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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Religious
Published by Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Indonesia Jakarta
ISSN : -     EISSN : 28278984     DOI : https://doi.org/10.46362/ijr
Core Subject : Religion, Humanities, Education, Social,
Religion Humanities Education Social Sciences
Indonesian Journal of Religious (e-ISSN: 2827-8984) has the perspectives of humanities and social sciences. This journal also has programs aimed at bridging the gap between the textual and contextual approaches to Religious Studies and solving the dichotomy between ‘orthodox’ and ‘heterodox’ Religious. The two were linked: the sacred texts showed that religion was, as well as a set of religious tenets, a way of approaching the practical political, economic, social, and cultural challenges of life. So, this journal invites the intersection of several disciplines and scholars. In other words, its contributors borrowed from a range of disciplines, including the humanities and social sciences. IJR, published twice a year (April and October), always places religion in the central focus of academic inquiry and invites any discussions as the aim and scopes.
Arjuna Subject : Seni dan Humaniora - Studi Agama
Articles 49 Documents
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Spiritual Experience and Character Formation: Finding Balance in Pentecostal Spiritual Formation Tradition Sugiri, Widjaja
Indonesian Journal of Religious Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Religious, Vol.8, No.2 (October 2025)
Publisher : LPPM - Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Indonesia Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46362/ijr.v8i2.45

Abstract

The article explores the imbalance in Pentecostal spiritual formation, where the focus on personal experiences with the Holy Spirit, such as speaking in tongues and healing, often overshadows the importance of deep theological education, spiritual disciplines, and character formation. The aim is to highlight the gaps in spiritual formation within Pentecostalism and propose ways to integrate emotional experiences with doctrinal understanding for a more holistic spiritual growth. The article uses a theoretical approach, reviewing existing theological perspectives and spiritual practices, referencing scholars like Anderson, McGrath, and Banda. The results reveal several key issues: a lack of theological depth, neglect of regular spiritual practices, and insufficient emphasis on Christian character and ethics. It also points to the underdeveloped role of community and intergenerational learning in spiritual formation. The contribution of the article is in proposing a balanced approach to spiritual growth that combines emotional experiences with solid theology, regular spiritual practices, ethical living, and strong community involvement, ultimately offering a framework for more sustainable spiritual maturity within Pentecostalism.   Artikel ini membahas ketidakseimbangan dalam pembentukan rohani Pentakosta, di mana penekanan pada pengalaman pribadi dengan Roh Kudus—seperti berbahasa roh dan penyembuhan—sering kali mengesampingkan pentingnya pendidikan teologis yang mendalam, disiplin rohani, dan pembentukan karakter. Tujuannya adalah untuk menyoroti kesenjangan dalam pembentukan rohani di kalangan Pentakosta dan mengusulkan cara untuk mengintegrasikan pengalaman emosional dengan pemahaman doktrinal guna mencapai pertumbuhan rohani yang lebih holistik. Artikel ini menggunakan pendekatan teoretis dengan meninjau perspektif teologis dan praktik rohani yang ada, serta merujuk pada para sarjana seperti Anderson, McGrath, dan Banda. Hasilnya mengungkap beberapa masalah utama: kurangnya kedalaman teologi, pengabaian terhadap praktik rohani yang teratur, dan penekanan yang tidak memadai pada karakter serta etika Kristen. Artikel ini juga menyoroti peran komunitas dan pembelajaran antar generasi yang belum berkembang dengan baik dalam pembentukan rohani. Kontribusi utama artikel ini terletak pada usulannya untuk menciptakan pendekatan seimbang dalam pertumbuhan rohani yang memadukan pengalaman emosional dengan teologi yang kokoh, praktik rohani yang teratur, kehidupan etis, serta keterlibatan aktif dalam komunitas. Pendekatan ini pada akhirnya menawarkan kerangka bagi kematangan rohani yang lebih berkelanjutan dalam tradisi Pentakosta.
The Distinction between Law and Gospel in its Significance for Political Theology: Systematic Considerations Deinhammer, Robert
Indonesian Journal of Religious Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Religious, Vol.8, No.2 (October 2025)
Publisher : LPPM - Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Indonesia Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46362/ijr.v8i2.54

