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Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity
Published by Universitas Sebelas Maret
ISSN : 1412033X     EISSN : 20854722     DOI : https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230231
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology
The Biodiversitas Journal was first published in 2000 by the Department of Biology, FMNS, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia, then in 2006 it was co-published by the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity and that department; since 2017 it was also hosted by Smujo. From 2003-2012 it was accredited by DGHE, Ministry of Education, R.I., since 2014 was indexed by Scopus, where DOAJ and Google Scholar was indexed first.
Arjuna Subject : Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler - Biokimia, Genetika dan Biologi Molekuler (Lain-Lain)
Articles 6,259 Documents
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Tree species diversity and conservation in Ban Tin Tok community forest, Phitsanulok Province, Thailand SARAYUT RAKARCHA; WORANART THAMMARONG; PRATEEP PANYADEE; JANJIRA MUENREW; ANCHALEE NUAMMEE; THITIMA THARAWOOT; PIYAPORN SAENSOUK; SURAPON SAENSOUK
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270146

Abstract

Abstract. Rakarcha S, Thammarong W, Panyadee P, Muenrew J, Nuammee A, Tharawoot T, Saensouk P, Saensouk S. 2026. Tree species diversity and conservation in Ban Tin Tok community forest, Phitsanulok Province, Thailand. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270146. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270146. This study assessed tree species composition, ecological importance, conservation status and local utilization in Ban Tin Tok community forest, Phitsanulok Province, northern Thailand. Data were collected from twenty 10 × 10 m plots (totaling 0.2 ha), recording all trees with DBH ≥5 cm. A total of 28 species from 27 genera and 15 families were identified. The forest was co-dominated by Pentacme siamensis, Pterocarpus macrocarpus and Canarium subulatum, which exhibited the highest importance value indices. The forest exhibited moderate species diversity and moderate-to-high evenness with a Shannon-Wiener index (H′) of 2.40 and a Pielou’s evenness index (J′) of 0.72, reflecting a relatively stable community structure. The conservation assessment revealed that while most recorded species are categorized as Least Concern (LC), a significant proportion requires attention: one species (P. macrocarpus) is classified as Endangered (EN) and three species (Shorea obtusa, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius and Dalbergia cultrata) are Near Threatened (NT); these four species together account for 14.29% of the total 28 species recorded. Ethnobotanical surveys documented 18 species utilized by the local community for purposes, including food, medicine and materials. These findings highlight the high socio-ecological value of this forest. These results suggest that community forests in northern Thailand can serve as vital refuges for threatened species and sustain traditional ecological knowledge. This quantitative baseline supports the necessity for integrated management strategies that balance biodiversity conservation with sustainable local livelihoods.
Probiotic and antimicrobial potential of Enterococcus faecalis CC3 isolated from traditional Vietnamese pickled Brassica juncea NGUYEN PHUONG THUY; LU THI LAM ANH; NGUYEN THUY LINH; NGUYEN THANH TUU; VUONG TUAN PHONG
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270208

Abstract

Abstract. Thuy NP, Anh LTL, Linh NT, Tuu NT, Phong VT. 2026. Probiotic and antimicrobial potential of Enterococcus faecalis CC3 isolated from traditional Vietnamese pickled Brassica juncea. Biodiversitas 27 (2): d270208. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270208. Vietnamese pickled mustard greens (Brassica juncea), known as Dua cai muoi chua, harbor diverse microbial communities with potential biotechnological applications. This study aimed to isolate and characterize Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) from these traditional pickles to evaluate their probiotic and antimicrobial properties. Sixty samples collected from Vinh Long province, Vietnam, yielded 64 presumptive LAB isolates. These were screened for acid and bile tolerance, antibiotic susceptibility, hemolytic activity, and antimicrobial efficacy against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus. Among the candidates, isolate CC3 exhibited superior resilience, maintaining high viability after 12 hours at pH 2.0 and in the presence of 1.0% bile salts. Identified as Enterococcus faecalis via 16S rRNA gene sequencing (GenBank Accession No. PX928037), strain CC3 demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, producing significant inhibition zones against S. aureus (22.59 ± 1.59 mm), E. coli (21.29 ± 1.53 mm), and S. enterica (20.66 ± 1.88 mm). Safety assessments confirmed CC3 as γ-hemolytic (non-hemolytic) and sensitive to clinically relevant antibiotics, including Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol. Furthermore, PCR analysis verified the absence of virulence genes (esp, gelE, cylA, cylM), vancomycin resistance genes (vanA, vanB), and biogenic amine-producing genes (hdc1, hdc2, tdc). These findings highlight the microbial diversity of indigenous fermented vegetables and suggest E. faecalis CC3 as a promising candidate for probiotic applications or as a biopreservative starter culture.
Diversity and habitat preferences of mangrove species in Demta Bay, Papua Province, Indonesia JOHN D. KALOR; ELHAM SUMARGA; DEVI N. CHOESIN; TATI S. SYAMSUDIN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270338

