Molekul: Jurnal Ilmiah Kimia
The MOLEKUL is dedicated to fostering advancements in all branches of chemistry and its diverse sub-disciplines. It aims to publish high-quality research encompassing a wide range of topics, including but not limited to Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Biological Activities of Synthetic Drugs, Environmental Chemistry, Biochemistry, Polymer Chemistry, Petroleum Chemistry, and Agricultural Chemistry. By providing a platform for rigorous scientific inquiry and dissemination of knowledge, the journal strives to contribute to the understanding, innovation, and practical applications of chemistry in various fields. We encourage submissions that explore new methodologies, elucidate fundamental principles, address pressing challenges, and demonstrate the potential for real-world impact. Our journal welcomes original research articles, reviews, and perspectives from researchers, scholars, and professionals across the global scientific community, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration and the advancement of chemical sciences. The scope of this journal encompasses a wide range of topics within the field of chemistry, with a particular focus on advancing knowledge and innovation in the following areas: 1. Theoretical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry: This includes theoretical studies, computational modeling, and experimental investigations related to chemical reactivity, molecular structures, spectroscopy, and the environmental fate and impact of chemicals. 2. Materials Synthesis for Energy and Environmental Applications: The journal welcomes research on the synthesis, characterization, and application of materials for energy storage, catalysis, solar energy conversion, pollution mitigation, and sustainable environmental technologies. 3. Isolation, Purification, and Modification of Biomolecules: Manuscripts addressing the isolation, purification, and modification of biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, along with their applications in areas such as biotechnology, drug discovery, and diagnostics, are of particular interest. 4. Fabrication, Development, and Validation of Analytical Methods: The journal encourages submissions focusing on the development and optimization of analytical techniques, including chromatography, spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and mass spectrometry. Topics may include method validation, sample preparation, quality control, and applications in diverse fields.
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<![CDATA[Adsorption of Rhodamine B on Spherical Activated Carbon synthesized from Waste Bagasse Liquid using Hydrothermal Process ]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 1 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.1.5510
<![CDATA[The dyes of the textile dyeing industry wastewater are harmful to humans and the environment. They should be treated before discharging into the environment. The adsorption using the spherical activated carbon can be effective to reduce the dyes. The spherical activated carbon of 3-7 µm in diameter was successfully prepared from the waste bagasse liquid using the hydrothermal method. The activation of this carbon was carried out using the KOH solution. The optimum pH and contact time were achieved in 2 and 200 min, respectively. Adsorption kinetic for RhB on activated spherical carbon follows the second-order kinetics and its adsorption mechanism follows the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity of spherical activated carbon to Rhodamine B was achieved in 64.52 mg/g.]]>
<![CDATA[Ointment Formulation of Arumanis Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Leaf Extract with Chitosan Tripoliphosphate Matrix as Antibacterial ]]>
<![CDATA[Dian Riana Ningsih]]>;
<![CDATA[Anung Riapanitra]]>;
<![CDATA[Zusfahair Zusfahair]]>;
<![CDATA[Uyi Sulaeman]]>;
<![CDATA[Istinganatun Khoeriyah]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 1 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.1.5725
<![CDATA[This report presented the synthesis of Arumanis mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaf extract with chitosan tripolyphosphate matrix and its antibacterial activity. This research aimed to obtain an ointment formulation from mango leaf extract with chitosan tripolyphosphate matrix, to figure out the characteristics, including the particle morphology, and to determine the optimum formulation and the characterization of the antibacterial ointment. The research showed that extract morphology with chitosan tripolyphosphate was uneven-edge aggregates. Antibacterial tests were conducted on P. acnes and E. coli bacteria. The formula giving the greatest antibacterial activity was further utilized for the ointment preparations and then was characterized for 16 days. Formula C (chitosan and NaTPP 1: 0.0992(%)) gave the most excellent inhibition zone for P. acnes and E. Coli bacteria, at 7.94 mm and 10.02 mm, respectively. The obtained ointment preparation was white color homogeneous semi-solid with protective properties. The spreading power of the ointment was 5.25 – 6.25 cm, with the adhesive power of 1 – 5 seconds and pH of 6.0 – 6.4. The ointment's antibacterial activity was tested against P. acnes and E. coli bacteria using the formation of inhibition zone method. The activity of ointment prepared on day one against P. acnes and E. coli was at 14.03 mm and 14.24 mm, respectively, while the activity on day 16 against P. acnes and E. coli was at 9.33 mm and 9.98 mm, respectively.]]>
