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CMES (Center of Middle Eastern Studies)
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 2085563X     EISSN : 25021044     DOI : https://doi.org/10.20961/cmes
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The CMES (Center of Middle Eastern Studies) journal is a distinguished peer-reviewed academic publication dedicated to advancing rigorous scholarly research on Middle Eastern studies. It publishes high-calibre research articles, theoretical studies, and critical reviews that engage with both contemporary and historical issues relevant to the region, employing a multidisciplinary approach. The CMES journal serves as a dynamic intellectual platform for researchers, academics, and practitioners to exchange innovative findings and perspectives, advancing Middle Eastern studies through a multidisciplinary framework grounded in the epistemological foundations of the humanities and social sciences. In the humanities, the journal emphasises linguistics, literature, and Middle Eastern culture. At the same time, the social sciences focus on politics, economics, education, religions, and the social dimensions of Middle Eastern societies. CMES encourages scholarly work that engages these disciplines through monodisciplinary inquiry, interdisciplinary synthesis, or transdisciplinary dialogue, fostering conceptual integration and methodological interaction across disciplinary boundaries. Manuscripts submitted to CMES must be pertinent to Middle Eastern studies and demonstrate clear engagement with the epistemic traditions of their respective fields. Submissions are expected to exhibit rigorous methodology, original insights, and significant contributions to regional studies, while appealing to a global academic audience.
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Articles 186 Documents
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دور أسلوب التقديم والتأخير في تحسين اللغة العربية Talqis Nurdiyanto
CMES (Center of Middle Eastern Studies) Vol 8, No 1 (2015)
Publisher : Arabic Literature Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/cmes.8.1.11616