Abstract

Abstract. Kalor JD, Sumarga E, Choesin DN, Syamsudin TS. 2026. Diversity and habitat preferences of mangrove species in Demta Bay, Papua Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270338. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270338. Mangrove species diversity is shaped by complex interactions among environmental factors that influence species-specific habitat preferences. This study aims to assess mangrove species diversity and identify the key environmental factors affecting their habitat preferences in Demta Bay, Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia. Fieldwork was carried out from September 1 to 20, 2024, across 10 research stations covering a total area of 40,000 m². Data were collected using the line transect plot method. At each station, two transects (100 m × 20 m) were established perpendicular to the shoreline, with a spacing of 100 m apart. Along each transect, four plots measuring 10 m × 10 m were established two plots with two replications, resulting in a total of 20 transects and 80 plots. Soil sampling and analysis were performed both in situ and ex situ, with four replications per transect. Data analysis included the Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Margalef, and Pielou indices, as well as the Important Value Index. Habitat relationships were examined using Principal Component Analysis and Pearson correlation. This study documented 14 mangrove species from 6 families in Demta Bay, indicating moderate diversity. The composition of mangrove vegetation was characterized by an average density of 146.3±14.84 individuals/station (800m2), a diversity index of 1.36±0.25, a dominance index of 0.32±0.07, a species richness of 1.13±0.43, and an evenness index of 0.74±0.10, suggesting stable ecological interactions and functional redundancy among species. Key habitat variables, soil bulk density (0.63±0.21 g cm⁻³), soil pH (6.80±0.32), soil salinity (24.79±2.98 PSU), soil temperature (29.21±1.54°C), and soil moisture (48.70±18.53%), were measured across sites. This study demonstrates that soil characteristics exert a significant influence on mangrove species diversity and endemism in Demta Bay, Jayapura. Elevated salinity was linked to reduced species richness and evenness. Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata were the most dominant and widely distributed species, thriving in saline, compacted soils alongside Bruguiera sexangula. In contrast, Excoecaria agallocha favored moist soils with moderate pH, while Ceriops decandra performed best under slightly alkaline conditions. Given the geomorphological and ecological heterogeneity that drives localized species zonation in Demta Bay, as well as its benefits to local coastal communities, conservation efforts should focus on habitat-specific planting.
Environmental correlates of the distribution of (E,E)-farnesol-rich Bothriochloa species (Poaceae) in South America LIDIA R. SCRIVANTI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270302

Abstract

Abstract. Scrivanti LR. 2026. Environmental correlates of the distribution of (E,E)-farnesol-rich Bothriochloa species (Poaceae) in South America. Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270302. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270302. The genus Bothriochloa (Poaceae: Andropogoneae) comprises aromatic grasses, with several South American species reported to be rich in the oxygenated sesquiterpene (E,E)-farnesol. This compound exhibits significant pharmacological potential, including anti-obesity, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities. Despite its ecological and applied relevance, the environmental factors associated with the distribution of (E,E)-farnesol-rich Bothriochloa species remain poorly understood. This study evaluated the environmental correlates of the distribution patterns of ten South American Bothriochloa species characterized by high (E,E)-farnesol content, with the aim of identifying climatic and edaphic variables associated with their occurrence. Georeferenced occurrence records were compiled for ten Bothriochloa species and integrated with climatic and soil variables from the WorldClim and SoilGrids databases. Species distribution models (SDMs) were developed using Maxent to predict suitable habitats and to assess the relative contribution of environmental predictors. Model performance was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and variable importance was examined through permutation importance and jackknife tests. Most models showed high predictive performance, although some species were represented by a limited number of occurrence records, and predictions for these taxa should therefore be interpreted with caution. Climatic variables related to temperature stability, precipitation seasonality, and vapour pressure, together with edaphic factors such as soil pH and bulk density, consistently contributed to habitat suitability, although their relative importance varied among taxa. Suitable habitats were predicted across broad regions of South America, highlighting both widespread and geographically restricted distribution patterns among species. These results indicate that the distribution of (E,E)-farnesol-rich Bothriochloa species is associated with gradients of thermal constancy, moisture availability, and soil properties. Although the models do not directly address secondary metabolite production, they provide an ecological framework for understanding the environmental contexts in which these taxa occur, with potential implications for conservation planning, sustainable bioprospecting, and future ecological and phytochemical research on aromatic plants.
Diversity and spatial distribution of non-timber forest products in the Mamasa sub-watershed, Sulawesi, Indonesia MUHAMMAD ALRIEFQI PALGUNADI; ACHMAD FUAD FATHURRAHMAN
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270418

