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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,269 Documents
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Medicinal plants for digestive system disorders in Tebing Batu Village, Sambas District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia RUQIAH GANDA PUTRI PANJAITAN; AGUS KURNIASI; EKO SRI WAHYUNI; HURRIAH DEWI SARTIKA PANJAITAN; KURNIA NINGSIH; TITIN TITIN; SHOKHAN SHARIF ALI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 11 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261124

Abstract

Abstract. Panjaitan RGP, Kurniasi A, Wahyuni ES, Panjaitan HDS, Ningsih K, Titin, Ali SS. 2025. Medicinal plants for digestive system disorders in Tebing Batu Village, Sambas District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 5647-5658. Disorders in the digestive system occur when the organs involved in the digestive process experience problems, which can disrupt their function and lead to symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, gastritis, and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). One treatment for addressing digestive system disorders is the use of medicinal plants. This study aimed to inventory and document the use of medicinal plants for treating digestive system disorders by the community of Tebing Batu Village, Sebawi Sub-district, Sambas District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The method used in this study was qualitative descriptive. This study employed a qualitative method using purposive sampling as the selected technique. The results of the study indicate that there are 17 species of medicinal plants used to treat digestive system disorders, which include kalimaok (Ageratum conyzoides), sirsak (Annona muricata), pendaraan (Cyanthillium cinereum), kunyit (Curcuma longa), durian (Durio zibethinus), maram dapat (Elephantopus scaber), kencur (Kaempferia galanga), singkong (Manihot esculenta), cengkodok (Melastoma malabathricum), mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia), pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius), ambing buah (Phyllanthus amarus), sirih (Piper betle), singkil (Premna serratifolia), jambu biji (Psidium guajava), sapu cina (Scoparia dulcis), saudagar (Struchium sparganophorum), which are classified into 13 families, with the most represented family being Asteraceae. The most commonly treated digestive disorders using the plants are stomachache and diarrhea. The most commonly used part is the leaf, while the most common processing technique is pounding. This study highlights the richness of local community knowledge in utilizing medicinal plants to treat digestive disorders. This study highlights the community's close relationship with nature and the importance of preserving local knowledge to be passed down to future generations.
Ethnobotanical study of antihypertensive medicinal plants in Sari Makmur Village, West Kalimantan, Indonesia RUQIAH GANDA PUTRI PANJAITAN; ANANDA DWI PUTRI; EKO SRI WAHYUNI; KURNIA NINGSIH; TITIN TITIN; DONA FITRIAWAN; LIANGYUE LIANGYUE
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 7 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260727

Abstract

Abstract. Panjaitan RGP, Putri AD, Wahyuni ES, Ningsih K, Titin, Fitriawan D, Liangyue. 2025. Ethnobotanical study of antihypertensive medicinal plants in Sari Makmur Village, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 3356-3366. Hypertension is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, often going undetected due to its non-communicable yet fatal nature. One non-pharmacological treatment for hypertension is herbal therapy using medicinal plants. This study aims to inventory medicinal plants used to treat hypertension by the Malay community in Sari Makmur Village, Tekarang Sub-district, Sambas District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The research employed a qualitative descriptive method with a data triangulation technique, including interviews, observations, documentation, and the creation of a herbarium for plant identification involving five informants. The results show that there are 12 plant species used as antihypertensives by the community of Sari Makmur Village, including bunga panyok (Catharanthus roseus), daun sop (Apium graveolens), engkudu (Morinda citrifolia), gerinang (Averrhoa bilimbi), kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus), mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa), nangka belande (Annona muricata), patterwali (Tinospora cordifolia), pegage (Centella asiatica), salam (Syzygium polyanthum), sambung nyawe (Gynura procumbens), and telang (Clitoria ternatea). The species most frequently mentioned by informants for treating hypertension were nangka belande (A. muricata) and salam (S. polyanthum) while the most used plant family was Apiaceae. The most utilized plant part was the leaf, and the most frequent method of preparation was boiling. These findings highlight the importance of preserving and supporting local conservation efforts as an alternative resource in the development of herbal medicines to ensure their sustainability.
Diversity and ecological determinants of essential oil composition of Achillea millefolium from various geobotanical areas of Samarkand, Uzbekistan MOHIGUL ISTAMKULOVA; KHUDOYOR KELDIYAROV; ASADULLO DAMINOV; NURALI MUKHAMADIEV; GAVHAR DUSHANOVA; DAVRON KHAYITOV; YUNUS RUZIEV; ISKANDAR RAYIMQULOV; ROKHILA JURAEVA; UMIDA NORBOYEVA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 7 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260726

