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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,269 Documents
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The combination of chitosan and molasses to improve nutritive value, chemical quality, and in vitro rumen degradability of pineapple peel silage RAKHMAD PERKASA HARAHAP; YETI ROHAYETI; DUTA SETIAWAN; AGUSTIN HERLIATIKA; YENI WIDIWATI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 8 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250854

Abstract

Abstract. Harahap RP, Rohayeti Y, Setiawan D, Herliatika A, Widiwati Y. 2024. The combination of chitosan and molasses to improve nutritive value, chemical quality, and in vitro rumen degradability of pineapple peel silage. Biodiversitas 25: 2800-2810. This study aimed to evaluate and determine nutritive value, chemical silage quality, in vitro rumen fermentation profile, microbial population, digestibility, and methane (CH4) emission of pineapple (Ananas camosus L.) peel silage with the addition of chitosan and molasses. The experiment was carried out using a 2×3 factorial design with 6 treatments, 4 replications, and different in vitro runs acting as blocks. In addition, the treatments comprised control (no additives), C3 (3 g of chitosan per 1000 g of fresh pineapple peel), C5 (5 g of chitosan per 1000 g of fresh pineapple peel), M20 (20 g of molasses per 1000 g of pineapple peel), C3M20 (3 g of chitosan and 20 g of molasses per 1000 g of pineapple peel), and C5M20 (5 g of chitosan and 20 g of molasses per 1000 g of pineapple peel). The descriptive analysis results for nutritive value showed that the 5 g chitosan group had the highest dry matter (DM) content in pineapple peel silage after 21 days. Chitosan was shown to improve organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) levels while reducing hemicellulose content. The administration of molasses significantly reduced weight loss and pH, enhancing preservation quality (P<0.05). The results also showed that chitosan reduced weight loss, particularly at 5 g/kg fresh pineapple peel (P<0.05). Rumen fermentation analysis revealed higher acetic acid levels in silage without molasses (P<0.05), while pH, ammonia (NH3), propionic acid, butyric acid, and branched-chain volatile fatty acid (BCVFA) concentrations did not affect rumen fermentation (P>0.05). However, chitosan increased in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and reduced total gas production (P<0.05). Higher levels also reduced microbial and protozoa populations in rumen. Based on the results, the use of both additives improved the quality of silage, where chitosan increased IVDMD and reduced gas production during rumen in vitro fermentation.
Exploration of natural microflora from stingless bee honey harvested from Limau Manis area, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia NURMIATI NURMIATI; HENNY HERWINA; PERIADNADI PERIADNADI; MUHAMMAD NAZRI JANRA; RANTI HIDAYAT; TRI WIDYA EDELWIS
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 9 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250910

Abstract

Abstract. Nurmiati N, Herwina H, Periadnadi P, Janra MN, Hidayat R, Edelwis TW. 2024. Exploration of natural microflora from stingless bee honey harvested from Limau Manis area, Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2908-2916. The natural microflora in stingless bee honey has been explored in three stingless bee species: Tetragonula laeviceps Smith, 1857; Heterotrigona itama Cockerell, 1918; and Geniotrigona thoracica Smith, 1857. This study aimed to identify and analyze the proportions of natural microflora in stingless bee honey. The study used a survey method, with data being descriptively analyzed and presented. The focus was on identifying microflora groups of bacteria and yeast in the honey from these three stingless bee species. Proteolytic bacteria Microflora types were identified based on the medium used: GPA+CaCO3 for acidic microbes, SMA for proteolytic bacteria, and ethanol+CaCO3 for acetic acid microbes. The pour plate method was used to count the microbes. T. laeviceps honey (pH 3.3, sugar level 45% Brix) contained a total of 163.6×104 CFU/mL microflora (161.6×104 CFU/mL bacteria and 2×104 CFU/mL yeast). In contrast, honey from H. itama (pH 3.4, sugar level 57% Brix) harbored a total of 156.7 x 104 CFU/mL microflora (155.7×104 CFU/mL bacteria and 1×104 CFU/mL yeast) and G. thoracica honey (pH 3.7, sugar level 70% Brix) contained 129.6×104 CFU/mL bacteria only. Acidic (A) and proteolytic (P) bacteria were observed in honey samples from T. laeviceps (A= 69.3×104 CFU/mL; P= 36×104 CFU/mL), G. thoracica (A= 53.6×104 CFU/mL; P= 40×104 CFU/mL), and H. itama (A= 67.0×104 CFU/mL; P= 38.6×104 CFU/mL). Acidic and proteolytic bacteria were present in all three honey samples. In conclusion, the microflora composition in stingless bee honey varies across species, with bacteria being the dominant group in all samples. The pH and sugar content of honey may influence the microbial load, indicating a possible link between honey properties and microbial diversity.
Impact of plant growth-promoting bacteria on the growth performance and resistance enzymes of tatsoi mustard in a hydroponic system NABILLA ALYA ANASTASYA; ANTON MEILUS PUTRA; SHOLIKAH WIDYANITTA RACHMAWATI; IRISA TRIANTI; ADI SETIAWAN; ABDUL LATIEF ABADI; LUQMAN QURATA AINI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 8 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250802