Abstract

Abstract. Palgunadi MA, Fathurrahman AF. 2026. Diversity and spatial distribution of non-timber forest products in the Mamasa sub-watershed, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270418. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270418. Mamasa sub-watershed is undergoing rapid ecological degradation driven by land-use change, yet its potential for biodiversity-based livelihood strategies, especially through Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs), remains poorly documented. This study addresses this gap by conducting a comprehensive NTFP inventory and spatial assessment to support ecosystem-based watershed management. A stratified systematic sampling with random start design was applied using 154 cluster plots across the 104,680.52 ha sub-watershed. Species density, relative frequency, and Importance Value Index (IVI) were quantified, followed by spatial analysis of NTFP distribution patterns. Utilization categories were assigned based on established literature rather than household surveys, providing an assessment of potential functional uses instead of site-specific extraction practices. A total of 84 NTFP species were recorded. Pinus merkusii was the most dominant species (RD 16.21%; IVI 22.03), while Arenga pinnata showed the widest spatial distribution (RF 9.80%; IVI 16.16), followed by ecologically resilient understory species such as Cyathea arborea, Calamus rotang, and Diplazium esculentum. Spatial analysis based on mapped distribution indicated visually clustered patterns of high-value NTFPs across secondary forests, riparian corridors, and forest–agriculture interfaces. These findings indicate that NTFPs may function as important ecological and potentially socio-economic components of the Mamasa watershed. While no livelihood or income data were collected in this study, the documented species and their literature-based uses suggest potential pathways for ecosystem-supportive and sustainable livelihood opportunities. These results provide a spatially explicit basis for targeted NTFP zoning, enrichment planting in degraded areas, and the development of sustainable NTFP-based livelihood strategies that simultaneously strengthen ecosystem resilience and watershed management.
Observational characterization of Central Javanese local ducks across agroecological zones and rearing systems SUPRANOTO SUPRANOTO; ELLY TUGIYANTI; NOVIE ANDRI SETIANTO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 6 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270607

Abstract

Abstract. Supranoto, Tugiyanti E, Setianto NA. 2026. Observational characterization of Central Javanese local ducks across agroecological zones and rearing systems. Biodiversitas 27 (6): d270607. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270607. Local duck farming in Central Java spans heterogeneous agroecological zones and management systems, yet field data on phenotype, natural feed, and egg quality are limited. This observational study characterized qualitative and quantitative phenotypic traits, natural-feed (crop-content) composition, and selected egg-quality parameters of local ducks across four altitude-based zones (coastal, lowland, midland, highland) and three rearing systems (extensive grazing, intensive colony, intensive battery). Qualitative traits were scored in 300 ducks, morphometrics in 90 ducks, crop contents in 12 ducks (three per zone), and egg quality in two one-way ANOVA subsets. Brown and light-brown plumage predominated, whereas beak and shank pigmentation were consistent. Body length, neck length, and shank length were significantly larger under battery rearing (p<0.01), whereas body weight and five other traits did not differ. Because breed and farm were not modeled, these differences reflect combined genetic and management associations. On an as-fed basis, natural feed in all zones fell below commercial protein and energy specifications. Egg weight, yolk color, yolk pH, and albumen pH differed among zones, partly reflecting duck type; among systems, only albumen pH differed. These baseline findings require replicated genetic, nutritional, and production studies before management recommendations are generalized.
Habitat heterogeneity influences Odonata (Arthropoda: Insecta) diversity and reveals a new record from Mindanao, Philippines JOHN LLOYD V. MANANGAN; JUNEL E. OMANDAM; OLGA M. NUÑEZA; REAGAN JOSEPH T. VILLANUEVA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270402