Abstract

Abstract. Istamkulova M, Keldiyarov K, Daminov A, Mukhamadiev N, Dushanova G, Khayitov D, Ruziev Y, Rayimqulov I, Jurayeva R, Norboyeva U. 2025. Diversity and ecological determinants of essential oil composition of Achillea millefolium from various geobotanical areas of Samarkand, Uzbekistan. Biodiversitas 26: 3343-3355. Achillea millefolium is a well-known medicinal plant, widely distributed in Asia, Europe and North America. It is extensively used in traditional medicine and is valued for its broad spectrum of therapeutic properties. One of the key elements of its pharmacological value is its essential oil, which exhibits antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antioxidant, and other properties. This study explores the variation in the chemical composition of essential oils extracted from A. millefolium flowers collected in four distinct geobotanical areas of the Samarkand region, Uzbekistan: Amonkutan, Korabulok, Ilonsoy and Sazagan. Essential oils were obtained using the hydrodistillation method and their compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results revealed significant qualitative and quantitative differences in essential oil compositions, primarily influenced by environmental factors. Essential oil variation reflects ecotypic local adaptation, highlighting its relevance for biodiversity and conservation efforts. These findings emphasize the influence of environmental factors such as altitude, precipitation, and soil pH on the chemotypic variability of A. millefolium. A total of 48 compounds were identified, with region-specific dominance: Ascaridole (20.43%) in Sazagan, Terpinolene (20.06%) in Amonkutan, m-Cymene (21.05%) in Korabulok, Camphor (2.86%) and 2-Carene (26.33%) in Ilonsoy. These constituents appear to play key roles in plant adaptation to local stress conditions. The identified relationships between environmental factors and the composition of plant essential oils enable the differentiation of chemotypes based on geographic characteristics and provide a basis for developing recommendations on optimal cultivation conditions, selective cultivation programs and standardization of raw materials for pharmacological applications.
Stand composition and structure of Rubroshorea curtisii in a lowland Dipterocarp remnant forest of Bukit Tiban, Riau Islands, Indonesia ARIDA SUSILOWATI; HENTI HENDALASTUTI RACHMAT; NELLY ANNA; DENI ELFIATI; FIFI GUS DWIYANTI; KOICHI KAMIYA; FAUZAN ALAWI; KESUMA WIJAYA; IDA MALLIA GINTING
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260948

Abstract

Abstract. Susilowati A, Rachmat HH, Anna N, Elfiati D, Dwiyanti FG, Kamiya K, Alawi F, Wijaya K, Ginting IM. 2025. Stand composition and structure of Rubroshorea curtisii in a lowland Dipterocarp remnant forest of Bukit Tiban, Riau Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4793-4804. Rubroshorea curtisii is an ecologically and commercially valuable Dipterocarpaceae species native to the Malay Peninsula, Peninsular Thailand, and northern Borneo, but in Indonesia its distribution is restricted to the Riau Islands. Habitat disturbances in this area directly threaten the species’ persistence. This study assessed the stand composition, structure, and floristic diversity of R. curtisii in Bukit Tiban Protected Forest, Batam Island, Riau Islands. Vegetation data were collected from 25 nested plots (20×20 m for trees, 10×10 m for poles, 5×5 m for saplings, and 2×2 m for seedlings) along five transects purposefully located in areas where R. curtisii occurs. All individuals were identified and measured to calculate relative density, frequency, basal area, and Importance Value Index (IVI), along with Shannon–Wiener diversity (H?), evenness (E), and species richness (R). A total of 44 species from 13 families were recorded, including seven Dipterocarpaceae species. Rubroshorea curtisii dominated all strata with the highest IVI values in seedlings (21.38%), poles (30.83%), and trees (34.00%), indicating its keystone ecological role. The stand exhibited an inverted J-shaped diameter distribution, characterized by a predominance of small-diameter trees (10-19.9 cm) and a scarcity of large individuals, reflecting regeneration imbalance. Diversity was highest in tree strata (H? = 3.10) and lowest in saplings (H? = 1.70), while evenness remained high (E = 0.91-0.97). Tree strata showed the highest richness (R = 7.05), whereas saplings had the lowest (R = 1.25). Despite ongoing regeneration, reduced mature individuals and disrupted recruitment suggest vulnerability to fragmentation, logging, and limited reproductive events. Conservation priorities should include protection of mature trees, enrichment planting, canopy restoration, and long-term monitoring of reproductive ecology. Integrating community participation and habitat rehabilitation is essential to ensure sustainable management of R. curtisii and the ecological resilience of remnant dipterocarp forests in the Riau Islands.
Field-laboratory assessment of predatory response of Chilocorus melanophthalmus and Scymnus sp. against Aulacaspis tegalensis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) infestation on sugarcane SUDI PRAMONO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 8 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260835