Abstract

This paper explores the theological distinction between Law and Gospel and its critical relevance for Political Theology. In contemporary debates, religion's role in shaping morality and politics is increasingly contested—secularists often view faith-based ethics as irrational or even harmful, while theologians argue that secularism itself may function ideologically. Within this tension, the study aims to clarify the relationship between faith, morality, and political power through a systematic reappraisal of the Law-Gospel distinction. Drawing primarily from Lutheran theology and engaging with Catholic perspectives, the author outlines how the Law—seen as God’s normative will—demands moral behavior and structures just political order, while the Gospel—God’s unconditional grace—empowers believers to fulfill the Law through love and trust, overcoming fear and self-interest. This theological lens is then applied to evaluate secular and religious political ideologies, arguing that the Law-Gospel dynamic provides a critical and liberating framework for Political Theology. The results highlight how distinguishing without separating Law and Gospel fosters a prophetic theology that both grounds normative ethics and upholds the transformative power of grace. The study contributes to Political Theology by offering a model that avoids legalism and moralism, while remaining ethically rigorous and theologically grounded, capable of engaging both secular reasoning and Christian faith in public discourse.
Empowering Creation in Freedom: The Kenosis of the Holy Spirit Putrawan, Bobby Kurnia; Uroko, Favour C.
Indonesian Journal of Religious Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Religious, Vol.8, No.2 (October 2025)
Publisher : LPPM - Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Indonesia Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46362/ijr.v8i2.59

Abstract

Contemporary conceptions of divine power are frequently framed in terms of sovereignty and unilateral control. This article proposes an alternative theological model by examining the kenosis of the Holy Spirit within the context of creation. The central objective is to explore how the Spirit’s self-emptying presence constitutes a mode of divine empowerment that operates not through coercion but by enabling the freedom of creation. Employing a reflective theological methodology, this study integrates biblical exegesis—particularly of Genesis 1:2 and Psalm 104:30—with systematic theological reflection and critical engagement with the works of key theologians such as Jürgen Moltmann, Hans Urs von Balthasar, John Zizioulas, and Karl Barth. The analysis demonstrates that the kenotic action of the Holy Spirit should not be construed as divine absence but rather as a purposeful self-limitation that nurtures a relational and participatory cosmos. Accordingly, this study contributes to pneumatological discourse by articulating a paradigm of divine power grounded in relationality, humility, and ethical responsibility, offering constructive implications for theology, anthropology, and ecology.
Living Christianity in a Rapidly Changing Context: Proposals for Saving the Future from Today Biwul, Seth Ahmetmu
Indonesian Journal of Religious Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Religious, Vol.8, No.2 (October 2025)
Publisher : LPPM - Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Indonesia Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46362/ijr.v8i2.60