Abstract

Abstract. Manangan JLV, Omandam JE, Nuñeza OM, Villanueva RJT. 2026. Habitat heterogeneity influences Odonata (Arthropoda: Insecta) diversity and reveals a new record from Mindanao, Philippines. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270402. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270402. Sitio Talangisog, an ancestral domain in Misamis Oriental, is one of the remaining dipterocarp forest frontiers in the province and contains a mosaic of interconnected freshwater habitats. This study assessed Odonata assemblages across three sampling sites in each of four habitat types using standardized time-constrained sampling with sweep-netting and handpicking during the dry (January-February 2025) and wet (June 2025) seasons. Systematic sampling recorded 52 species belonging to 12 families and 39 genera. Twenty-four species are endemic, including five of conservation concern: one Near Threatened, two Vulnerable, and two Endangered, notably Drepanosticta clados and Sangabasis bukid. The Asian bronze flutterer, Rhyothemis obsolescens, represents the first confirmed record from Mindanao Island and only the second national record in more than three decades. The most frequently encountered species was Risiocnemis appendiculata (7.12%), while Prodasineura integra occurred in all habitat types. One additional species, the endemic and Vulnerable Indaeschna baluga, was recorded incidentally and excluded from quantitative analyses but reported as a species record. Habitat-averaged diversity indices (n: 3 sites per habitat) were highest in lentic habitats. Bray-Curtis similarity revealed compositional affinity between open and shaded lotic habitats and between lentic and agroecosystems. Distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA), supported by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), showed that environmental variables significantly structured species composition (p: 0.005, adjusted R²: 0.742), with dissolved oxygen, pH, relative humidity, and water temperature identified as significant drivers. Species turnover followed a gradient from warmer, slightly acidic, lower-oxygen waters dominated by generalists in lentic and agroecosystems to cooler, slightly alkaline, well-oxygenated lotic habitats preferred by many endemics. These findings highlight the role of habitat heterogeneity in structuring Odonata communities and emphasize the conservation value of Sitio Talangisog as a refuge for endemic and threatened species.
Dietary composition of the silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in the Northwestern Dieng Mountains, Indonesia using fecal metabarcoding and field surveys TRI SETIA KURNIA NURI; SURATMAN SURATMAN; ARI SUSILOWATI; PUGUH KARYANTO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270443

Abstract

Abstract. Nuri TSK, Suratman, Susilowati A, Karyanto P. 2026. Dietary composition of the silvery gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in the Northwestern Dieng Mountains, Indonesia using fecal metabarcoding and field surveys. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270443. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270443. Forest degradation has altered vegetation structure and composition, affecting the silvery gibbon's ability to adapt to fluctuating food availability. Understanding these adaptations provides essential baseline information for assessing population viability. We tested the hypothesis that Hylobates moloch exhibits dietary selectivity by comparing plant abundance in fecal metabarcoding data against vegetation metrics from field surveys, including species richness and the Importance Value Index (IVI). Additionally, we evaluated whether metabarcoding provides a broader dietary profile than traditional ground-based methods. We employed rbcL-based Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) on five pooled fecal samples collected during the early dry season, complemented by the Point-Centered Quarter (PCQ) method and ethnobiological interviews. NGS analysis yielded 13,040 Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs), representing 28 orders, 47 families, 64 genera, and 29 species. Of these 47 families, 40.43% (19 families) were fully corroborated by both PCQ vegetation surveys and local interviews, underscoring the strong complementarity of these techniques. While the survey identified more than 40% tree species, the NGS data revealed a more specialized dietary niche. Field surveys effectively captured essential canopy food sources, whereas metabarcoding complemented these findings by identifying non-woody, rare, and understory taxa typically excluded from conventional tree plots. The three most abundant taxa based on Relative Read Abundance (RRA), Ficus benjamina, family Moraceae, and Gnetum spp., were identified as primary dietary components. Our findings yielded vital dietary data underscoring a practical conservation plan for Javan gibbons. We confirm that H. moloch selectively forages on specific taxa, with Moraceae serving as the predominant food source during the early dry season. Consequently, long-term conservation should prioritize restoring key fruit taxa and maintaining forest diversity to ensure their survival.
Institutional model for integrating Sasi and local wisdom into Indonesia's national mangrove conservation policy ENO SUWARNO; IRWAN EFFENDI; JENNY KOCE MATITAPUTTY; ZAINURI ZAINURI; DODI SUKMA RA
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270409

