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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,269 Documents
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Analysis of miR-21-5p and miR-144-5p expression as biomarkers in active lung tuberculosis and home contacts APRILIA PITUT SAVITRI; MUHAMMAD NASRUM MASSI; MOCHAMMAD HATTA; ARIF SANTOSO; MUHAMMAD FACHRI; IRAWATY DJAHARUDDIN; SITTI WAHYUNI; MUHAMMAD ILYAS; HARUN ISKANDAR; ILHAMJAYA PATELLONGI; IRDA HANDAYANI; ISRAINI WIYULANDA ISKANDAR; NAJDAH HIDAYAH; NIRMAWATI ANGRIA; HANDAYANI HALIK
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260231

Abstract

Abstract. Savitri AP, Massi MN, Hatta M, Santoso A, Fachri M, Djaharuddin I, Wahyuni S, Ilyas M, Iskandar H, Pattelongi I, Handayani I, Iskandar IW, Hidayah N, Angria N, Halik H. 2025. Analysis of miR-21-5p and miR-144-5p expression as biomarkers in active lung tuberculosis and home contacts. Biodiversitas 26: 831-836. Considering the central role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in development and disease, researchers have proposed that specific circulating miRNAs affect the outcome of tuberculosis (TB) infection and that blood miRNA levels might reflect the course of the disease. This study analyzed the expression of miR-21-5p and miR-144-5p as potential biomarkers in patients with active TB and their household contacts (individuals with latent TB and healthy contacts). This study used a cross-sectional design and enrolled 20 people with active TB, 22 household contacts with positive interferon-gamma release assay results, and 22 healthy controls. miR-21-5p and miR-144-5p expression was examined using quantitative real-time PCR. miR-21-5p expression was more than 37-fold higher in patients with active TB than in healthy contacts. Meanwhile, miR-21-5p expression was approximately 15-fold higher in patients with active TB than in those with latent TB. miR-21-5p expression was 2.5-fold higher in patients with latent TB than in healthy contacts, whereas miR-144-5p expression was 35-fold higher in patients with active TB than in healthy contacts, and approximately 52-fold higher in patients with active TB than in contacts with latent TB. miR-144-5p expression in latent TB was approximately 1.5-fold higher in healthy contacts than in contacts with latent TB. Receiver operating characteristic analysis illustrated that miR-21-5p and miR-144-5p could distinguish latent TB from active TB with areas under the curve of 0.811 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.67-0.953) and 0.818 (95% CI = 0.689-0.947), respectively. miR-21-5p and miR-144-5p expression was elevated in active TB, highlighting their potential as diagnostic biomarkers.
Characterization of endophytic bacteria isolated from wild rice plants in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam QUACH VAN CAO THI; NGUYEN LU KHOI MINH; NGUYEN PHUONG THUY; TRUONG QUOC TAT; THANH TRAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 6 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250628

Abstract

Abstract. Thi QVC, Minh NLK, Thuy NP, Tat TQ, Tran T. 2024. Characterization of endophytic bacteria isolated from wild rice plants in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Biodiversitas 25: 2576-2585. Endophytic bacteria bring many benefits to plants, such as stimulating plant growth and inhibiting many microbial pathogens that cause plant diseases. Hence, this investigation aimed to evaluate the association of endophytic bacteria with wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) that can fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus and produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Twelve-five bacterial strains were recovered from wild rice stems and roots collected from Vinh Long and Tien Giang provinces of the Mekong Delta. Among these strains, six had phosphorus solubilizing and seven had nitrogen-fixing activity. Strain BR3.5 fixed the highest nitrogen, i.e. ammonia (NH4+) content of 0.109 ± 0.002 mg/L after eight-day incubation. However, the highest phosphorus solubilization was recorded in two isolates, RR3.7 and RR1.1, with clear zone diameters of 0.800 ± 0.020 mm and 0.800 ± 0.030 mm, respectively. In addition, bacterial strains could synthesize IAA, and BR2.5 produced the highest, i.e., 0.067 ± 0.002 ?g/mL, IAA after eight-day incubation. Notably, strain BR3.5 exhibited multiple activities like nitrogen fixation (0.109 ± 0.002 mg/L), phosphorus solubilization (1.02 ± 0.002 mm), and IAA synthesis (0.056 ± 0.00 ?g/mL). Strain BR3.5 was identified as Pantoea sp. based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing (92.69% similarity) together with morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics. The findings indicate that strain BR3.5 may be used for the production of biofertilizers for rice farming.
The potency of yellow pigment extract from the marine bacterium Pseudomonas oryzihabitans SAB E-3 as an antioxidant agent DELFIANI ANGGIAS PUTRI; RIKA INDRI ASTUTI; ARIS TRI WAHYUDI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 6 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250627