Abstract

Studies have continually revealed that the strength and center of world Christianity is moving from the North to the Global South. This shift presupposes that the Church in the Global South is the future for world Christianity. As such, with Nigeria situated in the Global South as the most populous country in Africa, a consideration of the socio-religious trends impacting Christianity, although negatively, is imperative. Religion in Nigeria is delicately interwoven into every sphere of society and culture. Hence, any significant religious imbalance influences every aspect of the society. To this end, this paper explores the impact religious violence is making on the social and religious experiences of Christians living in Nigeria. Modern scholarship that have so far attempted to address the subject of religious violence in Nigeria has failed to show how these violent experiences are negatively shaping and impacting Christian belief and practices in the public square. Laying emphasis on lived-out faith in the public square, this paper specifically considers the negative influences of religious violence and targeted terrorist attacks on the Christian society in Nigeria. It argues that the church has not adequately equipped the Christian community with viable theologies to enable them contend with the contemporary Nigerian lived experiences of religious violence and the orchestrated agenda of ethnic cleansing and land grapping. To this extent, it proposes some action steps towards preserving the Christian faith for the benefits of the next generation. This article contributes by analyzing the impact of religious violence on the social and spiritual life of Christians in Nigeria, and proposing steps to preserve the Christian faith amid the rapidly changing context and challenges of violence.   Berbagai studi terus menunjukkan bahwa kekuatan dan pusat kekristenan dunia sedang bergeser dari Utara ke Selatan Global. Pergeseran ini mengandaikan bahwa Gereja di Selatan Global merupakan masa depan bagi kekristenan dunia. Dengan demikian, karena Nigeria berada di wilayah Selatan Global dan merupakan negara terpadat di Afrika, maka perlu dilakukan kajian terhadap tren sosial-keagamaan yang memengaruhi kekristenan, meskipun dampaknya bersifat negatif. Agama di Nigeria terjalin erat dalam setiap aspek masyarakat dan budaya. Oleh karena itu, ketidakseimbangan religius yang signifikan akan memengaruhi seluruh tatanan kehidupan sosial. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, makalah ini meneliti dampak kekerasan agama terhadap pengalaman sosial dan religius umat Kristen yang tinggal di Nigeria. Kajian-kajian modern yang sejauh ini mencoba membahas topik kekerasan agama di Nigeria belum mampu menunjukkan bagaimana pengalaman kekerasan tersebut secara negatif membentuk dan memengaruhi keyakinan serta praktik kekristenan di ruang publik. Dengan menekankan pentingnya iman yang diwujudkan dalam kehidupan publik, makalah ini secara khusus menyoroti pengaruh negatif kekerasan agama dan serangan teroris yang menargetkan komunitas Kristen di Nigeria. Makalah ini berargumen bahwa gereja belum sepenuhnya membekali komunitas Kristen dengan teologi yang memadai untuk menghadapi realitas kekerasan agama dan agenda sistematis pembersihan etnis serta perampasan tanah yang sedang berlangsung di Nigeria. Oleh karena itu, makalah ini mengusulkan beberapa langkah praktis untuk mempertahankan iman Kristen demi kepentingan generasi berikutnya. Artikel ini berkontribusi dengan menganalisis dampak kekerasan agama terhadap kehidupan sosial dan spiritual umat Kristen di Nigeria, serta mengusulkan langkah-langkah untuk menjaga keberlangsungan iman Kristen di tengah perubahan konteks dan tantangan kekerasan yang semakin kompleks.
Tracing Theology and Historical Praxis in Early Muslim-Christian Relations Adeoye, Moses Adeleke; Arifudin, Muhammad
Indonesian Journal of Religious Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025): Indonesian Journal of Religious, Vol.8, No.2 (October 2025)
Publisher : LPPM - Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Indonesia Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46362/ijr.v8i2.74

Abstract

In an era marked by religious pluralism and socio-political tensions, constructive engagement between Muslims and Christians has become both a theological necessity and a social imperative. This paper explored the theological and historical praxis of charity in early Muslim and Christian communities as a basis for fostering deeper mutual understanding and cooperation. Employing a qualitative, historical-comparative method, the research draws on primary sources—including the Qur’an, Hadith, the New Testament, and early theological writings—supplemented by secondary scholarly interpretations. Through historical-critical analysis, theological exegesis, and comparative theology, the study examines how zakat and ṣadaqah in Islam, and agape-inspired almsgiving in Christianity, were developed and practised as religious imperatives and social ethics. Findings reveal that Islam conceptualises charity primarily as an obligatory act of worship and social justice, rooted in divine command, while Christianity emphasises voluntary, grace-filled giving as a manifestation of God’s unconditional love. Despite these differences, both traditions converge on the ethical imperatives of compassion, equity, and care for the marginalised. Furthermore, the study identifies practical pathways for interfaith cooperation, including joint educational initiatives, scholarly collaborations, leadership engagement, and grassroots charitable projects. The research concludes that charity offers a transformative platform for Muslim-Christian dialogue, serving as both a theological bridge and a social resource. It contributes to comparative theology and interfaith studies by demonstrating that shared commitments to charity can advance peacebuilding, ethical solidarity, and constructive coexistence in pluralistic societies.
The African Philosophy of Ubuntu in South African Education Baken Johannes Lefa
Indonesian Journal of Religious Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Religious, Vol.9, No.1 (April 2026)
Publisher : LPPM - Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Indonesia Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46362/ijr.v9i1.56