Abstract

Abstract. Pramono S. 2025. Field-laboratory assessment of predatory response of Chilocorus melanophthalmus and Scymnus sp. against Aulacaspis tegalensis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) infestation on sugarcane. Biodiversitas 26: 4057-4064. Sugarcane production in Indonesia is significantly affected by pest infestations, among which the sugarcane scale insect (Aulacaspis tegalensis) is particularly destructive due to its ability to reduce both crop yield and quality. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of natural enemies as biological control agents for A. tegalensis to provide a more sustainable alternative. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted from April 2021 to September 2022 in sugarcane plantations in Central Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia. Field experiments, arranged in a randomized block design, monitored predator-prey interactions and measured predator attack rates on A. tegalensis. Laboratory experiments, using a completely randomized design, evaluated predation at prey densities of 10-320 individuals with two predator species, Chilocorus melanophthalmus and Scymnus spp.. The results showed that C. melanophthalmus and Scymnus spp. had moderate positive correlations with A. tegalensis population densities in the field (correlation coefficients r: 0.51 and 0.41, respectively; p<0.05). Their average predation rate for C. melanophthalmus was 4-10 prey individuals per day, and for Scymnus spp. 4-9 prey individuals per day that which are indeed promising biological control agents. Laboratory tests indicated that these two predators exhibited a type II functional response, meaning that their predation rate increased with prey density but eventually reached a saturation point due to handling time constraints. Both predators showed strong dependency on prey density (r: 0.73 and 0.82), indicating high predation potential. Conversely, C. nigritus and Telsimia spp. showed weaker responses and limited predation efficiency. These findings suggest that C. melanophthalmus and Scymnus spp. are promising biological control agents for managing A. tegalensis infestations in sugarcane plantations, instilling confidence in the future of sustainable pest management. Integrating these predators into integrated pest management strategies could reduce reliance on chemical insecticides, lowering environmental risks and supporting sustainable sugarcane production in Indonesia.
Morphometric and phenotypic variation of muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) in Central Java, Indonesia SUTOPO SUTOPO; MIRNA ICE RAMANDHANI; FERRI KRISTIO SIANTURI; ASEP SETIAJI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 9 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260902

Abstract

Abstract. Sutopo, Ramandhani MI, Sianturi FK, Setiaji A. 2025. Morphometric and phenotypic variation of muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) in Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 4267-4273. The muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) is an important part of traditional poultry systems in Central Java, Indonesia. However, the genetic and phenotypic diversity among local varieties remains poorly characterized, limiting efforts in sustainable breeding and conservation. This study aimed to characterize the morphometric and phenotypic variability of three local muscovy duck types (Local, Rambon, and Jumbo) through quantitative and qualitative assessments. A total of 96 adult female ducks were sampled, comprising 36 Local (Demak), 30 Rambon (Kendal), and 30 Jumbo (Temanggung). Morphometric traits measured included maxilla length, neck length, chest circumference, and wing length, among others. Qualitative traits examined included plumage color and body conformation (e.g., caruncle, breast, shank, and abdomen). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, discriminant analysis, cluster analysis, and canonical discriminant functions. Jumbo ducks exhibited significantly larger body dimensions compared to the Local and Rambon groups, with an average chest circumference of 34.6±1.8 cm and neck length of 20.4±1.2 cm. Jumbo ducks also showed predominantly white plumage (80%) and pink bills, contrasting with the darker and more variable coloration in Local ducks. Discriminant analysis revealed chest circumference, neck length, and femur length as key variables for group differentiation, achieving 86.67% classification accuracy for Jumbo ducks. Cluster and canonical analyses confirmed the morphological divergence, positioning Rambon ducks as an intermediate group. Substantial morphometric and phenotypic diversity exists among muscovy duck populations in Central Java. Jumbo ducks are morphologically distinct and likely subjected to selection for meat traits. These findings emphasize the importance of conserving local duck genetic resources for future breeding and sustainable production strategies.
Morphological and genetic identification of novel cryptic freshwater shrimp species (Caridina and Macrobrachium) in Northeastern Thailand using DNA barcoding JUTHAPORN SAENGPRAJAK; EAKAPOL WANGKAHART; CHITCHOL PHALARAKSH; NOPPAKUN PAKDEENARONG
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 10 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d261005