Abstract

Abstract. Anastasya NA, Putra AM, Rachmawati SW, Trianti I, Setiawan A, Abadi AL, Aini LQ. 2024. Impact of plant growth-promoting bacteria on the growth performance and resistance enzymes of tatsoi mustard in a hydroponic system. Biodiversitas 25: 3309-3317. Hydroponic system faces some problems in greenhouse cultivation including various biotic and abiotic stresses. Applying plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) in hydroponic systems can alleviate those problems by serving as nutrient providers, plant growth promoters, and maintaining plant resilience. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate PGPB strains for their potential to enhance plant growth and induce plant defense-related enzymes and compounds in tatsoi mustard plants (Brassica narinosa L.H. Bailey) when cultivated in a nutrient film technique (NFT) hydroponic system. The experiment was performed in a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of seven treatments and three replications. The treatments included P1: control with AB mix only; P2: Pseudomonas versuta UB36; P3: Pseudomonas aeruginosa UB52; P4: Pseudomonas lundensis UB53; P5: Pseudomonas migulae UB54; P6: Enterococcus gallinarum UB55 and; P7: Lysinibacillus fusiformis UB64. Based on the results, it was concluded that application of PGPB on tatsoi mustard promoted plant growth and production in hydroponic systems, which was shown in the treatment of P. ludensis UB53, P. migulae UB54, and L. fusiformis UB64. In addition, inoculation of PGPB strains induced resistance enzymes and compounds, namely phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (PO) enzymes, and phenolic compounds in tatsoi mustard plants. P. ludensis UB53, P. migulae UB54, Enterococcus gallinarum UB55, and L. fusiformis UB64 showed higher activity in inducing plant resistance enzymes and compounds. Thus, these results suggested that PGPB improved tatsoi plant resistance against biotic as well as abiotic stresses and has the potential to be developed as an effective strategy for pest and disease management and increasing crop yield of tatsoi mustard grown in hydroponic systems.
Life history traits of the gastropod-associated bacterivorous nematode Caenorhabditis brenneri (Nematoda: Rhabditida) LOEL DALAN; VERONICA TAÑAN; MICHELLE ANNE DIANO; CESAR DEMAYO; MYLAH TABELIN; NANETTE HOPE SUMAYA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 7 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250732

Abstract

Abstract. Dalan L, Tañan V, Diano MA, Demayo C, Tabelin M, Sumaya NH. 2024. Life history traits of the gastropod-associated bacterivorous nematode Caenorhabditis brenneri (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Biodiversitas 25: 3106-3113. Caenorhabditis species are associated with decaying plant materials and invertebrates such as terrestrial gastropods. Few Caenorhabditis species have been studied regarding their ecology, genetics, development, and essential life history traits (LHT). In this study, we describe the life cycle of a free-living, wild-type, bacterivorous nematode, Caenorhabditis brenneri Sudhaus and Kiontke 2007, associated with the terrestrial slug Philippinella moellendorffi Collinge 1899 and account for the effects of food density and temperature on its population dynamics by employing the hanging drop technique. The bacterial food supply was sourced from the slug cadaver and identified as Alcaligenes faecalis (MT012081). C. brenneri was fed with varying bacterial densities (109 and 5×109 cells mL-1) and incubated at 20 and 25°C. The bacterial food density-temperature interaction was found to have no significant influence on the offspring production of C. brenneri. Moreover, the total fertility rate (TFR) and net reproductive rate (Ro) are higher in 109 cells mL-1 in both temperatures (TFR at 20°C: 139; 25°C: 169 and Ro at 20°C: 134; 25°C: 156). Whereas the alternative generation time (To, T1, T) and population doubling time (PDT) are faster at 25°C in both bacterial densities, the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) is faster at lower temperatures (20°C) in both bacterial densities. The average lifespan of C. brenneri is seven days when fed with A. faecalis. Offspring somatic growth (body length and width) was influenced by bacterial food density-temperature interaction with increased length and girth observed in higher bacterial density and temperature in our knowledge. This study is the first attempt to use A. faecalis, a wild-type bacterium from the terrestrial slug P. moellendorffi cadaver, as the bacterial food source for a Caenorhabditis LHT analysis.
Influence of Green Open Spaces (GOS) on bird composition and abundance in Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia SITTI WIRDHANA AHMAD; LA ODE MUHAMMAD ERIF; MUKHSAR MUKHSAR; ADMIYANI SAMBO ADCU; RITA ISNAWATI; ZUKNI INDARWANI; FADILAH FADILAH; ADI KARYA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 11 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261138