Abstract

Ubuntu lies at the heart of the African way of life and impacts on every aspect of people’s well-being. This paper seeks to explore the notion of being human by grounding discussions around the concept of what is generally referred to as Ubuntu in South African education and society. The issue of discipline in schools or in education is selected as a way to demonstrate the concept of Ubuntu mostly amongst learners and teachers or either the school environment. Ubuntu is actually regarded as the soul force that drives almost every facet of societal life in African societies and that create the relationship between the African community. In this paper I will be mostly focusing on Ubuntu in education or rather in South African schools. This paper seeks to understand how Ubuntu impacts on discipline in South African schools. Ubuntu in the South African context or society is seen as the act of being human, caring, sympathy, empathy, forgiveness or any values of humanness towards others. Ubuntu is a capacity in South African culture that expresses compassion, reciprocity, dignity, harmony and humanity in the interests of building and maintaining a community with justice and mutual caring. The consequences of failure to embrace Ubuntu in South African Schools manifest itself through learner’s indiscipline and staff not respecting each other. The purpose of this paper is to place the reader in South African society and introduce the concept of Ubuntu as the Philosophy of the society in relation to education.
Administrative Support, Teacher Professional Development, and Performance Feedback: A Literature Review on Christian Religious Education Teaching Quality: Dukungan Administratif, Pengembangan Profesional Guru, dan Umpan Balik Kinerja: Sebuah Tinjauan Pustaka tentang Kualitas Pengajaran Pendidikan Agama Kristen Susanti Embong Bulan; Metalia Margaret
Indonesian Journal of Religious Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Religious, Vol.9, No.1 (April 2026)
Publisher : LPPM - Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Indonesia Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46362/ijr.v9i1.86

Abstract

The quality of teaching in Christian Religious Education (CRE) at the higher education level is fundamentally shaped by the interplay of administrative support, professional development opportunities, and performance feedback mechanisms. This literature review synthesizes findings from twenty-four scholarly sources published between 2014 and 2026 to examine how these three administrative pillars influence lecturer teaching quality in Indonesian Christian higher education institutions. The analysis reveals that effective educational administration functions as a driving system that creates structured learning environments, facilitates continuous professional growth, and establishes robust evaluation frameworks. Findings demonstrate that systematic academic supervision, comprehensive teaching administration completeness, and constructive performance feedback significantly enhance lecturer competence and instructional effectiveness. The study identifies that personality competence emerges as the most dominant dimension in lecturer competency implementation, while continuous academic supervision proves effective in improving teacher competence in instructional planning. The review concludes that an integrated, supportive, and flexible administrative model is essential for sustaining teaching quality improvement in CRE contexts. This research contributes a theoretical framework that connects administrative functions with pedagogical excellence, offering practical implications for institutional leaders, policymakers, and educational administrators seeking to enhance CRE teaching quality in Indonesia.   Kualitas pengajaran dalam Pendidikan Agama Kristen (PAK) di tingkat perguruan tinggi secara fundamental dibentuk oleh interaksi antara dukungan administratif, peluang pengembangan profesional, dan mekanisme umpan balik kinerja. Tinjauan pustaka ini mensintesiskan temuan dari dua puluh empat sumber akademis yang diterbitkan antara tahun 2014 dan 2026 untuk mengkaji bagaimana ketiga pilar administratif tersebut memengaruhi kualitas mengajar dosen di lembaga pendidikan tinggi Kristen di Indonesia. Analisis mengungkapkan bahwa administrasi pendidikan yang efektif berfungsi sebagai sistem penggerak yang menciptakan lingkungan belajar terstruktur, memfasilitasi pertumbuhan profesional berkelanjutan, dan membangun kerangka evaluasi yang kokoh. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa supervisi akademis yang sistematis, kelengkapan administrasi pengajaran yang komprehensif, dan umpan balik kinerja yang konstruktif secara signifikan meningkatkan kompetensi dosen dan efektivitas pengajaran. Studi ini mengidentifikasi bahwa kompetensi kepribadian muncul sebagai dimensi yang paling dominan dalam implementasi kompetensi dosen, sementara supervisi akademis yang berkelanjutan terbukti efektif dalam meningkatkan kompetensi guru dalam perencanaan pembelajaran. Tinjauan ini menyimpulkan bahwa model administratif yang terintegrasi, suportif, dan fleksibel sangat penting untuk mempertahankan peningkatan kualitas pengajaran dalam konteks PAK. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada kerangka teoretis yang menghubungkan fungsi administratif dengan keunggulan pedagogis, menawarkan implikasi praktis bagi para pemimpin lembaga, pembuat kebijakan, dan administrator pendidikan yang berupaya meningkatkan kualitas pengajaran PAK di Indonesia.
The Census of David and the Problem of Causation: Divine Sovereignty, Śāṭān, and Human Responsibility Moses Adeleke Adeoye
Indonesian Journal of Religious Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Religious, Vol.9, No.1 (April 2026)
Publisher : LPPM - Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Indonesia Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46362/ijr.v9i1.129