Abstract

Abstract. Saengprajak J, Wangkahart E, Phalaraksh C, Pakdeenarong N. 2025. Morphological and genetic identification of novel cryptic freshwater shrimp species (Caridina and Macrobrachium) in Northeastern Thailand using DNA barcoding. Biodiversitas 26: 4886-4897. The phylogenetics clarifies species identities, reveals cryptic lineages, and assesses saline soils area may suppress cryptic diversity in freshwater prawns. Thus, this study used morphological identification and DNA barcoding to assess species composition and genetic variation of freshwater prawn species in saline and non-saline soil. Specimens were collected from 300 samples across 15 sites (saline-soil areas of Mahasarakham Province and non-saline habitats of Mukdahan Province) and identified based on morphology. Mitochondrial cytochrome C Oxidase I (COI) barcodes were also sequenced for molecular identification. Morphological analysis revealed three species (Macrobrachium lanchesteri, Macrobrachium niphanae, and Caridina macrophora) were found in both Mahasarakham and Mukdahan. In comparison, Caridina gracilirostris was recorded exclusively in Mukdahan, with four species (Macrobrachium lanchesteri, Macrobrachium niphanae, Caridina macrophora, and Caridina gracilirostris), with Mukdahan harboring one additional atyid (Caridina gracilirostris) not found in Mahasarakham. DNA barcoding revealed six distinct genetic lineages, including the four morphologically identified species and two cryptic lineages (Macrobrachium sp. and Caridina sp.) not detectable through morphology. Macrobrachium sintangense was identified by DNA in Mukdahan samples despite being misidentified morphologically. Mukdahan Province showed higher species richness and a lack of soil salinity, whereas saline conditions corresponded with lower diversity. Results demonstrated the effectiveness of DNA barcoding in revealing cryptic diversity and distributional differences influenced by environmental factors. Our findings provide a baseline for freshwater prawn conservation in Northeast Thailand and underscore the importance of integrative taxonomy for biodiversity assessment.
Macroalgal community structure and beta diversity in the coastal waters of East Lombok, Indonesia ABDULLAH RASYID; MASTERIA YUNOVILSA PUTRA; WINDRI HANDAYANI; YASMAN YASMAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 7 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260703

Abstract

Abstract. Rasyid A, Putra MY, Handayani W, Yasman. 2025. Macroalgal community structure and beta diversity in the coastal waters of East Lombok, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 3115-3124. Coastal ecosystems in East Lombok, Indonesia, are home to diverse macroalgal communities influenced by local environmental factors. This study investigates macroalgal community structure and beta diversity across three distinct locations: Station 1 (Dasan Ujung Beach), Station 2 (Telong Elong Beach), and Station 3 (Pinky Beach). The survey categorized macroalgae into Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, and Phaeophyta, and employed Simpson and Sørensen dissimilarity indices alongside the nestedness-resultant component (?sne) to assess community variability. The results show that Station 2, with a complex substrate of coral rubble and calcareous mud, supported a more diverse macroalgal community, including calcifying species like Halimeda spp. In contrast, eutrophic conditions at Station 3 promoted the dominance of Ulva lactuca, a species indicative of nutrient-rich waters. The beta diversity indices reveal that substrate type and nutrient enrichment play critical roles in shaping macroalgal diversity and community composition, rather than water chemistry alone. These findings suggest that habitat heterogeneity and local anthropogenic pressures significantly influence coastal biodiversity. This study contributes new insights into the ecological drivers of macroalgal distribution in East Lombok and offers a framework for future marine conservation and monitoring.
Genetic diversity and mutant detection of Dendrobium bicaudatum using SRAP markers IDA AYU PUTRI DARMAWATI; YUYUN FITRIANI; GEDE WIJANA; WAFA’ NUR HANIFAH; RINDANG DWIYANI; NI LUH MADE PRADNYAWATHI; FITRIA DWI DARMAYATI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270223