Abstract

Abstract. Ahmad SW, Erif LOM, Mukhsar, Adcu AS, Isnawati R, Indarwani Z, Fadilah, Karya A. 2025. Influence of Green Open Spaces (GOS) on bird composition and abundance in Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5814-5823. One of the negative impacts of shrinking Green Open Spaces (GOS) and urban landscape change is the decline in biodiversity. GOS play a key role in maintaining biodiversity within rapidly expanding cities. In urban areas, GOS such as urban parks serve as habitats for birds despite high human density and altered land cover. Complex and diverse vegetation structures provide better habitat quality, and larger GOS connected to natural habitats tend to support higher bird diversity. This study examined the influence of GOS characteristics, area, vegetation quality, water availability, and connectivity with natural habitats on bird composition and abundance in Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Eight GOS sites were surveyed, recording a total of 48 bird species, including 14 Sulawesi endemics, with total abundance ranging from 208 to 580 individuals per site. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) indicated that these habitat variables explained 12.33% of the variation in bird community composition, suggesting a weak but ecologically meaningful influence. While generalist species dominated smaller ornamental parks, larger, forest-like sites supported higher species richness and endemic representation. These findings highlight the importance of retaining native vegetation and ensuring water availability in urban planning to enhance bird diversity and support biodiversity-based management strategies.
Spatial distribution of the ethnomedicinal plant Aglaonema simplex at the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, Northeastern Thailand NUTCHAPAT O-THONG; WATTANACHAI TASEN; DOKRAK MAROD; SATHID THINKAMPHEANG; WONGSATORN PHUMPHUANG
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 7 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250726

Abstract

Abstract. O-thong N, Tasen W, Marod D, Thinkampheang S, Phumphuang W. 2024. Spatial distribution of the ethnomedicinal plant Aglaonema simplex at the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, Northeastern Thailand. Biodiversitas 25: 3043-3050. Aglaonema simplex Blume (Araceae) is an evergreen herbaceous plant used ornamentally and in traditional medicine. Although the usefulness of this plant has been widely studied and reported, its ecology remains poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of various environmental factors on the spatial distribution of A. simplex in a Dry Evergreen Forest (DEF) at the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station (SERS) in Northeastern Thailand. All individual plants were counted; their positions were recorded within a 16-ha Forest Dynamics Plot (FDP), and their distribution pattern was analyzed using Ripley's K function. The spatial distribution of A. simplex was determined using a generalized linear model that incorporated plant density and topographic and edaphic variables within the 16-ha study plot. We found a total of 11,232 A. simplex individuals with a density of 702 individuals ha-1, with a clumped distribution pattern. The modeling results showed that the spatial distribution of A. simplex was positively influenced by soil clay content, soil pH, exchangeable magnesium, and adult tree density; it was negatively influenced by sapling density and rocky outcrops. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of the ecological niche of A. simplex. They can be used to design integrated land management approaches that balance ecological conservation with economic development goals.
Unveiling the prevalence of invasive alien plant species in multiple-use zone of Initao-Libertad Protected Landscape and Seascape, Misamis Oriental, Philippines LARRY C. HERBITO JR.; JAIME Q. GUIHAWAN; CHRISTINE MARIE V. CASAL; DAISY LOU L. POLESTICO; ARMI G. TORRES
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 9 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250951

