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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product
Published by Universitas Ngudi Waluyo
ISSN : 26563215     EISSN : 26156903     DOI : 10.35473
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology
This journal is aimed as promoting principled approach to research on pharmacy that covers a broad range of topics engaging a good relationship in theoretical and practical. This journal covers: Pharmacology Pharmacognosy Analytical Chemistry Pharmaceutical Technology Social and Management Pharmacy
Arjuna Subject : Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics - Ilmu Farmasi
Articles 151 Documents
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Efficacy of Starfruit Leaf Ethanol Extract Gel on Second-Degree Burns in Wistar Rats Pancarani, Amalia Rizky; Fadhilah, Arini
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product Vol. 8 No. 02 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product
Publisher : Universitas Ngudi Waluyo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35473/ijpnp.v8i02.4338

Abstract

Burn injuries are injures caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, or radiation exposure. Secondary metabolites found in starfruit (Averrhoa carambola) leaves—such as saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids—have the potential to accelerate the healing of burn wounds. The main objective of this research is to evaluate the effects of a topical gel made from ethanol extract of starfruit leaves at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, and to determine the most effective concentration for burn wound healing. This study used an experimental method involving 25 Wistar rats, divided into 5 groups. The burn wound model was created by inducing second-degree burns on the rats' backs using a metal disc with a diameter of 2 cm, applied to the skin for 5 seconds. After the burn was induced, the gel was applied topically twice a day for 15 consecutive days. The healing process was observed macroscopically by measuring the percentage of wound closure and using a modified Nagaoka scoring system. The data obtained from this study showed that the ethanol extract gel of starfruit leaves effectively accelerated the healing of second-degree burns. Tukey's test results indicated that the 15% concentration of the gel produced a statistically significant effect compared to the negative control group (p = 0.012), and was identified as the most effective treatment group, with a burn wound healing percentage of 86.15±0.90%, which was noticeably higher than that of the other groups. Based on analysis using wound healing percentage and Nagaoka scores, the optimal concentration was 15% with healing time equivalent to the positive control group.
Mapping the Prevalence and Most Common Types of Potentially Inappropriate Medications (PIMs) in Older Adults with Polypharmacy: A Decade-Long Scoping Review in Nursing Home Settings Putra, I Gede Iswara Pranidhana; Fauziningtyas, Rista; Zairina, Elida
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product Vol. 8 No. 02 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product
Publisher : Universitas Ngudi Waluyo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35473/ijpnp.v8i02.4340

Abstract

Polypharmacy among older adults significantly influences the prevalence of potentially inappropriate medication (PIMs). Most existing studies have focused on community-dwelling older adults and primary health care settings. However, a comprehensive overview of the use of PIMs among older adults in nursing homes is still lacking. This study aimed to map the scientific evidence regarding the prevalence and most commonly reported PIMs in nursing homes. This scoping review was conducted based on a literature search of four electronic databases on July 29, 2025. We included observational studies published in English that reported the prevalence and types of PIMs in older adults residing in nursing homes. A total of 1,030 records were identified, and 13 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of PIM among older adults in nursing homes varied widely, ranging from 27.2% to 96.3%. Benzodiazepines and proton pump inhibitors were the most frequently reported PIMs. All the included studies were conducted in middle- and high-income countries. Future research should address the geographical evidence gap by conducting studies in underrepresented regions, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, to improve the generalizability of the findings.
Enhancing Public Understanding of Self-Medication through The Android-Based “E-Farmasi” Application at Alif Pharmacy, Sidrap Regency Shabran Hadiq; Lidiawati, Dewi; Hakim, Reny Anggriany; Hasrul, Hasrul
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product Vol. 8 No. 02 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product
Publisher : Universitas Ngudi Waluyo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35473/ijpnp.v8i02.4410