Abstract

The cause of a long interpretive problem, with incitement of the census attributed to the LORD in 2 Samuel chapter 24:1, and with incitement of the census attributable to the incitement of the LORD in 1 Chronicles chapter. These attributional differences have spawned an assortment of academic interpretations, such as redactional revision, theological development, historiographical reinterpretation, and canonical methods of biblical causation. The paper re-establishes the relationship of the two texts through the qualitative, textual discussion, which involves literary comparison, linguistic examination of the Hebrew word śataan, and the discussion of biblical structures of mediated agency on a larger scale. Particular attention is focused on those tales in which Godly purposes are fulfilled by secondary participants, like Job 1192, 1 Kings 22:1923 and the hardening traditions of the Exodus. The article argues that the two census accounts do not necessarily need to be viewed as mutually exclusive accounts, but they can be understood as indicating different levels of causation in the biblical narrative discourse: divine sovereignty as ultimate causation, an adversarial agent as proximate causation and David as the agent of moral responsibility. This suggestion is considered in conjunction with historical-critical interpretations, which see Chronicles as a theological reworking of Samuel. The analysis also suggests that the census was not inherently illicit in itself; the census itself is mentioned elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible as a legitimate event under justifiable circumstances, but it was guilty of intent, covenantal fidelity and royal responsibility. The article provides a constructive interpretation of these passages by placing the texts in broader biblical notions of agency, judgment and accountability, as well as current debates over inner-biblical interpretation, divine agency and the theological rationale of parallel narratives.
Praying with Javanese Rhythm: The Spirituality of Dialogue and Church Inculturation in Catholic Shalawatan: Berdoa dengan Irama Jawa: Dialog Spiritualitas dan Inkulturasi Gereja dalam Shalawatan Katolik Yohanes Crissostomus Wahyu Mega
Indonesian Journal of Religious Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): Indonesian Journal of Religious, Vol.9, No.1 (April 2026)
Publisher : LPPM - Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Indonesia Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46362/ijr.v9i1.159