Abstract

Abstract. Putri DA, Astuti RI, Wahyudi AT. 2024. The potency of yellow pigment extract from the marine bacterium Pseudomonas oryzihabitans SAB E-3 as an antioxidant agent. Biodiversitas 25: 2565-2575. Metabolic processes in cells can produce byproducts in the form of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Excessive amounts of ROS are one of the causes of oxidative stress. Antioxidants are known to act as free radical-scavenging compounds. Pigment-producing bacteria associated with sponges have been widely reported to have antioxidant compounds. In this study, the marine bacterium Pseudomonas oryzihabitans SAB E-3 produced intracellular yellow pigments with potential antioxidant activity. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the in vitro antioxidant and mitochondrial activity at the cellular level and identify chemical compounds. The intracellular pigments produced by P. oryzihabitans SAB E-3 were extracted using methanol, acetone, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. The methanol pigment extract contained the highest number of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which may have contributed to its antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the active fraction obtained from the bioautographic TLC and harvested using preparative TLC had stronger antioxidant activity against DPPH radicals (75.71 µg/mL) than the crude pigment extract. However, the ABTS radical-reducing activity was lower (226.59 µg/mL) than the crude pigment extract. The maximum wavelength of the pigment extract was 453 nm, indicating the presence of carotenoids. In addition, the lowest concentration of the crude pigment extract (50 µg/mL) and selected active fractions (18.75 µg/mL) increased yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe ARC039 tolerance to oxidative stress and induced mitochondrial activity. Active fraction one extract analyzed using LC-MS/MS contained piceatannol, resveratrol, isorhapontigenin, isoliquiritigenin, liquiritin, and 2-Omethylisohemigossylic acid lactone, which may contribute to its antioxidant activity. Therefore, the yellow pigment extract and the active fraction produced by P. oryzihabitans SAB E-3 are potential candidates for natural antioxidant sources.
Antibacterial activity and compound identification of Eurya acuminata leaf fractions against bacteria-causing skin infections FESKAHARNY ALAMSJAH; ANTHONI AGUSTIEN; ARTHAULY YOPITA SINURAT; MUFIDHATUL MUQARRAMAH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 8 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250815

Abstract

Abstract. Alamsjah F, Agustien A, Sinurat AY, Muqarramah M. 2024. Antibacterial activity and compound identification of Eurya acuminata leaf fractions against bacteria-causing skin infections. Biodiversitas 25: 3441-3448. Antibiotics previously used to treat skin infections have recently been ineffective due to pathogenic bacteria resistance, and the discovery of antibacterial agents derived from medicinal plants is a breakthrough. Eurya acuminata DC. is a member of the Pentaphylacaceae family and has efficacy values as a medicinal plant used in traditional medicines. This study aims to analyze the antibacterial activity of fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, and water) of E. acuminata against bacteria causing skin infections and identify the chemical components of active fractions. A diffusion test was conducted for the antibacterial test. TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) was used to determine the chemical components of the fractions. The fraction with the highest level of antibacterial activity was subjected to additional analysis using diffusion and LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry). The antibacterial test showed that hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions were active against bacteria, with the ethyl acetate fraction having the highest activity. The TLC profile and the diffusion assay of the ethyl acetate fraction showed that spot number 4 with an Rf 1,00 had antibacterial activity. Identification of the compounds of the ethyl acetate fraction by LC-MS/MS resulted in identified compounds such as acacetin, kaempferol, peonidin, chrysoeriol, nobiletin, luteolin, and antroquinonol. This study demonstrates a new hope for further research into natural antibacterial agents, and it is a breakthrough with these phytochemicals.
Correlation between physical characteristics and plant composition of home gardens in Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia SALSABILA LARASWARI; INDRI WULANDARI; TEGUH HUSODO; OEKAN S. ABDOELLAH; CIKA ASTI AMALIA; MUHAMMAD RIFQI FAWWAZ; SYAHARBANU MEHRI AZADI; SHOFI SITI FARHANIAH
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 7 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250727