Abstract

Self-medication is defined as the practice of treating minor ailments without a doctor’s prescription, which, if not carried out properly, may pose significant health risks. A lack of understanding regarding the appropriate use of medicines remains a major challenge in self-medication practices. This study aims to analyze the effect of utilizing the Android-based “E-Farmasi” application on public understanding of self-medication, implemented at Alif Pharmacy, Sidrap Regency. The research employed a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method, using a pretest–posttest design involving 53 respondents who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results demonstrated that the mean understanding scores of respondents before and after the intervention were 7.00±0.94 and 9.21±0.99, respectively, with a p-value of 0.000 < 0.05 based on the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. These findings indicate a significant effect on respondents’ understanding of independent medication use after utilizing the application. The educational and interactive features of “E-Farmasi” proved effective in providing accurate and easily accessible information regarding drug types, dosages, and side effects. This study recommends further development of the application as a practical and modern public health education strategy, with future research conducted across multiple pharmacies.
The Relationship Between Patient Characteristics and Satisfaction with Pharmaceutical Services at Gamping 2 Sleman Community Health Center Syahyeri, Afrizal; Nuri Alvita, Stefani; Larasati, Niken
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product Vol. 8 No. 02 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product
Publisher : Universitas Ngudi Waluyo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35473/ijpnp.v8i02.4422

Abstract

Pharmacy services in community health centers are essential for directly interacting with patients and improving their quality of life related to medication use. Health centers must provide good services to achieve patient satisfaction. Factors like occupation, education, gender, and age may affect patient satisfaction levels. This study aims to explore the relationship between patient characteristics and satisfaction with pharmaceutical services at Gamping 2 Sleman Commmunity Health Center. The study used a cross-sectional approach and analytical observational method to identify relationships between variables. Data collection involved purposive sampling based on specific criteria. For analysis, the researchers applied the Kruskal-Wallis test. Most patients at Gamping 2 Sleman Community Health Center were aged 17 to 25 years (31%), female (74%), with an equal number of employed and unemployed patients (50% each). Most had secondary education (senior/vocational high school) (45%). Patient satisfaction was rated very high across all dimensions, with the highest percentage in the assurance dimension (81.20%) and the lowest in the responsiveness dimension (79.10%). The Kruskal-Wallis test indicated a significant relationship between age and satisfaction level (p = 0.023 < 0.05). However, no relationship was found between gender, education, or occupation and satisfaction level. In conclusion, age was significantly linked to satisfaction level, while gender, education, and occupation were not.
Optimization of Lip Balm Formulation of Cucumber Fruit Extract (Cucumic Sativus L.) Sulistyianingsih; Ika Buana januarti; Badrus Sholeh; Lisa Listia Ningrum; Khaila Khairunnisa
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product Vol. 8 No. 02 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product
Publisher : Universitas Ngudi Waluyo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35473/ijpnp.v8i02.3962

Abstract

Cucumber is one of the herbal plants that contains antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that are used to overcome skin problems, so it is suitable for use in making lip balm. The purpose of this study was to obtain the results of optimization of the formulation and physical evaluation of the preparation of cucumber fruit extract lip balm (cucumic sativus l.) that meets the requirements. This type of research is experimental, with the Simplex Lattice Design approach. Then the physical evaluation test of the preparation was carried out including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, adhesive power, and melting point. The results of the organoleptic test were bone white, peppermint oil odor, and semi-solid texture. The homogeneity test showed that there were no coarse grains. The pH test obtained results according to the requirements of 4.5 - 8. The adhesion test obtained results according to the requirements >4 seconds. And in the melting point test the results were according to the requirements of 50 -70 0 C. Analysis of SPSS 25 results using one sample t-test, obtained pH test results of 0.076, adhesion test of 0.627, and melting point test of 0.410, thus showing a value (p>0.05) which means there is no significant difference between the predicted value and the experimental results.
Comparative Potential of Cream Preparations As Tyrosinase Inhibition Between Ethanolic Extracts of Kepel Leaves (Stelechocarpus burahol (Blume) Hook f. & Thomson) and Pulasari Bark (Alyxia reinwardii Blume) Endang Dwi Wulansari; Endang Diyah Ikasari; Adilah Athtahirah; Dharu Fajar Dwikha Timronna
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product Vol. 8 No. 02 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product
Publisher : Universitas Ngudi Waluyo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35473/ijpnp.v8i02.4307

