.globalhealthsciencegroup.com/index.php/IJNHS Pasaribu SMR. Badai sitokin COVID-19. Jurnal. 2021;11:224–30. Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Muhammad J. Role of inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 patients: a review on molecular mechanisms, immune functions, immunopathology and immunomodulatory drugs. Vaccines. 2021;9(5):436. Martinez-Rojas MA, Vega-Vega O, Bobadilla XNA. Is the kidney a target of SARS-CoV-2? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2020;318(6):F1454–62. Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, et al. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol. 2020;92(4):424–32. Upadhana PS, Sastrawan IGGS, Cahyarini IGAAC, Umam AK, Putri ATD, Adhyatma IGR, et al. Kidney disease and its impact on COVID-19 patients at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar. Intern Med Commons. 2022;9(1):23–7. Nurchayati S, Sansuwito TB, Rahmalia S. Gambaran deteksi dini penyakit gagal ginjal kronik pada masyarakat Kecamatan Tambang, Kabupaten Kampar. 2018;9(1):11–8. Siagian KN, Damayanty AE. Identifikasi penyebab penyakit ginjal kronik pada usia di bawah 45 tahun di Unit Hemodialisis RS Ginjal Rasyida Medan Tahun 2015. Anat Med J [Internet]. 2018;1(3):159–66. Available from: http://jurnal.umsu.ac.id/index.php/AMJ Fernández-Ayala DJM, Navas P, López-Lluch G. Age-related mitochondrial dysfunction as a key factor in COVID-19 disease. Elsevier. 2020;142(1). Xiang HX, Fei J, Xiang Y, Xu Z, Zheng L, Li XY, et al. Renal dysfunction and prognosis of COVID-19 patients: a hospital-based retrospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;1–7. Wray S, Arrowsmith S. The physiological mechanisms of the sex-based difference in outcomes of COVID-19 infection. Front Physiol. 2021;12:1–12. Xu Z, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Xiong F, Zhang J, Xiong J. Clinical features and outcomes of COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury and AKI on CKD. 2022;13(3):884–98. Serfozo P, Wysocki J, Gulua G, Schulze A, Ye M, Liu P, et al. Ang II conversion to Ang-(1-7) is POP-dependent and ACE2-independent. Hypertension. 2020;75(1):173–82. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31786979/ Haryanti IAP, Nissa KT. Terapi konservatif dan terapi pengganti ginjal pada gagal ginjal kronik. Med J Lampung Univ. 2015;4(7):49–54. Burhan E, Dwi Susanto A, Nasution SA, Ginanjar E, Pitoyo CW, Susilo A, et al. Pedoman Tatalaksana Covid-19. 2nd ed. Jakarta: PDPI, PERKI, PAPDI, PERDATIN; 2020. p. 1–112. Suhardjono, Dharmeizar, Lidya A, Nainggolan G, Marbun MBH, Suginarti, et al. Pedoman pelayanan hemodialisis di sarana pelayanan kesehatan. Jakarta; 2008. p. 1–64. Hakami A, Badedi M, Elsiddig M, Nadeem M, Altherwi N, Rayani R, et al. Clinical characteristics and early outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with end-stage kidney disease in Saudi Arabia. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:4837–45. Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, et al. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death in COVID-19 patients. Kidney Int [Internet]. 2020;97(5):829–38. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.03.005 Legrand M, Bell S, Forni L, Joannidis M, Koyner JL, Liu K, et al. Pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021;17(11):751–64. Almeida DC, Franco MDCP, Santos DRP, Santos MC, Maltoni IS, Mascotte F, et al. Acute kidney injury: incidence, risk factors, and outcomes in severe COVID-19 patients. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0251042.