Abstract

Manusia dengan tabiatnya memiliki kemampuan berbeda dalam mengelola kosakata dalam bingkai bahasa komunikasinya, terkadang terjadi pembalikan kata bermakna senang disampaikan pada kondisi marah, kata yang seharusnya di awal kalimat diposisikan di tempat lain. Penutur yang menempatkan kata tertentu diawal atau diakhir bukan semata untuk keindahan nada saja, tapi menunjukkan betapa pandainya dalam mengekpresikan keinginannya dengan tingkat seni bahasa yang tinggi. Retorika dalam berbicara dengan gaya bahasa taqdim dan takhir pada kalimatnya memiliki kekuatan makna dan keindahan ungkapan untuk diperhatikan. Meremehkan peran gaya bahasa taqdim dan takhir  dapat mengurangi kekuatan makna yang harus dikuatkan dengannya, menghilangkan ruh  dan kenikmatan dalam berkomunikasi sehingga ungkapannya terkesan kering jauh dari kaidah bahasa Arab serta gersang dari guyuran fashahah dan balaghah. Stilistika bahasa Arab dalam kerangka ilmu balaghah memiliki peran dalam memperhalus susunan kalimat berbahasa Arab yang rapi dengan balutan makna yang kuat, berpengaruh pada pendengar, mudah dipahami dan tidak rancu tidak alasan untuk menolaknya. Penelitian ini berjudul peran susunan gaya bahasa dengan taqdim dan takhir  dalam memperindah bahasa Arab menitikberatkan pada kajian pustaka kebahasa Araban dalam ilmu balaghah. Kalimat yang menggunakan gaya bahasa taqdim dan takhir memiliki arah pada (1) memperindah susunan kalimat dan maknanya, (2) memperindah maknanya saja, (3) memberi makna biasa saja, dan (4) memperancu makna. Kata kunci: uslub, at-taqdîm, at-ta`khîr, tachsîn, al-lughah ‘arabiyyah. AbstractHuman has a natural behavior and different ability to manage vocabularies in the language communication paradigm. Occasionally, the word which has meaning of happy was delivered or spoken by the condition of fury. Based on the language structure, there are some words that actually in the beginning were positioned in the other part. The speakers are using the word in the first or last position in their speech, not only for the aesthetics purposes, but also for the great capability in expressing their desire or purpose using the high level of art. The rhetoric in the speech using the language style of taqdim and takhir in the sentence has a power in meaning and aesthetic expression to be noticed. The underestimate of role in the language style of taqdim and takhir can be reduced the power of meaning that should be strengthened with both styles, and also can effect the lose of soul and enjoyable in the communication act , with the result of that, the expression can be impressioned dryly and by far from the Arabic language grammatical, the splash of fashahah and balaghah. Arabic language stylistics in the Balaghah paradigm has the significant role in managing the structural of senteces smoothly, orderly, using the power of meaning which has the great effect to the audience understandably, not ambiguously, and there is no reason to rejection.This research under the title of “the role of language style structure using taqdim and takhir through Arabic language rethoric and aesthetic was appointed in the literature studies toward Arabic language and Balaghah. The sentences using the language style of taqdim and takhir have many aims, such as: (1) managing the structure and meaning of sentence attractively, (2) just managing only the meaning attractively, (3) giving the meaning commonly, and (4) managing the meaning ambiguously.  Keywords: style, taqdim, takhir, aesthetics, Arabic language.Manusia dengan tabiatnya memiliki kemampuan berbeda dalam mengelolakosakata dalam bingkai bahasa komunikasinya, terkadang terjadi pembalikan katabermakna senang disampaikan pada kondisi marah, kata yang seharusnya di awal kalimatdiposisikan di tempat lain. Penutur yang menempatkan kata tertentu diawal atau diakhirbukan semata untuk keindahan nada saja, tapi menunjukkan betapa pandainya dalammengekpresikan keinginannya dengan tingkat seni bahasa yang tinggi. Retorika dalamberbicara dengan gaya bahasa taqdim dan takhir pada kalimatnya memiliki kekuatanmakna dan keindahan ungkapan untuk diperhatikan. Meremehkan peran gaya bahasataqdim dan takhir dapat mengurangi kekuatan makna yang harus dikuatkan dengannya,menghilangkan ruh dan kenikmatan dalam berkomunikasi sehingga ungkapannyaterkesan kering jauh dari kaidah bahasa Arab serta gersang dari guyuran fashahah danbalaghah. Stilistika bahasa Arab dalam kerangka ilmu balaghah memiliki peran dalammemperhalus susunan kalimat berbahasa Arab yang rapi dengan balutan makna yangkuat, berpengaruh pada pendengar, mudah dipahami dan tidak rancu tidak alasan untukmenolaknya. Penelitian ini berjudul peran susunan gaya bahasa dengan taqdim dan takhirdalam memperindah bahasa Arab menitikberatkan pada kajian pustaka kebahasa Arabandalam ilmu balaghah. Kalimat yang menggunakan gaya bahasa taqdim dan takhirmemiliki arah pada (1) memperindah susunan kalimat dan maknanya, (2) memperindahmaknanya saja, (3) memberi makna biasa saja, dan (4) memperancu makna.Kata kunci: uslub, at-taqdîm, at-ta`khîr, tachsîn, al-lughah „arabiyyah.AbstractHuman has a natural behavior and different ability to manage vocabularies in thelanguage communication paradigm. Occasionally, the word which has meaning of happywas delivered or spoken by the condition of fury. Based on the language structure, thereare some words that actually in the beginning were positioned in the other part. Thespeakers are using the word in the first or last position in their speech, not only for theaesthetics purposes, but also for the great capability in expressing their desire or purposeusing the high level of art. The rhetoric in the speech using the language style of taqdimand takhir in the sentence has a power in meaning and aesthetic expression to be noticed.The underestimate of role in the language style of taqdim and takhir can be reduced thepower of meaning that should be strengthened with both styles, and also can effect thelose of soul and enjoyable in the communication act , with the result of that, theexpression can be impressioned dryly and by far from the Arabic language grammatical,the splash of fashahah and balaghah. Arabic language stylistics in the Balaghah paradigmhas the significant role in managing the structural of senteces smoothly, orderly, using theJurnal CMES Volume VIII Nomor 1 Edisi Januari – Juni 2015Program Studi Sastra Arab FIB UNS Surakarta5power of meaning which has the great effect to the audience understandably, notambiguously, and there is no reason to rejection. This research under the title of ―the roleof language style structure using taqdim and takhir through Arabic language rethoric andaesthetic was appointed in the literature studies toward Arabic language and Balaghah.The sentences using the language style of taqdim and takhir have many aims, such as: (1)managing the structure and meaning of sentence attractively, (2) just managing only themeaning attractively, (3) giving the meaning commonly, and (4) managing the meaningambiguously.Keywords: style, taqdim, takhir, aesthetics, Arabic lan
Errors in the Writing of Indonesian Sounds by Arabic Native Speakers Students at the University of Al Azhar, Cairo Moh Masrukhi
CMES (Center of Middle Eastern Studies) Vol 15, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Arabic Literature Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/cmes.15.1.59428