Abstract

The problem of skin hyperpigmentation due to excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays is a primary concern in the development of cosmetic preparations based on natural ingredients. The enzyme tyrosinase plays a crucial role in the melanin formation process, making it a key target in the formulation of skin-lightening agents. This study evaluated the potential of cream preparations containing ethanol extract of Kepel leaf (Stelechocarpus burahol) and pulasari bark (Alyxia reinwardii) as tyrosinase inhibitors. The extract is obtained through the maceration method using a 96% ethanol solvent and then formulated into a cream preparation with concentrations of 1.25% and 2.5%. Physical characteristics tests (viscosity, pH, dispersibility, adhesion, homogenity) and tyrosinase enzyme inhibition activity tests were performed in vitro using ELISA instruments or microplate readers. The results showed that increased concentration of the extract affected the physical properties of the preparation and increased inhibition ability against tyrosinase, but statistical tests showed insignificant differences in results. Formulations with a concentration of 2.5% showed the highest activity in inhibiting tyrosinase, with pulasari bark extract being more effective than kepel leaves. These findings strengthen the potential of both plants as active ingredients in natural-based skin lightening cosmetic products
Formulation and Activity Testing of Sunscreen Nanoemulsion Cream Derived from 96% Ethanol Extract of Kersen Leaves (Muntingia Calabura L.) Rakhmi Hidayati; Sefi Ela Sari; Yulia Pratiwi; Dessy Erliani Mugita Sari
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product Vol. 8 No. 02 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product
Publisher : Universitas Ngudi Waluyo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35473/ijpnp.v8i02.4365

Abstract

Kersen leaves contain secondary metabolite compounds, including flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and tannins. Nanoemulsion has a colloidal dispersion that has a particle size between 10 and 200 nm. Nanoemulsion was incorporated into a cream base so that when used topically with a relatively small particle size, it can increase the penetration of active substances into the skin. This study aims to determine the physical characteristics and potential of 96% ethanol extract of kersenleaves as a sunscreen based on SPF value. This research is an experimental quantitative research which includes phytochemical screening, making nanoemulsion cream with concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6%., testing the characteristics of the preparations, testing sunscreen activity in vitro using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and statistical data analysis with the SPSS program. The results of phytochemical screening of 96% ethanol extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) showed that the extract positively contained flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and saponins. The results of the nanoemulsion research particle size test obtained a value of 17.65 nm, the zeta potential test (-18.30), and the transmittance percent test (94.224), which has a clear and transparent visual. Nanemulsion cream formulation with variations in the concentration of 96% ethanol extract nanoemulsion of kersen leaves at F0 (-), F1 (2%), F2 (4%), and F3 (6%) produced has good organoleptic properties and homogeneity, viscosity ranges from 2000 to 50,000 cPs, spreadability ranges from 5 to 7 cm, adhesive power is greater than 1 second, pH preparation is in the range of 4.5 to 6.5, and it is an oil-in-water emulsion type. In the results of the sunscreen activity test, the SPF value obtained at F0 (0.72) has no potential as a sunscreen, F1 (12.15) was in the maximum protection category, F2 (17.34) was in the ultra protection category, and F3 (30.56) was in the ultra protection category. Nanemulsion cream, a 96% ethanol extract of kersenleaves, has potential as a sunscreen. The most optimal nanemulsion cream formula was at an F3 concentration of 6%, with an SPF value of 30.53, entering the ultra protection category.
Antibiotic Utilization Patterns at Sidorejo Kidul Community Health Center, Salatiga City in April 2025 Tahtania Pramaesti, Saffra; Ndari Asiyah; Hesti Prasetiyaningrum; Anifatul Maula; Anita Kumala Hati
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product Vol. 8 No. 02 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product
Publisher : Universitas Ngudi Waluyo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35473/ijpnp.v8i02.4390