Abstract

Abstract. Suwarno E, Effendi I, Matitaputty JK, Zainuri, RA DS. 2026. Institutional model for integrating Sasi and local wisdom into Indonesia's national mangrove conservation policy. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270409. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270409. Indonesia's ambitious mangrove conservation targets face a persistent challenge in substantively integrating local governance systems like Sasi. This study employs a qualitative regulatory gap analysis of three document corpora: national legal instruments, ethnographic studies on Sasi, and supporting academic literature. We identify fundamental tensions between Maluku's temporally-based Sasi system and Indonesia's spatial zoning-based national mangrove policy, particularly regarding the non-recognition of traditional kewang authority and incompatibility between temporal moratoriums (Sasi tutup) and static spatial zoning. Complementary potential exists in monitoring and enforcement capacities. To bridge this gap, we propose the Temporal-Spatial Bridge (TSB) model, a hybrid institutional framework with four pillars: mutual legal recognition, nested temporal-spatial rules, tiered polycentric enforcement, and localized benefit-sharing. The model is presented as a conceptual hypothesis requiring empirical testing, not as a ready-to-implement policy framework. It offers potential to enhance biodiversity outcomes by embedding life-cycle protection into national planning and formalizing local ecological knowledge into adaptive management systems. We conclude that bridging legal pluralism in conservation requires deliberate institutional engineering, offering the TSB model as a conceptual template derived from the Maluku context for Indonesia and similar contexts.
Integrating RAPFISH-MDS diagnostics into an operational sustainability roadmap for a tropical oxbow lake (Sepunjung, Indonesia) RIDWAN MANDA PUTRA; TENGKU SAID RAZA’I; SUKENDI SUKENDI; BUDIJONO BUDIJONO; ROMIE JHONNERIE; RONAL KURNIAWAN; EKA PUTRA RAMDHANI; HILFI PARDI
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270308

Abstract

Abstract. Putra RM, Raza’i TS, Sukendi, Budijono, Jhonnerie R, Kurniawan R, Ramdhani EP, Pardi H. 2026. Integrating RAPFISH-MDS diagnostics into an operational sustainability roadmap for a tropical oxbow lake (Sepunjung, Indonesia). Biodiversitas 27 (3): d270308. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270308. Sepunjung Oxbow Lake in Riau Province, Indonesia, is a tropical floodplain lake exposed to increasing ecological and socio-institutional pressures, creating an urgent need for a practical sustainability management framework. This study aimed to develop an operational sustainability roadmap for the lake by integrating biophysical evidence and stakeholder knowledge through Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries with multidimensional scaling (RAPFISH-MDS). Sustainability was assessed across five dimensions using 45 attributes supported by monthly water-quality monitoring from September 2024 to February 2025, fish community observations, field verification, and semi-structured interviews with resource users and relevant stakeholders. The analysis showed that the ecological dimension had the lowest sustainability index (31.8), followed by legal-institutional (43.2), while the economic (52.3), technological (55.9), and socio-cultural (59.0) dimensions were classified as moderately sustainable. Monte Carlo testing confirmed the stability of the ordination results. Sensitivity analysis identified key leverage attributes, and Pareto screening selected 13 priority factors explaining 78.2% of total sensitivity. The most critical intervention areas were aquatic vegetation cover, water quality, riparian forest condition, utilization zoning, community empowerment, monitoring facilities, and fishery product marketing. Based on these findings, a 12-24 month operational roadmap is proposed, focusing on ecological rehabilitation, participatory fisheries control, institutional strengthening, and livelihood improvement. The study demonstrates that multidimensional sustainability diagnostics can be translated into concrete management priorities for tropical oxbow lakes in Indonesia.

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