Abstract

Learning Bahasa Indonesia (bI) for al-Azhar students is new knowledge. Indonesian language is considered a second language(L2) or third (L3) language after Arabic (Ar). Each of the languages being studied has its own system of rules. These differ significantly from one another on phonological, morphological, and syntactic levels. At the phonological level, for example, their mother tongue (B1), namely Arabic, does not have middle or middle cardinal vowels, does not have nasal sounds, such as (ə/elang), (ɛ/nènèk), (ng/datang) as in Indonesian language. This leads to errors and irregularities in the Indonesian language. Later issues include changes, omissions, and replacement of phonemes that should not be used in Indonesian vocabulary. Knowing which phonemes are a stumbling block and make the learning process difficult can help to prevent these defects from happening again. A number of research data were obtained from the results of reading and writing assignments for first semester students at Al-Azhar University, Faculty of Language and Translation in Cairo (FBT-UAC). Furthermore, the learners' changes, omissions, and replacement of phonemes in Indonesian sentences were classified using predetermined criteria. The obtained data were then analyzed using contrastive theory and error analysis. This theory is applied by comparing the phonemes used by learners with standard Indonesian phonemes. The results revealed that the errors that occurred were the emergence of vowel changes, consonant changes, phoneme omission, and the replacement of diphthongs with single phonemes. This error happens as a result of students' inadequate comprehension and lack of sufficient reading practice.
ACTANTIAL SCHEMA AND FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE IN SHORT STORY ṬABLĪYAH MIN AL-SAMĀ’ BY YŪSUF IDRĪS Mufti Zakwan Thoriq; M Faisol
CMES (Center of Middle Eastern Studies) Vol 18, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Arabic Literature Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/cmes.18.2.103717

Abstract

This research analyzes the narrative structure of Yūsuf Idrīs’ short story  Ṭablīyah min al-Samā’ using A. J. Greimas’ structural narratology, with emphasis on the actantial model and functional structure. The story depicts social and spiritual tensions in rural Egypt through the character of Shaykh ʿAlī, who experiences marginalization and existential conflict. Employing a descriptive qualitative design, the research applies close reading and systematic note-taking for data collection. Through Greimas’ actantial scheme comprising six roles: subject, object, sender, receiver, helper, and opponent and a tripartite functional structure (initial situation, transformation, final situation), the analysis identifies five interrelated actantial patterns reflecting the protagonist’s shifting symbolic and social positions. These results highlight the effectiveness of structural narratology in revealing role dynamics, value transformations, and embedded social critique in modern Arabic literature. Furthermore, the study underscores the significance of Greimas’ model for interpreting both narrative and ideological dimensions of texts with strong socio-religious concerns. It concludes by recommending the broader application of structural narratology to modern Arabic works, ideally in combination with ideological or sociological perspectives to deepen textual analysis.
STIGMATISASI DAN PROPAGANDA ANTI-SYIAH: SOROTAN DESKRIPTIF GERAKAN ANNAS Ali Makhsum
CMES (Center of Middle Eastern Studies) Vol 12, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Arabic Literature Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/cmes.12.2.37894

Abstract

The term anti-Shi'a is prejudice or hatred towards Shiite Muslims based on their religion and heritage. Anti-Shi'a efforts portray Shia as dangerous teachings by linking the Iraq and Syria conflicts, thus forcing some religious groups and the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) to issue heretical fatwas for Shi'ite teachings. How does anti-Shi'a propaganda manifest in describing Shi'ism? This paper describes the plot and context of anti-Shi'a in Indonesia. The anti-Shi'a container known as the National Anti-Shi'a Alliance (ANNAS) has become a new medium in campaigning for Shiite heresy. The sentiment of this movement adds a new list of Islamic boxes by giving birth to exclusive Islam. The participation of extremist, Salafi and conservative groups in the Shia stigmatization resulted in sentiments and propaganda towards Shia teachings.
REVISITING ZIONISM AS A STATE IDEOLOGY OF ISRAEL: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE ISRAEL—PALESTINE CONFLICT Sabiq Musthafa
CMES (Center of Middle Eastern Studies) Vol 17, No 1 (2024)
Publisher : Arabic Literature Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/cmes.17.1.53721