Abstract

Abstract. Laraswari S, Wulandari I, Husodo T, Abdoellah OS, Amalia CA, Fawwaz MR, Azadi SM, Farhaniah SS. 2024. Correlation between physical characteristics and plant composition of home gardens in Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 3051-3060. Green open space in urban settings provides various benefits to city residents, yet the increase in urban population indirectly results in a decrease in urban green space. Home gardens can expand urban green space to complement public areas but are often overlooked. This research examines the physical characteristics (area size, shape, and zoning) and plant composition of home gardens in Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia, as well as the correlation between both aspects. This research examined extensive data collection from a densely populated urban area, a context rarely explored but highly relevant in recent urban development. Data was collected in five housing complexes in the Rancasari Sub-district, with 514 home gardens, and correlation analysis was performed using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). The result showed that 92.2% of the home gardens had very narrow areas with 2-53m2. The shape of the home garden was dominated by strips, with 66% and 94% of home gardens having front zoning. Across the sampled home gardens, there were 1054 species from 141 families, with a total of 32,967 individuals. Araceae was the most commonly found family with 100 species and Sri Rejeki (Aglaonema commutatum Schott) had the largest number of individuals. Most of the home garden plants were ornamental plants due to their attractive morphology, making them relatively homogeneous within 95% of the home gardens. The presence of ornamental plants was the least influenced by physical characteristics, while medicinal and spice plants can be grouped together as they were more affected by the area size and less by the zone and shape. Edible plants were the most influenced by all physical characteristics, particularly the zone. This study provides new insights into urban ecology, offering valuable information for homeowners, developers, and policymakers to enhance the role of home gardens as private green spaces.
Dietary habits of fishing cats in a human-dominated wetland in Coastal Thailand THAKSIN WONGSON; SUPAWAT KHAEWPHAKDEE; WIROON MONGKONSIN; LAUREL E. K. SERIEYS; WAI-MING WONG; MARNOCH YINDEE; RATTAPAN PATTANARANGSAN; WARONG SUKSAVATE; PONGSATORN PROMKUNTOD; CHAIWAT KLAKHAENG; RONGLARP SUKMASUANG
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 6 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250650

Abstract

Abstract. Wongson T, Khaewphakdee S, Mongkonsin W, Serieys LEK, Wong W-M, Yindee M, Pattanarangsan R, Suksavate W, Promkuntod P, Klakhaeng C, Sukmasuang R. 2024. Dietary habits of fishing cats in a human-dominated wetland in Coastal Thailand. Biodiversitas 25: 2788-2797. Fishing cats, intimately connected to wetland habitats, face an escalating threat from human activities and environmental change. With its significant findings, this study offers a comprehensive insight into the dietary habits of fishing cats in a human-dominated wetland in coastal Thailand. By examining the scats of 192 fishing cats (Prionailurus viverrinus Bennett 1833) and the remains of 328 prey items, we detailed the fishing cat's diet and assessed its seasonality. Consequently, we identified 16 prey species consumed by fishing cats during the study period. The primary prey was fish, followed by rodents, birds, Indo-Chinese rat snakes (Ptyas korros (Hermann Schlegel 1837)), insects, crabs, and snails. The most crucial prey was the climbing perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch 1792) (n=69), followed by bandicoot rats (Bandicota indica Bechstein, 1800) (n=54), domestic chicken (Gallus gallus Linnaeus 1758) (n=48), and snakehead murrel (Channa striata Bloch 1793) (n=38). The niche breadth index indicated the highest specialization during the summer, while the dietary diversity index was 0.44, 0.52, and 0.38 during the summer, rainy, and winter seasons, respectively. Seasonal variations in dietary composition were not statistically significant. The niche overlap index was 0.95 between the summer and the rainy season, 0.91 between the rainy season and winter, and 0.87 between the summer and winter. These findings, with their direct implications for the conservation of fishing cats, highlight the urgent need for effective land-use management in species preservation.
Exploring the biocontrol and plant growth-promoting potential of Streptomyces kronopolitis isolate SA18 against durian foliar blight and dieback disease PARINYA KRAIVUTTINUN; KUNCHIT PIRAPAK; PATTACHAI PINNAK; WANWISA PIRAPAK
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 6 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250636