Performance of clinical scoring and microscopic combinations for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis with the GenXpert criteria L. Susanti, Anita; T. Khairunnisa, Anindita; Firdaus, Firman; K. P. Dewi, Ania; Ratunanda, Susanti; Anggraeny, Dian
ACTA Medical Health Sciences Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023): ACTA Medical Health Sciences
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Pulmonary tuberculosis is a prominent health issue in Indonesia, which ranks second in the world regarding the number of patients. Rapid tuberculosis detection is crucial for early treatment, a better prognosis, and a reduction in disease transmission; however, the availability of molecular rapid tests is limited. Cross-sectional design and retrospective analyses of pre-pandemic data from 723 patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis from 2017 to 2019 were conducted in this study. The study aimed to assess the performance of clinical scoring and microscopic examination in tuberculosis diagnosis at RSUD Sayang Cianjur. The effectiveness of sequential (two-stage) and simultaneous combinations of clinical scoring and sputum smear microscopic were investigated. Performance assessments consisted of 2x2 tables, calculation according to Gordis, and Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) analysis, with GenXpert results as the gold standard. The results showed lower performance of the individually performed scoring system, with clinical scoring having a sensitivity of 34.44% and a specificity of 97.15%. Microscopic Acid Fast Bacteria (AFB) had a sensitivity of 70.20% and a specificity of 98.57%. The net sensitivity of the sequential combination was 28.48%, and the specificity was 99.05%. The net sensitivity of the simultaneous combination was 77.15%, and the specificity was 95.72%. The area under the curve from the sequential diagnostic method was 0.728, and the area under the curve of the simultaneous diagnostic was 0.884. The sequential and simultaneous combinations of clinical scoring and the AFB microscopy improved the test performance. The simultaneous combination performed slightly better than the sequential combination. DOI : 10.35990/amhs.v2n2.p63-72 REFERENCE Bagcchi S. WHO's Global Tuberculosis Report 2022. Lancet Microbe. 2023;4(1):e20. Pandey D, Yadav A. Efficacy of Gene Xpert over other diagnostic modalities of tuberculosis among children. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2019;6(4):1545–51. Shi J, Dong W, Ma Y, Liang Q, Shang Y, Wang F, et al. GeneXpert MTB/RIF Outperforms Mycobacterial Culture in Detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Salivary Sputum. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:1514381. Mechal Y, Benaissa E, El Mrimar N, Benlahlou Y, Bssaibis F, Zegmout A, et al. Evaluation of GeneXpert MTB/RIF system performances in the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):1069. Mukhida S, Vyawahare CR, Mirza SB, Gandham NR, Khan S, Kannuri S, et al. Role of GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of cervical lymph node tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance. Tzu Chi Med J. 2022;34(4):418–22. Vassall A, Siapka M, Foster N, Cunnama L, Ramma L, Fielding K, et al. Cost-effectiveness of Xpert MTB/RIF for tuberculosis diagnosis in South Africa: a real-world cost analysis and economic evaluation. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(7):e710–9. Khumsri J, Hanvoravongchai P, Hiransuthikul N, Chuchottaworn C. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Xpert MTB/RIF for Multi-Outcomes of Patients With Presumptive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Thailand. Value Health Reg Issues. 2020;21:264–71. World Health Organization. Automated Real-Time Nucleic Acid Amplification Technology for Rapid and Simultaneous Detection of Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance: Xpert MTB/RIF Assay for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary TB in Adults and Children: Policy Update. Geneva: WHO; 2013. Chakraborty A, Ramaswamy S, Shivananjiah AJ, Puttaswamy RB, Chikkavenkatappa N. The role of GeneXpert in the diagnosis of tubercular pleural effusion in India. Adv Respir Med. 2019;87(5):276–80. Directorate General of Prevention and Disease Control. Tuberculosis Control in Indonesia 2022. Jakarta: Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia; 2022. Gurung SC, Dixit K, Rai B, Dhital R, Paudel PR, Acharya S, et al. Comparative Yield of Tuberculosis during Active Case Finding Using GeneXpert or Smear Microscopy for Diagnostic Testing in Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2021;6(2). Agrawal M, Bajaj A, Bhatia V, Dutt S. Comparative Study of GeneXpert with ZN Stain and Culture in Samples of Suspected Pulmonary Tuberculosis. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(5):DC09–12. Agizew T, Boyd R, Auld AF, Payton L, Pals SL, Lekone P, et al. Treatment outcomes, diagnostic and therapeutic impact: Xpert vs. smear. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2019;23(1):82–92. Orlando S, Triulzi I, Ciccacci F, Palla I, Palombi L, Marazzi MC, et al. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in HIV+ patients in Mozambique: A cost-effectiveness analysis of screening protocols. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0200523. Subuh M, Priohutomo S, Widaningrum C. Pedoman Nasional Pengendalian Tuberkulosis. Dinihari TN, Siagian V, editors. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan, Kemenkes RI; 2014. Baik Y, Rickman HM, Hanrahan CF, Mmolawa L, Kitonsa PJ, Sewelana T, et al. A clinical score for identifying active tuberculosis while awaiting microbiological results: Development and validation of a multivariable prediction model in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Med. 2020;17(11):e1003420. Hanifa Y, Fielding KL, Chihota VN, Adonis L, Charalambous S, Foster N, et al. A clinical scoring system to prioritise investigation for tuberculosis among adults attending HIV clinics in South Africa. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0181519. Balcha TT, Skogmar S, Sturegard E, Schon T, Winqvist N, Reepalu A, et al. A Clinical Scoring Algorithm for Determination of the Risk of Tuberculosis in HIV-Infected Adults: A Cohort Study Performed at Ethiopian Health Centers. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014;1(3):ofu095. Zimba O, Tamuhla T, Basotli J, Letsibogo G, Pals S, Mathebula U, et al. The effect of sputum quality and volume on the yield of bacteriologically-confirmed TB by Xpert MTB/RIF and smear. Pan Afr Med J. 2019;33:110. Gordis L. Epidemiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2014. Nahm FS. Receiver operating characteristic curve: overview and practical use for clinicians. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2022;75(1):25–36.