<![CDATA[Detoxification of Cadmium on Albino Rats (Rattus norvegicus) with Natural Chelator of Fruiting Body Extract of Ganoderma lucidum ]]>
<![CDATA[Hameda Dhaka Kusuma Taufiq]]>;
<![CDATA[Hernayanti Hernayanti]]>;
<![CDATA[Nuniek Ina Ratnaningtyas]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 1 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.1.5844
<![CDATA[Cadmium is a heavy metal pollutant sourced from various industries and toxic to the kidneys. Cadmium exposure can be used natural chelator of ethanol extract of the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. The aim of the study was to determine the effect and effective dose of the ethanolic extract of the fruiting body of G. lucidum on reducing the toxicity effect of cadmium in male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain. The research design was experimental research, which consisted of 5 treatment levels. The research parameters were blood cadmium, β2-microglobulin, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase levels. The ethanolic extract of fruiting body of G. lucidum was tested by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) to determine linalool as active compounds. The results of each parameter had a significant effect, which decreased blood cadmium, β2M and MDA levels, and increased SOD level that linear according to the addition of the dose of ethanol extract of the fruiting body of G. lucidum. Blood cadmium levels with β2M and MDA levels had a positive correlation, while blood cadmium levels with SOD levels had a negative correlation. The dominant compound detected was linalool which has potential as a radical scavenger. The dose of 750 mg.kgBW-1 is the effective dose of the ethanolic extract of fruiting body of G. lucidum based on a decrease in blood cadmium levels (54.10%), β2M (63.94%) and MDA (20.31%), as well as an increase in SOD levels (14.20%) compared to sick control.]]>
<![CDATA[Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Solid-Phase Extraction (MISPE) for the Determination of Dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) and Its Risk Assessment in Tomatoes ]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 1 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.1.5852
<![CDATA[In this study, the molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase extraction (MISPE) method for the determination of dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) before HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) analysis was conducted. This study aims to analyze the sorption behavior and the potential use of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) for DNOC extraction. MIP was prepared using a combination of methacrylic acid as the functional monomer; ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the crosslinker, benzoyl peroxide as the initiator, and acetonitrile as the porogen. The results showed that the optimum adsorption of the material was achieved at pH 5 for a contact time of 30 min with an adsorption capacity of 137 mg/g. The ideal eluent for desorption was a mixture of methanol and acetic acid with a ratio of 3:1. The calculations showed that the adsorption process followed the Sips adsorption isotherm model (n = 0.967), which indicated adsorption on both homogeneous and monolayer surfaces. Reusability studies that were conducted via three consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles resulted in recovery values of 109.4%, 108.8%, and 101.1%. The concentration of DNOC obtained from tomato samples was 0.65 mg/kg with a recovery rate of 87.17%; this was within the tolerable range between 80% and 110%. Based on the high recovery and low LoQ, this method can be used to quantify DNOC quickly.]]>
<![CDATA[Use of Calixarenes Bearing Benzoyl Groups for the Adsorption of Heavy Metals Cations: Equilibrium and Kinetics Studies ]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 1 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.1.5911
<![CDATA[This study aims to examine the potential of p-tert-butylkalix[4]arene derivatives, namely 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,26,27,28-tetrahydroxy-calix[4]arene (TBCA), and 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25-monohydroxy-26,27,28-tribenzoyloxycalix[4]arene (TBMTCA) as adsorbent for metal cations, such as Pb(II) and Fe(III). The synthesized compounds were characterized using FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The adsorption studies were then carried out with contact time as a parameter, while the kinetics were evaluated using the Lagergren and Ho-McKay equations. The isotherms were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. For the kinetics of TBCA adsorbents, Pb(II) cations followed the Ho-McKay model, while Fe(III) was based on Lagergren. Furthermore, for the TBMTCA adsorbent, Pb(II) followed the Lagergren kinetic model, while Fe(III) was based on the Ho-McKay. The cation adsorption isotherms of Pb(II)-TBCA, Pb(II)-TBMTCA, Fe(III)-TBCA, and Fe(III)-TBMTCA are more in line with the Langmuir model. These results indicate that they can be used as heavy metal adsorbents, and recycled to increase their economic value.]]>