Abstract

This paper critically examines Zionism as the state ideology of Israel, with a particular focus on its role and impact within the Israel-Palestine conflict. Zionism, originally a movement for the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland, has evolved into a complex and contentious political ideology. This study revisits its historical roots, ideological foundations, and contemporary interpretations. By exploring the intersection of Zionism with nationalism, religion, and politics, the paper aims to provide a nuanced understanding of how Zionism shapes Israeli policies and influences the ongoing conflict with Palestine. The analysis delves into the narratives and counter-narratives surrounding Zionism, addressing the perspectives of various stakeholders, including Israeli Jews, Palestinians, and the international community. Through a critical lens, the paper assesses the implications of Zionist ideology for peace prospects, human rights, and regional stability. The findings underscore the need to re-evaluate Zionism in light of its practical outcomes and ethical considerations. This study contributes to the broader discourse on state ideologies, conflict resolution, and Middle Eastern politics, offering insights into the possibilities for a just and sustainable resolution to the Israel-Palestine conflict.
ARAB SPRING: PERUBAHAN REZIM DAN TEGANGAN HUBUNGAN AS – DUNIA ARAB REFLEKSI SOSIO-HISTORIS Herdi Sahrasad
CMES (Center of Middle Eastern Studies) Vol 6, No 1 (2013)
Publisher : Arabic Literature Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/cmes.6.1.11686

Abstract

The revolutions in the Arab World  such as Egypt, Tunisia, Marocco, Libya, Syriaand Yemen have affected  political  landscapes  in the Middle East countries. Revolutionsin the MENA countries  have broken up relations between the Arab World and the US.The revolutions also have paved the way for Islamic groups to put  political pressures totake power . Moreover, the Arab Spring have the influence over changes in the UnitedStates foreign policy  in Middle East. But, up to now,  it is not  clear that the revolution in the Middle East in 2011 is agreat opportunity for the U.S. to increase its role in countries. It's not  clear too,  whetheror not  it also a new opportunity for the U.S. to establish strategic alliances in ArabicWorld. While  Washington was surprised by the fall of the regimes of Egypt and Tunisia, for instance, there is  uncertainty  that the two countries  would be the new alliances ofthe US in the near future.  America has lost its loyalists  such as former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarakand Ben Ali, Tunis. But at the same time, the proximity of the the US-Gulf alliances isincreasing, especially with  Saudi Arabia,Bahrain, Kuwait  and Qatar . Washington for awhile is  still groping, if not frenzy, in rebuilding  the present relationship with the MiddleEast, as long as the MENA countries  are still in the era of transition. The U.S  and theWest are aware about  that  problem, and they  understand  that  in the Middle East thepolitical uncertainty  is so apparently.
THE PRINCIPLES OF BALANCE AND THE EMERGENCE OF HUMANITY AWARENESS IN ‘ALI AHMAD BAKĀTSĪR’S SALLĀMAH AL-QASS: ISLAMIC LITERARY PERSPECTIVE Mahmudah Mahmudah
CMES (Center of Middle Eastern Studies) Vol 15, No 2 (2022)
Publisher : Arabic Literature Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/cmes.15.2.63255

Abstract

The worship of a servant to God will fall short of perfection without paying attention and treating those around them with respect. ‘Ali Ahmad Bakātsīr, through Sallāmah al-Qass, told a young man who solely practices solitary worship in his daily life and then suddenly falls in love with a sweet-voiced entertainer girl who changes his life. This paper aims to show the principles of balance and their impact on raising humanity's awareness in the novel, which can be classified as a textual-formalistic puritan Islamic literary work from an Islamic literary perspective. The data collection was carried out based on the work literature study method. The data were obtained by carefully reading the figures’ words, thoughts, and attitudes leading to a predetermined formal object. The data analysis method used was the interpretive method. The principles of balance found in the novel are (1) balance between individual worship and social worship, (2) balance between physical and spiritual life, and (3) balance between worldly life and the hereafter. These principles raise humanity's awareness, namely (1) other people outside of oneself need to be considered, not abandoned, and (2) one should not justify the good or bad of the other by only looking at their outward actions. Thus, the three principles of balance proposed by 'Ali Aḥmad Bakāṡīr in Sallāmah al-Qass show Islamic values, which are expected to be a guide for the life of Muslims. This is because this work is a puritan Islamic literature committed to implementing Islamic teachings for its adherents or believer.
STATE RELIGIOUS POLICIES AND THE EMERGENCE OF ATHEISM IN SAUDI ARABIA, 2000–2022 Yuangga Kurnia Yahya; Umi Mahmudah
CMES (Center of Middle Eastern Studies) Vol 19, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Arabic Literature Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/cmes.19.1.115151