Studying the influence of guava fruitghurt on Escherichia coli coloniesin rats’ digestive tracts K. P. Dewi, Ania; D Mahendra, Gilang; Ambarukmi, Fransiska
ACTA Medical Health Sciences Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023): ACTA Medical Health Sciences
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A balanced microbiota can play a role in the host's defense mechanism against pathogenic infections. E. coli is a harmless and beneficial commensal. An increase in bacteria will change their nature to become pathogens that can cause gastrointestinal disease, such as diarrhea. The management of such condition can be managed in several ways, including the consumption of probiotics. Fruitghurt is a variant of yogurt that is made using fruit juice. L. acidophilus is resistant to stomach acid; it can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and can maintain the number of live bacteria up to 107/ml. The research design used was experimental. The research subjects were white rats (Rattus norvegicus), with the Wistar strain as many as 27 rats. They were divided into 3 groups: 1. K (-),a negative control group that was not induced by E. coli and was not given fruitghurt; 2. K (+)a positive control group that was given E.coli, but not treated by fruitghurt; and 3. P1, the treatment group that was induced with E.coli and treated by fruitghurt. The results showed that guava fruitghurt could reduce E. coli colonies. The number of E. coli colonies after being given fruitghurt was 161, while in the rats that were not given fruitghurt, there were 258 colonies. Guava fruitghurt can reduce E. coli because of the flavonoid, tannin, and polyphenol contents found in red guava, which act as protein coagulators, antibacterials, and toxins, as well as L. acidophilus bacteria that can inhibit the growth and attachment of pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract and inhibit the spread of pathogenic bacteria. DOI : 10.35990/amhs.v2n2.p73-80 REFERENCE Bagcchi S. WHO's Global Tuberculosis Report 2022. Lancet Microbe. 2023;4(1):e20. Pandey D, Yadav A. Efficacy of gene xpert over other diagnostic modalities of tuberculosis among children. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2019;6(4):1545-51. Shi J, Dong W, Ma Y, Liang Q, Shang Y, Wang F, et al. GeneXpert MTB/RIF Outperforms Mycobacterial Culture in Detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Salivary Sputum. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:1514381. Mechal Y, Benaissa E, El Mrimar N, Benlahlou Y, Bssaibis F, Zegmout A, et al. Evaluation of GeneXpert MTB/RIF system performances in the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):1069. Mukhida S, Vyawahare CR, Mirza SB, Gandham NR, Khan S, Kannuri S, et al. Role of GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of cervical lymph node tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance. Tzu Chi Med J. 2022;34(4):418-22. Vassall A, Siapka M, Foster N, Cunnama L, Ramma L, Fielding K, et al. Cost-effectiveness of Xpert MTB/RIF for tuberculosis diagnosis in South Africa: a real-world cost analysis and economic evaluation. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(7):e710-e9. Khumsri J, Hanvoravongchai P, Hiransuthikul N, Chuchottaworn C. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Xpert MTB/RIF for Multi-Outcomes of Patients With Presumptive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Thailand. Value Health Reg Issues. 2020;21:264-71. World Health Organization. Automated Real-Time Nucleic Acid Amplification Technology for Rapid and Simultaneous Detection of Tuberculosis and Rifampicin Resistance: Xpert MTB/RIF Assay for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary TB in Adults and Children: Policy Update. Geneva: WHO; 2013. Chakraborty A, Ramaswamy S, Shivananjiah AJ, Puttaswamy RB, Chikkavenkatappa N. The role of genexpert in the diagnosis of tubercular pleural effusion in India. Adv Respir Med. 2019;87(5):276-80. Directorate General of Prevention and Disease Control. Tuberculosis Control in Indonesia 2022. Jakarta: Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia; 2022. Gurung SC, Dixit K, Rai B, Dhital R, Paudel PR, Acharya S, et al. Comparative Yield of Tuberculosis during Active Case Finding Using GeneXpert or Smear Microscopy for Diagnostic Testing in Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2021;6(2). Agrawal M, Bajaj A, Bhatia V, Dutt S. Comparative Study of GeneXpert with ZN Stain and Culture in Samples of Suspected Pulmonary Tuberculosis. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(5):DC09-12. Agizew T, Boyd R, Auld AF, Payton L, Pals SL, Lekone P, et al. Treatment outcomes, diagnostic and therapeutic impact: Xpert vs. smear. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2019;23(1):82-92. Orlando S, Triulzi I, Ciccacci F, Palla I, Palombi L, Marazzi MC, et al. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in HIV+ patients in Mozambique: A cost-effectiveness analysis of screening protocols based on four symptom screening, smear microscopy, urine LAM test and Xpert MTB/RIF. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0200523. Subuh M, Priohutomo S, Widaningrum C. Pedoman Nasional Pengendalian Tuberkulosis. In: Dinihari TN, Siagian V, editors. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2014. Baik Y, Rickman HM, Hanrahan CF, Mmolawa L, Kitonsa PJ, Sewelana T, et al. A clinical score for identifying active tuberculosis while awaiting microbiological results: Development and validation of a multivariable prediction model in sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS Med. 2020;17(11):e1003420. Hanifa Y, Fielding KL, Chihota VN, Adonis L, Charalambous S, Foster N, et al. A clinical scoring system to prioritise investigation for tuberculosis among adults attending HIV clinics in South Africa. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0181519. Balcha TT, Skogmar S, Sturegard E, Schon T, Winqvist N, Reepalu A, et al. A Clinical Scoring Algorithm for Determination of the Risk of Tuberculosis in HIV-Infected Adults: A Cohort Study Performed at Ethiopian Health Centers. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014;1(3):ofu095. Zimba O, Tamuhla T, Basotli J, Letsibogo G, Pals S, Mathebula U, et al. The effect of sputum quality and volume on the yield of bacteriologically-confirmed TB by Xpert MTB/RIF and smear. Pan Afr Med J. 2019;33:110. Gordis L. Epidemiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2014. Nahm FS. Receiver operating characteristic curve: overview and practical use for clinicians. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2022;75(1):25-36.