<![CDATA[Synthesis of Ionophore from p-t-Butyl-(carboxymethoxy)calix[4]arene Substituted Amide ]]>
<![CDATA[Nasriadi Dali]]>;
<![CDATA[Seniwati Dali]]>;
<![CDATA[Armadi Chairunnas]]>;
<![CDATA[Hilda Ayu Melvi Amalia]]>;
<![CDATA[Sri Ayu Andini Puspitasari]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 1 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.1.5927
<![CDATA[The ionophore has been successfully synthesized from p-t-butyl(carboxymethoxy)calix[4]arene subtituted amide. The ionophore was obtained in two steps of the synthesis reaction. The first step is the chlorination reaction of p-t-butyl(carboxymethoxy)calix[4]arene with thionyl chloride in dry benzene solvent. The product of the chlorination reaction is p-t-butyl(chloroacetylmethoxy)calix[4]arene in the form of the light brown viscous liquid with the rendemen of 78.25% and TLC (SiO2, CH3OH : CH2Cl2 = 1 : 1 v/v, Rf = 0.65). The second step is the amidation reaction of p-t-butyl(chloroacetylmethoxy) calix[4]arene with dimethylamine in dry tetrahydrofuran solvent. The product of the amidation reaction is p-t-butyl(dimethylcarbamoylmethoxy)-calix[4]arene or the DIMECAC4ND3 ionophore in the form of white solid with the rendemen of 60.75%, a melting point of 277-279 °C, and TLC (SiO2, CH3OH : CH2Cl2 = 1 : 1 v/v, Rf = 0.82).]]>
<![CDATA[Bioactivity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Branch of Jambu Mawar (Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston) ]]>
<![CDATA[Kurratul Aini]]>;
<![CDATA[Elfita Elfita]]>;
<![CDATA[Hary Widjajanti]]>;
<![CDATA[Arum Setiawan]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 1 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.1.5931
<![CDATA[Endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal plants have high diversity and the secondary metabolites produced have biological activity. Endophytic fungi isolated from medicinal plants have been the subject of many studies on their diversity and biological activity, one of which is jambu mawar (Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston). S. jambos has long been used as a traditional medicine to treat infections caused by pathogenic bacteria in many parts of the world, including South Sumatra. This study purposed to explore the diversity of endophytic fungi isolated from the branches of S. jambos, the antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi extracts, the determination of the structure of the compounds, and the activity of the active compounds of the selected endophytic fungi. Observations of the morphological characteristics of endophytic fungi were macroscopically and microscopically. The endophytic fungal extracts were then tested for antimicrobial activity against test bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli using the Kirby-Bauer paper disk diffusion method. Isolation of pure compounds using a gravity chromatography column, the determination of the structure of the compound is determined based on 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HMQC, and HMBC spectroscopy. Four endophytic fungi, code SJC1–4, were isolated from a branch of S. jambos. The results of macroscopic and microscopic morphological characterization showed three genera of Botryosphaeria, Trichothecium, and Aspergillus. The endophytic fungal isolate SJC1 exhibited strong activity against Gram-positive bacteria and moderate activity against Gram-negative bacteria, while SJC2–4 showed moderate activity against the four bacteria. Molecular identification of SJC1 revealed that it was Botryosphaeria mamane. Isolation of SJC1’s pure compound yielded compound 1, which was identified as 5-acetyl-6-hydroxy-3-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one. This compound is thought to have antibacterial properties.]]>
<![CDATA[The Isolation, Immobilization, and Characterization of Urease from The Seeds of Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. ]]>
<![CDATA[Zusfahair, Zusfahair]]>;
<![CDATA[Ningsih, Dian Riana]]>;
<![CDATA[Fatoni, Amin]]>;
<![CDATA[Bilalodin, Bilalodin]]>;
<![CDATA[Nuraini, Aprilia Nafi]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 1 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.1.5932