Abstract

Abstract. Kraivuttinun P, Pirapak K, Pinnak P, Pirapak W. 2024. Exploring the biocontrol and plant growth-promoting potential of Streptomyces kronopolitis isolate SA18 against durian foliar blight and dieback disease. Biodiversitas 25: 2661-2669. Actinomycetes have been extensively studied for their potential as plant growth promoters and biocontrol agents against fungal plant pathogens. In Thailand, durian is a highly valuable fruit crop, celebrated for its delectable fleshy arils. Rhizoctonia solani destruction causes foliar blight and dieback, a severe disease on durian plantations. Our investigation objective was to isolate, select, and identify actinomycetes that exhibit antagonistic properties and could improve the growth of durian. This study revealed that 37 actinomycete isolates were obtained, comprising 14 endophytic isolates and 23 soil-derived actinomycete isolates from durian plantations in Thailand's Uttaradit and Sukhothai Provinces. All actinomycete isolates demonstrated the ability to inhibit pathogen growth through in vitro antagonistic bioassay. Isolate SA18 exhibited the highest percentage inhibition of radial growth against R. solani isolate 01, achieving an impressive 92% inhibition. Furthermore, isolate SA18 demonstrated the capacity to produce 5.91 ?g/mL of indole acetic acid after seven days of culture, increasing to 45.72 ?g/mL after 14 days. This isolate also exhibited phosphate solubilization ability. In the detached leaf bioassay, isolate SA18 effectively controlled the spread of fungal pathogens, reducing disease severity significantly from 93.75% in the control treatment to 53.75% with a concentration of 108 spores/mL of isolate SA18. Morphological examination and 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that isolate SA18 formed smooth-surfaced spores in chains and showed a close relationship with Streptomyces kronopolitis based on the 16S rDNA sequence. This study is the first to report the presence of S. kronopolitis in soil samples collected from durian orchards in Thailand. This isolate can improve plant growth and control R. solani in bioassays. S. kronopolitis isolate SA18 can potentially be a biocontrol agent for durian plantations.
Assessment of soil fraction, carbon storage capacity, and rate of carbon uptake from three coastal ecosystems: Mangroves, seagrass, and mudflats in Benoa Bay, Indonesia I GUSTI NGURAH PUTU DHARMAYASA; I PUTU SUGIANA; PUTU YUDI ADITYA PUTRI; KWANRUETAI BOONYASANA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 6 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250623

Abstract

Abstract. Dharmayasa IGNP, Sugiana IP, Putri PYA, Boonyasana K. 2024. Assessment of soil fraction, carbon storage capacity, and rate of carbon uptake from three coastal ecosystems: Mangroves, seagrass, and mudflats in Benoa Bay, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2541-2549. Coastal habitats, known as blue carbon ecosystems, are highly productive at absorbing and storing carbon. Most carbon is stored as soil organic carbon, and its quantity can vary depending on various factors, including the presence of plants such as mangroves and seagrass, and environmental conditions, including soil fraction. This study quantifies soil carbon stored and its burial rate in three primary coastal ecosystems: mangroves, seagrasses, and mudflats. The ashing method (loss on ignition) is used to quantify carbon content, which is then converted into soil carbon storage and burial rate. Gravimetry and the settling time method are used to determine the soil fraction. We also measure the soil and water properties directly during the sampling time. This study revealed significant soil carbon stock and burial rate variations across different ecosystems. The order of ecosystems with the most extensive carbon stock and burial rate is as follows: mangrove (69-145 tC ha-1 and 1.6-3.4 tCha-1yr-1)>seagrass (63-75 tC ha-1 and 1.5-1.7 tCha-1yr-1)>mudflat (49-61 tC ha-1 and 1.2-1.4 tCha-1yr-1). Mangroves with natural growth have a higher carbon storage capacity than rehabilitated ones. Soil carbon content is highly correlated with the soil and water pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), water content, bulk density, and soil type. The findings demonstrate that carbon absorption capability varies among coastal habitats, with vegetated environments exhibiting higher carbon storage levels. Converting land, particularly mudflats, into seagrass beds or mangrove forests may maximize the efficiency of coastal ecosystems as carbon sinks. However, it should be noted that these findings are only estimates, and the precise measurement numbers may differ due to seasonal circumstances or reclamation activities, which might cause oscillations in sedimentation rates. These variations, in turn, could affect the levels of carbon stored and the speed at which it is buried.
Ethnobotany of wild edible plants used by local communities in three districts along the upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia ADITYA TRIYANTO; FITRIA PURNAMASARI; FENINTA SETYANING PARAMITA; FAUZAN RAFI WICAKSONO; FARIE AIMAR RAMADHAN; SUGENG BUDIHARTA; SURAPON SAENSOUK; AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 4 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250428