Relationship between D-dimer level and severity in COVID-19 cases at Dustira Hospital Roslaeni, Rini; N Nawangsih, Eka; Judarisa, Tristy
ACTA Medical Health Sciences Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023): ACTA Medical Health Sciences
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Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging disease with clinical symptoms similar to severe pneumonia. It is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 encompasses various degrees of severity, including mild, moderate, severe, and critical. One of the supporting tests used to detect COVID-19 is the D-dimer test. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the relationship between D-dimer levels and the severity of COVID-19. The study was conducted at Dustira Hospital in West Java, Indonesia, from September 2022 to January 2023. D-dimer examination utilizes the Sysmex CS-2500 instrument, with a reference value of <0.5 mg/L. A sample of 42 patients was selected using the purposive sampling technique. The results revealed that the majority of confirmed COVID-19 cases were female (59.5%), with the highest proportion in the age groups of 41-50 years and 51-60 years (33.3%). Among the patients, 52.4% had moderate severity, and 64.3% had increased D-dimer levels. The average D-dimer levels in patients with moderate, severe, and critical symptoms were 0.97 mg/L, 2.33 mg/L, and 4.35 mg/L, respectively. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, which indicated a significant difference in D-dimer levels based on the severity of COVID-19 (p=0.0001). Elevated D-dimer levels occur as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which triggers an exaggerated inflammatory response leading to a cytokine storm. This, in turn, causes endothelial cell dysfunction and stimulates an excessive immune response, resulting in immune cells attacking healthy tissue. The severity of symptoms worsens as the D-dimer level increases. DOI : 10.35990/amhs.v2n2.p81-87 REFERENCE World Health Organization. WHO Official COVID-19 Info [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Jul 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 Magdalena, Sugiri YJ, Tantular R, Listyoko A. Karakteristik Klinis Pasien COVID-19 di Rumah Sakit Dr. Saiful Anwar, Malang. J Respirol Indones. 2021;41(1):7–14. Susilo A, Rumende CM, Pitoyo CW, Santoso WD, Yulianti M, Herikurniawan H, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019: Tinjauan Literatur Terkini. J Penyakit Dalam Indones. 2020;7(1):45–67. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Peta Sebaran Transmisi Lokal dan Wilayah Terkonfirmasi [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jul 18]. Available from: https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/dashboard/covid-19 Burhan E, Susanto AD, Nasution SA, Eka G, Pitoyo Ceva W, Susilo A, et al. Pedoman Tatalaksana COVID-19. 4th ed. Jakarta: 2022. p. 1–10. Willim HA, Hardigaloeh AT, Supit AI. Koagulopati pada Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19): Tinjauan pustaka. Intisari Sains Medis. 2020;11(3):749–56. Akbar MNA, Rahardjo AM, Parti DD, Sakinah EN. Analisis Hubungan NLR, D-dimer dan Saturasi Oksigen dengan Derajat Keparahan COVID-19 di RSU Kaliwates Jember. J Agromed Med Sci. 2022;8(1):51–5. Yao Y, Cao J, Wang Q, Shi Q, Liu K, Luo Z, et al. D-dimer as a biomarker for disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients: A case control study. J Intensive Care. 2020;8(49):2–11. Nemec HM, Ferenczy A, Iii BDC, Ashley DW, Montgomery A. Correlation of D-dimer and Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients. Am Surg. 2022;88:2115–8. Afandi D. Kaidah dasar bioetika dalam pengambilan keputusan klinis yang etis. Majalah Kedokteran Andalas. 2017;40(2):111–21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Provisional COVID-19 Deaths by Sex and Age. 2023. Neves MT, de Matos LV, Vasques AC, Sousa IE, Ferreira I, Peres S, et al. COVID-19 and aging: Identifying measures of severity. SAGE Open Med. 2021;9:1–6. Liu Y, Mao B, Liang S, Yang JW, Lu HW, Chai YH, et al. Association between age and clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5). Kurnianto E, Putra DH, Fannya P, Dewi DR. Tinjauan karakteristik pasien dengan kasus positif COVID-19 di Puskesmas Kecamatan Matraman. Indones Health Inf Manag J. 2021;9(2):102–8. Khaerunnisa R, Rumana NA, Yulia N, Fannya P. Gambaran Karakteristik Pasien COVID-19 di Rumah Sakit Mekar Sari Bekasi Tahun 2020–2021. J Manaj Inf Kesehat Indones. 2022;10(1):72. Berger JS, Kunichoff D, Adhikari S, Ahuja T, Amoroso N, Aphinyanaphongs Y, et al. Prevalence and Outcomes of D-Dimer Elevation in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. 2020;(Oct):2539–47. Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844–7. Roslaeni R. Telaah Pustaka: D-Dimer Pada Pasien COVID-19. Med Kartika. 2022;5(3):332–42. Atmaja KS, Wicaksana AAGOS, Putra IWAS, Putra WWS. Hubungan konsentrasi serum C-Reactive Protein dan D-dimer dengan derajat keparahan dan mortalitas pasien COVID-19. Intisari Sains Medis. 2021;12(2):680. Ardiani S, Tursinawati Y, Wahab Z. Hubungan D-Dimer dengan Ketahanan Hidup Pasien Covid-19 Derajat Berat-Kritis di RSUD Tugurejo Semarang. Health Med J. 2022;5(1):44–9.