<![CDATA[Urease has been utilized in the field of health and industry. Urease is commonly used in the form of free enzyme, so that the utilization is limited. Urease efficiency can be improved using immobilization enzyme. This research aimed to do the urease isolation, immobilization, and characterization from the winged bean seeds. This research was started by determining the amino-acid content of winged bean seeds using the Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS). The winged bean seeds were germinated and extracted. The obtained crude extract’s activity was determined using Nessler reagent and measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer with the wavelength of 500 nm. The urease of winged bean seeds was immobilized using the alginate matrix. The optimization of urease-immobilized beads could be made through the variations of natrium alginate concentration and beads formation periods in solution CaCl2. Characterization free and immobilized urease were made using the variations of urea substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and also the repeated utilization of immobilized urease. Winged bean seeds are rich with essential amino acid, such as leucine, isoleucine, histidine, phenylalanine, and valine. The urease obtained from the winged bean seeds had the optimum activity in the germination period of 8 days. The urease immobilization showed the optimum condition in the natrium alginate concentration of 5% (w/v) and beads formation period in solution CaCl2 for 60 minutes. The characterization results of free urease and immobilization had the optimum condition at the urea substrate of 0.2 M, and pH 7. Free urease had the optimum temperature of 35 oC, while the immobilized urease had the optimum temperature of 40 oC. The immobilized urease had the utilization stability up to 5 times with the relative activity of 48%. The EDX analysis results showed that the alginate did not contain N, while alginate urease beads contained N as much as 12%.]]>
<![CDATA[Essential Oils of Alpinia monopleura and Their Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity ]]>
<![CDATA[Agung Wibawa Mahatva Yodha]]>;
<![CDATA[Esti Badia]]>;
<![CDATA[Musdalipah Musdalipah]]>;
<![CDATA[Muhammad Azdar Setiawan]]>;
<![CDATA[Nur Saadah Daud]]>;
<![CDATA[Angriani Fusvita]]>;
<![CDATA[Adryan Fristiohady]]>;
<![CDATA[Sahidin Sahidin]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 1 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.1.6265
<![CDATA[Alpinia monopleura is an endemic plant which widespread and abundant in Sulawesi. Nevertheless, previous studies have not studied the chemical compound and biological activity. This study describes the chemical compounds and antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the essential oils isolated from A. monopleura. The essential oil was obtained by the hydro distillation method and interpreted by GCMS. Antibacterial properties were determined by the agar diffusion method, while DPPH and ABTS determined antioxidant activity. The most important components are α-caryophyllene, β-pinene, limonene, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide. Essential oils of leaves and fruit showed excellent antibacterial properties with a MIC strength of 31.3 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25023 and Escherichia coli ATCC 35218. The highest antioxidant effect was also shown by inhibiting ABTS and DPPH radicals, with IC50 strength of essential oil obtained from the leaf being 15.60 and 19.42 μg/mL, respectively, while from the fruit were 10.44 and 11.93 μg/mL. These antibacterial and antioxidant properties indicate that essential oils have advantages in their use in the food and pharmaceutical industries.]]>
<![CDATA[An Insight of Cryptocarya Secondary Metabolites as Anticancer P388: Study of Molecular Docking and ADMET Properties ]]>
<![CDATA[Herlina Rasyid]]>;
<![CDATA[Riska Mardiyanti]]>;
<![CDATA[Ihsanul Arief]]>;
<![CDATA[Wahyu Dita Saputri]]>
<![CDATA[ Molekul Vol 18 No 1 (2023) ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Universitas Jenderal Soedirman ]]>
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DOI: 10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.1.6364
<![CDATA[Secondary metabolites isolated from Cryptocarya was known to have various activity especially their cytotoxicity in P388 cell. There were two species of Cryptocarya studied in this research that were Cryptocarya konishii and Cryptocarya lucida. In both species, 8 isolate compounds had bioactivity as anticancer in P388 cells. This study aimed to know the binding affinity and ADMET properties of each isolated compound through P-glycoprotein substrate since this protein was reported to be responsible for the inhibition of P388 cells. Molecular docking was performed using AutoDock4 and AutoDockTools software to know the binding energy and interaction of isolate compounds against the P-glycoprotein substrate. ADMET properties calculation was done using the pkCSM web server for all compounds. Molecular docking results showed that Kurzichalcolactone B (7) isolated from C. lucida had the lowest binding energy. It resulted in the highest total intermolecular energy from the contribution of van der Waals and hydrogen bond energy. The lowest binding energy is indicating the stable interaction of ligand and substrate. Calculation of ADMET properties resulted that some of the isolate compounds fulfilling the minimum standard parameters in ADMET properties.]]>