Abstract

Abstract. Herbito Jr. LC, Guihawan JQ, Casal CMV, Polestico DLL, Torres AG. 2024. Unveiling the prevalence of invasive alien plant species in multiple-use zone of Initao-Libertad Protected Landscape and Seascape, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. Biodiversitas 25: 3286-3294. Invasive Alien Plant Species (IAPS) threaten Protected Areas (PAs) globally, causing habitat degradation, biodiversity reduction, and ecosystem disruption. In the Philippines, data on invasive species in PAs is limited. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, abundance, and diversity of IAPS in multiple-use zone of Initao-Libertad Protected Landscape and Seascape (ILPLS), Misamis Oriental, Philippines. Using belt-transect method, a total of 15 nested plots (20×20 m for trees, 5×5 m for herbs and shrubs, and 1×1 m for grasses and lianas) were established. Twenty-nine plant species from 18 families were identified, comprising 18 Native Species (NS), seven Non-Invasive Alien Species (NIAS), and four IAPS. The IAPS identified were Gmelina arborea, Leucaena leucocephala, Lantana camara, and Swietenia macrophylla which had the highest relative abundance of 96.83%. The Shannon-Weiner diversity indices showed very low to low diversity of 0.30 to 2.17, and an unbalanced to semi-balanced species evenness of 0.17 to 0.70. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed a significant difference in relative abundance between NS and IAPS (p = 0.01576). The Wilcoxon rank-sum test indicated significant differences in species diversity and evenness of p = 0.03359 and 0.03343, respectively. These findings are crucial for developing IAPS control strategies in the ILPLS in the future.
Morphology of arthropods discovered in pitchers of Nepenthes at Aceh Singkil District, Indonesia MHD. RAFI’I MA’ARIF TARIGAN; MUHAMMAD FAISAL; KARTIKA MANALU; KHAIRUNA KHAIRUNA; EFRIDA PIMA SARI TAMBUNAN; RAHMADINA RAHMADINA; HUMAIROH ASY’ARI; YUSRAN EFENDI RITONGA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 7 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250710

Abstract

Abstract. Tarigan MRM, Faisal M, Manalu K, Khairuna, Tambunan EPS, Rahmadina, Asy’ari H, Ritonga YE. 2024. Morphology of arthropods discovered in pitchers of Nepenthes at Aceh Singkil District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2888-2900. Nepenthes plants create unique microhabitats and are home to diverse arthropod communities. These plants, known for their complex and specialized structures, attract various species of arthropods and contribute to the region's biodiversity. The study of arthropod morphology is critical to understanding the complex interactions within these microhabitats as well as broader ecosystem dynamics. Although this plant has great ecological importance and conservation significance, detailed morphological studies of the arthropods living on it are still rare. This study aimed to identify the families of arthropods trapped in the upper and lower pitchers of Nepenthes. This study used descriptive methods to reveal the morphology of arthropods found in Nepenthes pitchers in Aceh Singkil District, Indonesia. Arthropods were obtained from the upper and lower pitchers of N. ampullaria, N. gracilis, N. mirabilis, N. rafflesiana, N. reinwardtiana, N. x hookeriana, and N. x trichocarpa. Samples were obtained through direct observations conducted between October to December 2023. The results showed the presence of arthropod families, namely Culicidae, Formicidae, Gryllidae, Calliphoridae, Coccinellidae, Curculionidae, Rhyaparochromidae, Blattellidae, Salticidae, and Araneidae. However, Culicidae and Formicidae were observed to be the most abundant and Gryllidae was observed to be the least abundant. A mutualistic symbiosis was established, in which ants used the tendrils of Nepenthes to lay eggs and collected nectar generated by the honey glands, while the egg-laying process helped in the breakdown of the pitcher. This discovery suggests that the plants provided a habitat for Culicidae and a conducive environment for Formicidae larvae. However, Araneidae, Rhyparochromidae, Salticidae, Curculionidae, and Coccinellidae are not attracted to petals and peristomes. Gryllidae and Blattellidae were present in Nepenthes pitchers as a result of their close association with the plant and UV color-trapping mechanism. The study of the morphology of arthropods found in Nepenthes pitchers has several overall implications. First, it contributes to our understanding of ecological interactions in Nepenthes plants, providing insight into predator-prey dynamics, nutrient cycling, and plant evolution. Second, it underscores the importance of Nepenthes plants as a microhabitat that supports diverse arthropod communities, and highlights the ecological role of arthropods in nutrient-poor environments. This research also informs conservation efforts, emphasizing the need to protect Nepenthes plant habitat to maintain biodiversity.
Evaluating growth and exploitation dynamics of Thunnus albacares for sustainable fisheries in fishery landed in Bali's Benoa Harbor TRI DJOKO LELONO; GATUT BINTORO; ARIEF SETYANTO; DARMAWAN OCKTO SUTJIPTO; AGUS TUMULYADI; WIRASTIKA ADHIHAPSARI; WAHIDA KARTIKA SARI; MIHROBI KHALWATU RIHMI; DIAN ALIVIYANTI; ANDIK ISDIANTO; AGITA DWI ROSMALIA PUTRI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 9 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250905