Abstract

Fenomena shalawatan Katolik di Jawa merupakan ekspresi nyata dari dialog antara iman dan budaya. Tradisi doa ini, yang berakar pada irama dan bahasa Jawa, mewujudkan bentuk inkulturasi liturgis Katolik yang kontekstual dan tetap terbuka terhadap kearifan lokal. Spiritualitas Katolik dengan demikian dapat dialami melalui shalawatan dan bentuk-bentuk doa berirama yang mendorong dialog antaragama dan antarbudaya. Shalawatan Katolik bukan sekadar adaptasi budaya, melainkan sebuah bentuk dialog spiritual yang mempertemukan iman Kristen, tradisi Islam, dan budaya Jawa. Melalui irama dan bahasa doa, umat beriman mengalami kedekatan dengan Allah yang hadir dalam kebersamaan dan keharmonisan. Pada saat yang sama, kajian ini tidak berasumsi bahwa inkulturasi semacam itu bebas dari masalah. Meskipun praktik ini secara luas dianggap sebagai bentuk inkulturasi yang positif, praktik ini juga menimbulkan ketegangan teologis, perdebatan internal gerejawi tentang batas-batas devosi, dan risiko untuk ditafsirkan sebagai sinkretisme. Cara komunitas Muslim sendiri memaknai praktik ini juga tetap menjadi pertanyaan terbuka, bukan sebuah kesimpulan yang pasti. Oleh karena itu, artikel ini memperlakukan keharmonisan yang dideskripsikan oleh para partisipan sebagai sebuah klaim yang perlu dikaji, termasuk batas-batasnya, dan bukan sebagai suatu kepastian yang sudah terbukti. Spiritualitas dialogis ini menunjukkan bahwa iman tidak perlu berada di atas budaya, melainkan dapat bertumbuh di dalamnya sebagai sebuah perjumpaan timbal balik, dengan tetap memperhatikan batas-batas teologis yang menyertai perjumpaan tersebut. Kontribusi utama artikel ini terletak pada eksplorasinya mengenai shalawatan Katolik sebagai ekspresi hidup dari spiritualitas dialogis dan inkulturasi liturgis dalam konteks budaya Jawa. Kajian ini menyoroti bahwa iman Katolik dapat diekspresikan secara autentik melalui bentuk-bentuk budaya lokal tanpa kehilangan identitas teologisnya. Selain itu, kajian ini mendemonstrasikan bagaimana doa berirama dan tradisi spiritual Jawa dapat menjadi jembatan bagi dialog antaragama, khususnya antara Kristen dan Islam, yang menumbuhkan keharmonisan, pengayaan bersama, dan pengalaman akan Allah yang lebih mendalam dalam kehidupan komunal.   Kata Kunci: inkulturasi; spiritualitas Katolik; shalawatan; budaya Jawa; dialog antaragama.   The phenomenon of Catholic shalawatan in Java represents a concrete expression of dialogue between faith and culture. This prayer tradition, rooted in Javanese rhythms and language, embodies a contextual form of Catholic liturgical inculturation that remains open to local wisdom. Catholic spirituality can thus be experienced through shalawatan and rhythmic forms of prayer that foster interreligious and intercultural dialogue. Catholic shalawatan is not merely a cultural adaptation, but a form of spiritual dialogue that brings together the Christian faith, Islamic traditions, and Javanese culture. Through the rhythm and language of prayer, believers experience closeness to God, who is present in togetherness and harmony. At the same time, this study does not assume that such inculturation is unproblematic. Although the practice is widely regarded as a positive form of inculturation, it also raises theological tensions, internal ecclesial debate about the boundaries of devotion, and the risk of being read as syncretism. The way Muslim communities themselves perceive the practice likewise remains an open question rather than a settled outcome. This article therefore treats the harmony described by participants as a claim to be examined, including its limits, rather than as a foregone conclusion. This dialogical spirituality suggests that faith need not stand above culture, but may grow within it as a mutual encounter, while remaining attentive to the theological boundaries that such encounters entail. The main contribution of this article lies in its exploration of Catholic shalawatan as a living expression of dialogical spirituality and liturgical inculturation within the Javanese cultural context. The study highlights that Catholic faith can be authentically expressed through local cultural forms without losing its theological identity. Furthermore, it demonstrates how rhythmic prayer and Javanese spiritual traditions can become a bridge for interfaith dialogue, particularly between Christianity and Islam, fostering harmony, mutual enrichment, and a deeper experience of God within communal life.

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