Abstract

Abstract. Darmawati IAP, Fitriani Y, Wijana G, Hanifah WN, Dwiyani R, Pradnyawathi NLM, Darmayati FD. 2026. Genetic diversity and mutant detection of Dendrobium bicaudatum using SRAP markers. Biodiversitas 27 (2): d270223. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270223. Natural occurring mutations have been an important source of genetic diversity and new phenotypes for ornamental plants. However, the occurrence rate is relatively low for most plants, including Dendrobium bicaudatum. Mutation induction triggers mutations in plants and can be achieved through physical or chemical methods. One widely used chemical is Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS). Molecular techniques can detect genetic changes in mutated orchids early, without the need for the plants to mature. Thus, this study aimed to investigate genetic variation and detect mutants in D. bicaudatum orchids following EMS treatment using Sequence Related Amplified Polymorphism (SRAP). This study used four SRAP primer combinations. The DNA concentration of sample B2.Chimera approaches purity, indicated by an A160/280 ratio of 1.67. The results indicated that the four primers exhibited high orchid polymorphism, ranging from 91% to 100%. A total of 47 loci and 258 DNA bands were generated using four primers, yielding a PIC value of 0.32-0.37. The high level of polymorphism detected by SRAP indicates genetic diversity in mutant plants, which importantly contributes to conservation. The analysis of genetic similarity via dendrograms revealed two primary clusters at a coefficient of 0.23: one comprising albino explants and the other consisting of non-albino explants. This result suggests that albino mutants possess genetic traits that significantly differ from those of non-albinos. Non-albino explants, including chimeras and normals, exhibited high similarity coefficients ranging from 0.63 to 0.96.
Phytoplankton diversity as a bioindicator of organic pollution in the estuary of Lhokseumawe City, Aceh, Indonesia ERLANGGA ERLANGGA; HEFNI EFFENDI; ARIO DAMAR; TARYONO TARYONO; I WAYAN NURJAYA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 26 No. 7 (2025)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d260740

Abstract

Abstract. Erlangga, Effendi H, Damar A, Taryono, Nurjaya IW. 2025. Phytoplankton diversity as a bioindicator of organic pollution in the estuary of Lhokseumawe City, Aceh, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 3528-3544. Phytoplankton biodiversity serves as a crucial bioindicator of organic pollution in estuarine ecosystems. This study aims to assess phytoplankton diversity in the Lhokseumawe Estuary, Aceh Province, Indonesia, to evaluate organic pollution levels. Sampling was conducted at five stations from July to November 2024 using a purposive sampling method. Phytoplankton were identified and analyzed to determine species composition, abundance, and ecological indices. A total of 32 species from five major phytoplankton classes were identified, dominated by Bacillariophyceae (43%) and Mediophyceae, while Cyanophyceae contributed only 3%. The highest species richness was observed in July (25 taxa), decreasing to 20 taxa in September. Phytoplankton abundance declined from 20,525,346 cells/m³ in July to 13,609,643 cells/m³ in November. Spatially, the highest phytoplankton abundance occurred at stations 5 and 3, indicating localized nutrient inputs from surrounding anthropogenic sources. The Mediophyceae class exhibited the highest abundance, while Dinophyceae had the lowest. The Shannon diversity index (H’) ranged from 1.79 to 2.30 and evenness from 0.65 to 0.77, indicating moderate community stability with low dominance (0.14-0.24) across stations. The prevalence of Bacillariophyceae and Mediophyceae, particularly eutrophication-tolerant genera like Nitzschia, Navicula, Skeletonema, and Chaetoceros, suggests nutrient enrichment from anthropogenic sources such as domestic wastewater and agricultural runoff. However, the low Palmer Pollution Index score (6) and Algae Group Index value (3.61) indicate that organic pollution remains minimal, with diatom dominance reflecting relatively good water quality conditions. Seasonal variations in abundance and composition further highlight the influence of environmental changes and pollution on estuarine phytoplankton dynamics. These findings confirm that the Lhokseumawe Estuary is experiencing eutrophication driven by organic pollution, and the phytoplankton biodiversity metrics provide reliable indicators for monitoring such environmental disturbances. This study represents the first assessment of phytoplankton diversity in this region and provides essential baseline data for ongoing environmental monitoring and management strategies.

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