Abstract

In 2018, the International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) reported that nine of the ten least atheist-friendly countries are Muslim-majority states, with the death penalty for apostasy and atheism cited as a key indicator. Despite such restrictions, surveys have suggested the presence of atheist identities in Saudi Arabia, although these figures are likely underestimated due to fear of persecution. This study examines the trajectories of conversion from Islam to atheism in a Muslim-majority country that applies Islamic law, focusing on Saudi Arabia during the period 2000–2022. Using a qualitative case study approach, the research relies on document analysis of state policies, international reports on religious freedom, and the writings of Abdullah al-Qasimi as a representative intellectual case. The findings indicate that restrictive religious governance, social control, and exposure to alternative ideas—particularly through digital media—contribute to the emergence of religious doubt and the formation of atheist identities among segments of Saudi society. The study also shows that strong religious socialization, combined with perceived injustice and limitations on freedom of belief, may intensify skepticism toward religious authority. These results suggest that discriminatory state policies may unintentionally foster intellectual resistance and curiosity toward atheistic ideas. By linking state policy, social conditions, and intellectual transformation, this study contributes to the sociology of religion by offering a new perspective on how structural constraints within highly conservative Islamic states shape trajectories toward atheism.
TEKNIK DAN METODE PENERJEMAHAN KALIMAT TANYA PADA SUBTITLE SERIAL TV SHALAHUDDIN ALAYYUBI VERSI MNCTV Ahmad Fauzan Shidiq, Abdul Malik
CMES (Center of Middle Eastern Studies) Vol 8, No 2 (2015)
Publisher : Arabic Literature Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/cmes.8.2.16042

Abstract

The article discusses about techniques and methods of translation used to ranslate the interrogative sentence of Shalahuddin Al Ayyubi‟s Subtitle in MNCTV's version. The purposes of the research in this article are: (1) To describe the techniques of translating interrogative sentences used in making Shalahuddin Al Ayyubi‟s subtitle. (2) To describe the translation methods used in making subtitle of Salahuddin Al Ayyubi's film. The method used in the research is descriptive qualitative one. The data source is question sentences on subtitle‟s film of Salahuddin Al Ayyubi in MNCTV version on 1 episodes. In the first formulation, data were collected using random sampling techniques in the form of interrogative sentence then determining the type of translation techniques used. After that, making the percentage of translation techniques to know about the one that are most widely used. The second problem is analyzed based on the problem analysis results at the first formulation. Translation method is determined based on the percentage of translation techniques used. Both of problems are analyzed with descriptive qualitative method. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that there are 12 translation techniques used. The most widely used technique is the technique of reduction (24.4%). While the least used technique is the technique of adaptation, compensation and discursive creation (2.2%). As for the method of translation used is the target language emphasis method with percentage of the translation techniques that oriented on target language (71,1%) compared to ones that oriented on source language (28,9%).
Criticism As A Resistance Strategy in Fārūq Juwaidah’s Poems Zulfa Purnamawati
CMES (Center of Middle Eastern Studies) Vol 14, No 1 (2021)
Publisher : Arabic Literature Department

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20961/cmes.15.1.50171

Abstract

This study aims to reveal the resistance strategy used by Faruq Juwaidah, an Egyptian poet who has high concern for the fate of the Palestinians who are under Israeli Zionist rule. The object of this research material is Risalatun Ila Sarun I and II in which there are resistance values. The method used is a semiotic reading which consists of heuristic and hermeneutic reading. The results of this study indicate that the resistance strategy in Faruq Juwaidah's poetry is criticism. This form of criticism is expressed in characterization which in psychological terms is called labeling. In this term used  tasybīh and isti'ārah, which are the likeness of a pig, dog and cobra. In addition, criticism is also carried out by directly pinning negative traits, such as qabīh "bad", al-mal'un "the cursed", jabbanun "coward" al-fāsiqu "people who do bad things", and al- ' irbidu "a bad person in character". In addition, criticism is also expressed by the satire. The use of satire is a considered effective way to make political and social criticism, especially at the actions taken by Israeli Zionists who have tormented the Palestinian people.Keywords: criticism, characterization, satire, zionist israel, palestine

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