Anti-HIV Transcriptase Herbs: A Review Hasan, Khomaini; N Ferdianti, Fine; P Y Paryati, Sayu
ACTA Medical Health Sciences Vol. 2 No. 2 (2023): ACTA Medical Health Sciences
Publisher : ACTA Medical Health Sciences

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To date, combination antiretroviral (ARV) medication is considered the most effective treatment for people infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The primary purpose of ARV administration is to reduce the viral load, thereby enhancing HIV patients' immunological condition and minimizing mortality from opportunistic infections. Nowadays, a combination of NRTI (nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor) and NNRTI (non-nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor) is accepted therapy for HIV patients. Both have a mechanism for inhibiting the reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme during viral replication. Reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme that plays a role in the reverse transcription stage of the virus reproduction process. HIV RT converts proviral RNA into DNA, and the copy infects the host or target cell. The use of RT inhibitors for HIV-infected patients is becoming more common. Many investigations were conducted on plants that have the potential to operate as anti-HIV RT. In this review, we go over some of the potential herbs that serve as RT inhibitors. In this literature review, a search was carried out with the help of several search engines that matched the criteria, namely reverse transcriptase herbal inhibitors for HIV. The author came to the conclusion that there were 18 plants with relatively high activity as anti-HIV medicines with varied traits and working mechanisms from 162 papers gathered based on keywords. Furthermore, the findings of this study will serve as the foundation for the development of anti-HIV herbs as well as a source of antiretroviral therapy ingredients in the future. DOI : 10.35990/amhs.v2n2.p96-108 REFERENCE (2019). Global HIV and AIDS statistics 2019 Fact Sheet. World AIDS Day 2019 Fact Sheet, 1(1), 1–6. World Health Organization. (2016). Integrating collaborative TB and HIV services within a comprehensive package of care for people who inject drugs: Consolidated guidelines (45 p.). Retrieved from: who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html Karyadi, T. H. (2017). Keberhasilan Pengobatan Antiretroviral (ARV). Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia, 4(1), 2–4. Kufel, W. D. (2016). Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI) Associated Macrocytosis. International Journal of Virology & AIDS, 3(1). Pau, A. K., & George, J. M. (2014). Antiretroviral therapy: Current drugs. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 28(3), 371–402. Schinazi, R., Kohler, J., & Kim, B. (2017). Reverse Transcription. Seitz, R. (2016). Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy, 43(3), 203–222. Poltronieri, P., Sun, B., & Mallardo, M. (2015). RNA Viruses: RNA Roles in Pathogenesis, Co-replication and Viral Load. Current Genomics, 16(5), 327–335. Marintcheva, B. (2018). Viral Tools for In Vitro Manipulations of Nucleic Acids. In Harnessing the Power of Viruses (pp. 27–67). Kuete, V. (2017). Allium sativum. In Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa (pp. 363–377). Academic Press. Yamaguchi, Y., & Kumagai, H. (2019). Characteristics, biosynthesis, decomposition, metabolism and functions of the garlic odour precursor, S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 15, 1528–1535. Divya, B. J., Suman, B., Venkataswamy, M., & Thyagaraju, K. (2017). A Study on Phytochemicals, Functional Groups and Mineral Composition of Allium sativum (Garlic) Cloves. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 9(3), 42. Rouf, R., Jamal, S., Kumer, D., & Torequl, M. (2020). Antiviral potential of garlic (Allium sativum) and its organosulfur compounds: A systematic update of pre-clinical and clinical data. Trends in Food Science & Technology. Klopper, R. R., & Smith, G. F. (2013). Aloes of the world: When, where and who? Aloe, 50(1&2), 44–52. Mulaudzi, R. B. (2012). Pharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants used by Venda people against venereal and related diseases. Gómez-Cansino, R., et al. (2015). Antimycobacterial and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity of Julianaceae and Clusiaceae plant species from Mexico. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015. Valdiani, A., et al. (2012). Nain-e havandi Andrographis paniculata: A plenary review. Molecular Biology Reports, 39(5), 5409–5424. Jeeva, J. J. (2014). Andrographis paniculata: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 3(4). Gurrapu, S. (2017). In vitro HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibition. European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, November. Sanower Hossain, M., et al. (2014). A review of ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, 1–28. Patin, E. W., Zaini, M. A., & Sulastri, Y. (2018). Influence of dried temperature variation on tea leaf (Andrographis paniculata). 2018;4(1):251–8. Bonvicini, F., et al. (2018). Hemidesmus indicus extract inhibits herpes simplex replication. New Microbiologica, 41(3), 187–194. Turrini, E., et al. (2018). Antigenotoxic profile of Hemidesmus indicus on T lymphoblastic cells. Toxins (Basel), 10(2). Rastogi, J., & Rana, S. (2018). Economic importance of some invasive alien species in Uttarakhand, India. Advances in Biores, 9(91), 59–65. Esposito, F., et al. (2017). Multi-target HIV-1 activity of Hemidesmus indicus decoction. Pathogens and Disease, 75(6), 1–5. Kiren, Y., et al. (2014). Justidrusamides A-D from Justicia gendarussa. Journal of Natural Medicines, 68(4), 754–758. Zhang, H. J., et al. (2017). Inhibitor of drug-resistant HIV-1 strains from Justicia gendarussa. Journal of Natural Products, 80(6), 1798–1807. Widiyanti, P., et al. (2015). Reverse transcriptase inhibition by gendarussin A from Justicia gendarussa. Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease, 5(5), 136. Widodo, A. (2019). Prediction of pharmacokinetics and HIV-1 protease inhibitor activity of Justicia gendarussa leaves. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Practice, 6(1), 1–5. Gupta, S., & Gupta, P. (2020). The genus Calophyllum: Ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacology. Bioactive Natural Products in Drug Discovery, 215–242. Bernabé-Antonio, A. (2014). Biological importance of phytochemicals from Calophyllum brasiliense. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(10), 1502–1517. Kumari, N., et al. (2015). Curcumin A: A novel inhibitor of HIV-1. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 9, 5051–5060. Dwevedi, A., & Dwivedi, R. (2016). Pharmacognosy Reviews. Bortolotti, M., et al. (2019). Momordica charantia as anti-inflammatory. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10(May), 1–9. Khan, M., et al. (2023). Anti-HIV-1 activity of MoMo30 protein from Momordica balsamina. Virology Journal, 20(1), 1–15. K., & Mohan, V. (2009). In vitro propagation of Phyllanthus urinaria. Researcher, 1, 56–61. Sigidi, M. T., et al. (2017). Anti-HIV and cytotoxicity properties of Venda plants. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 16(4), 545–552. Ghosh, B. M., et al. (2022). Medicinal insights on Phyllanthus amarus. Nucleus (India), 65, 437–472. Chinsembu, K. C. (2019). Chemical diversity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors from plants. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy, 29(4), 504–528. Narayan, L. C., et al. (2013). Emerging need for phytopharmaceuticals in HIV treatment. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 6(1), 218–223. Ramadass, N., & Subramanian, N. (2018). Phytochemical screening of neem (Azadirachta indica). International Journal of Zoological Studies, 3(1), 209–212. Awah, F. M., et al. (2011). Anti-HIV and immunomodulatory potentials of neem. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 5(11), 1353–1359. Ye, X. J., & Ng, T. B. (2011). HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory proteins from mini-black soybean. 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Siska Telly Pratiwi

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amhs@fk.unjani.ac.id

Editorial Address
Faculty of Medicine University Jenderal Ahmad Yani Jl. Terusan Jend.Sudirman PO BOX 148 Cimahi.

Location
Kota cimahi,

Jawa barat

INDONESIA

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Home Page

OAI Link

Editorial Team

Contact

Reviewer

Google Scholar

Contact Name Siska Telly Pratiwi

Contact Email amhs@fk.unjani.ac.id

Phone +6281322585754

Journal Mail Official amhs@fk.unjani.ac.id

Editorial Address Faculty of Medicine University Jenderal Ahmad Yani Jl. Terusan Jend.Sudirman PO BOX 148 Cimahi.

Location Kota cimahi, Jawa barat INDONESIA

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Contact Name
Siska Telly Pratiwi

Contact Email
amhs@fk.unjani.ac.id

Phone
+6281322585754

Journal Mail Official
amhs@fk.unjani.ac.id

Editorial Address
Faculty of Medicine University Jenderal Ahmad Yani Jl. Terusan Jend.Sudirman PO BOX 148 Cimahi.

Location
Kota cimahi,

Jawa barat

INDONESIA