Abstract

Inappropriate antibiotic use remains a serious public health problem, contributing to increasing rates of bacterial resistance, including multidrug resistance. Although the government has issued official guidelines through Minister of Health Regulation No. 28 of 2021, approximately 60% of Indonesians do not use antibiotics rationally (Yunivita et al., 2024). This study aims to determine the pattern of antibiotic use among outpatients at the Sidorejo Kidul Community Health Center during April 2025. The population in this study was all outpatients receiving antibiotics, with a sample consisting of total patient data that met the criteria. The variables studied included the name of the antibiotic, dosage form, dosage strength, dosage instructions, number of doses administered, and diagnosis or indication for antibiotic use. This study is a descriptive quantitative study with retrospective data collection, namely analysis using a data collection method based on antibiotic use data among patients at the Sidorejo Kidul Community Health Center. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the use of antibiotics was more in female patients than in male patients, namely 60.9%, then for the age group that received the most antibiotics was > 41 years with a percentage of 39.9%, the most widely used antibiotic group was the penicillin group, especially amoxicillin, followed by the fluoroquinolone and cephaloporin groups, the most widely used dosage form was tablets. Thus, it can be concluded that the Pattern of Antibiotic Use at the Sidorejo Kidul Community Health Center is dominated by amoxicillin in tablet form in adult patients and is in accordance with the reference and diagnosis of the disease.
In Silico Evaluation of Black Cumin Oil Constituents for Selective Anti-Inflammatory Inhibitor of COX-2 And 5-LOX Mufidah, Syarifatul; Putri Rachma Novitasari; Prita Anggraini Kartika Sari; Hani Badriyah Hidayati
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product Vol. 8 No. 02 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product
Publisher : Universitas Ngudi Waluyo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35473/ijpnp.v8i02.4420

Abstract

Black cumin oil (Nigella sativa) is widely known for its anti-inflammatory properties, attributed to various bioactive compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the binding affinity and selectivity of five major compounds from black cumin oil: dithymoquinone, thymoquinone, thymohydroquinone, p-cymene, and thymol, against key inflammatory enzymes: COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX, using an in silico approach. All compounds were assessed for drug-likeness using Lipinski’s Rule of Five before molecular docking with AutoDock Vina. Celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, was used as a reference compound. Dithymoquinone demonstrated strong binding affinity to COX-2 (-9.3 kcal/mol) and 5-LOX (-8.4 kcal/mol), comparable to celecoxib (-9.9 and -8.3 kcal/mol, respectively), while showing lower affinity for COX-1 (-7.5 kcal/mol). The interaction analysis revealed hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces with several active site residues, suggesting a stable and selective interaction. Other compounds showed moderate to high affinity but lacked the same degree of selectivity due to their interaction with COX-1. These findings indicate that dithymoquinone has the potential to act as a selective anti-inflammatory agent with a reduced risk of gastrointestinal side effects commonly associated with non-selective NSAIDs. The results support further investigation of dithymoquinone in preclinical and clinical settings to validate its efficacy and safety.
Sub-Chronic Toxicity Test of Solid Self Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (S-Snedds) Hydrochlorothiazide in Male Rats Yulianto, Asep Nurrahman; Widyaningsih, Wahyu; Wahyuningsih, Iis; Fadilah, Ilham; Tajudin, Tatang
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product Vol. 8 No. 02 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy and Natural Product
Publisher : Universitas Ngudi Waluyo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35473/ijpnp.v8i02.4434

Abstract

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) is a diuretic thiazide that is commonly used in the treatment of hypertension, although it exhibits has low bioavailability. The development of the Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (S-SNEDDS) is expected to be able to increase the solubility and bioavailability orally administered of HCT. This study aims to evaluate the sub-chronic toxicity of S-SNEDDS HCT formulations by examining biochemical parameters (SGOT, SGPT, BUN, and creatinine), and histopathological analysis of liver, kidney, and heart in male Wistar strain rats. An experimental design with five distinct treatment groups was utilized: negative control (CMC-Na 0,5%), S-SNEDDS base (aerosil), positive control (pure HCT 25 mg/kg BW), S-SNEDDS HCT (25 mg/kg BW), and satellite group (S-SNEDDS HCT 50 mg/kg BW). The treatment spanned for 28-days, followed by a 14-days observation period with no treatment for the satellite group.  The results showed that SGPT, BUN, and creatinine remained normal across all groups, suggesting the absence of liver or kidney damage. Histopathology analysis shows structural changes in the form of degeneration, necrosis, and infiltration of inflammatory cells mainly in the pure HCT and S-SNEDDS HCT groups, however in the satellite group the damage may return to normal when administration is stopped.

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