Abstract

Abstract. Triyanto A, Purnamasari F, Paramita FS, Wicaksono FR, Ramadhan FA, Budiharta S, Saensouk S, Setyawan AD. 2024. Ethnobotany of wild edible plants used by local communities in three districts along the upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 1596-1605. Wild Edible Plants (WEPs) grow naturally in the environment without human assistance and have parts that humans or animals can consume. The declining interest of local communities in consumable wild plant species, especially among the younger generation, resulted in the loss of public knowledge on the utilization of wild natural resources and the extinction of various types of wild species in nature. This study aims to determine wild edible plants used by local communities in three districts along the Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia. This research used qualitative and quantitative data obtained by conducting open, semi-structured, and structured interviews with 90 respondents aged 20-80 years old. Quantitative data was analyzed to produce Use Values (UV) and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF). The study found that the community consumes approximately 49 species from 32 families of WEPs and the most consumed species were Leucaena leucocephala, Carica papaya, Dendrocalamus asper, Muntingia calabura, Peperomia pellucida, Gnetum gnemon, Moringa oleifera, and Portulaca oleracea. Consumable wild plants along the Bengawan Solo River have an ICF value ranging from 0.645 to 1. The WEPs were used for carbohydrates, vegetables, fruits, seeds, and medicine. The study highlights the diverse uses of plant parts, emphasizing the community's holistic approach to incorporating wild plants into their diet and medicine. The research emphasizes the need to preserve and comprehend the multifaceted roles of WEPs, which are crucial for sustaining cultural traditions and community well-being.
Begomovirus diversity and distribution on melon plants in Bali, Indonesia I GEDE RAI MAYA TEMAJA; I PUTU SUDIARTA; GUSTI NGURAH ALIT SUSANTA WIRYA; DEWA GEDE WIRYANGGA SELANGGA; LISTIHANI LISTIHANI; I GUSTI AGUNG AYU AMBARAWATI; NIKEN NUR KASIM; PUTU LASMI YULIANTI SAPANCA; NI PUTU PANDAWANI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260206

Abstract

Abstract. Temaja IGRM, Sudiarta IP, Wirya GNAS, Selangga DGW, Listihani L, Ambarawati IGAA, Kasim NN, Sapanca PLY, Pandawani NP. 2024. Begomovirus diversity and distribution on melon plants in Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 572-582. Melon crops in Bali, Indonesia often exhibit curling and yellowing symptoms in young plants, the cause of which remains unidentified. This research aimed to determine the presence of Begomovirus isolates from Bali and their distribution among melon plants. The research methods involved a comprehensive survey, meticulous sampling, precise virus detection with PCR, thorough sequencing analysis, and accurate calculation of viral disease incidence based on DNA sequencing results. Sampling and symptom observation were conducted in seven Bali regencies: Denpasar City, Gianyar, Badung, Tabanan, Buleleng, Jembrana, and Bangli. The PCR method with Begomovirus universal primers SPG1/SPG2 was used for virus identification, followed by nucleotide sequencing. The research identified three viruses infecting melon plants in Bali: Squash leaf curl virus (SLCuV), Squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV), and Squash leaf curl Philippines virus (SLCuPV). The highest disease incidence for SLCuV, SLCCNV, and SLCuPV was found in Denpasar, Buleleng, and Badung, at 40%, 30%, and 30%, respectively. SLCCNV has spread to seven regencies in Bali, namely Denpasar City, Gianyar, Tabanan, Buleleng, Bangli, and Jembrana. SLCuV has spread to six regencies in Bali, all except Badung Regency. SLCuPV was only found in Denpasar City, Badung, and Buleleng. The molecular characteristic of SLCuV Bali isolate has the closest nucleotide and amino acid homology with East Timor isolate (KY652743) which is 98.4% (99.0%), SLCCNV Bali isolate is closest with Malaysia isolate (EF197940) which is 98.8% (99.8%), and SLCuPV is closest with Taiwan isolate (JF746195) which was 98.8% (99.5%). The novelty of this research lies in the first report of SLCuPV infection in Curcubitaceae plants in Indonesia, a finding that could significantly impact our understanding of viral infections in crops.

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