Abstract

Abstract. Lelono TD, Bintoro G, Setyanto A, Sutjipto DO, Tumulyadi A, Adhihapsari W, Sari WK, Rihmi MK, Aliviyanti D, Isdianto A, Putri ADR. 2024. Evaluating growth and exploitation dynamics of Thunnus albacares for sustainable fisheries in fishery landed in Bali's Benoa Harbor. Biodiversitas 25: 2858-2869. This study aims to analyze the population dynamics of Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788), particularly focusing on factors such as length-weight relationships, length frequency distribution, first caught size, gonadal maturity size, growth rate, mortality rate, and exploitation rate. The analysis, conducted using FISAT II software with data from 2018 to February 2022, also includes evaluating fish utilization status. This evaluation involves estimating Allowable Biological Effort (ABE), Allowable Biological Catch (ABC), and Total Allowable Catch (TAC) based on yellowfin tuna (T. albacares) production data from 2012 to 2021 in Bali’s Benoa Harbor. These parameters and analyses are crucial for maintaining the sustainability of catch utilization. This will be achieved using the Feedback Harvest Control Rules (FHCR) with a random sampling method. The length-weight relationship analysis yielded positive allometric growth (b>3), influenced by genetic, environmental, reproductive, and overexploitation factors. The initial catch size value (Lc50%) was determined to be 134.7 cmFL, while the gonadal maturity size (Lm) was estimated to be 103.3 cmFL. Therefore, it is paramount to refrain from fishing before reaching reproductive maturity to ensure the stock's survival. The asymptotic length (L?) was estimated at 235.45 cmFL, t0 -2.91, with a growth rate (K) of 0.20. This indicates a relatively slow growth rate, which is important information for effective fisheries management. The exploitation rate (E) of 0.88 per year indicates overexploitation. Hence, the need for sustainable fishing practices should be noted in certain areas. Applying the FHCR model provides insights into stock estimation and sustainable management strategies that are of value in informing the development of more careful management practices.
Interior shell patterns among the Spondylid species (Bivalvia: Spondylidae) in Mindanao, Philippines FABIO JR. C. RUAZA; DONARD C. MATURAN; ERMELYN BUSTILLO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 25 No. 7 (2024)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d250711

Abstract

Abstract. Ruaza FJC, Maturan DC, Bustillo E. 2024. Interior shell patterns among the Spondylid species (Bivalvia: Spondylidae) in Mindanao, Philippines. Biodiversitas 25: 2901-2906. The variations among the species of the Spondylus were assessed based on its interior shell pattern using landmark-based geometric morphometry. A total of 200 specimens were subjected to analysis. Samples of the Spondylid species were collected and photographed, and 15 landmarks from internal shell morphology were quantified and analyzed. The landmarks include the umbo, teeth, size of the muscle scar, and the pallial sinus. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant differences in internal shell characters among Spondylid species across sampling sites (p<0.05). Canonical Variance Analysis (CVA) effectively differentiated the local Spondylid species into distinct clusters. In addition, the relative warps captured the most significant sources of variation in the morphological characters analyzed, leading to effective differentiation between the groups or populations of the species. The most distinguishing characteristics among the species are the distance of the pallial line to the ventral tip of the adductor muscle scar and the size of the cardinal tooth. The internal shell characters among the Spondylid species exhibit notable disparity despite their great morphological similarity. These shell characters can be used in the identification while conservation efforts are still in the initial stage of development. The presence of notable dissimilarities in the internal shell characteristics among the Spondylid species indicates that even slight deviations can result in noticeable morphological distinctions. This discovery enhances the understanding of the species divergence within this group and underscores the significance of incorporating internal shell characteristics into taxonomic and ecological investigations.

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