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Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law
Published by Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi
ISSN : 29884454     EISSN : 29884462     DOI : 10.70177/rjl
Core Subject :
Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law is a leading international journal focused on the global exchange of knowledge in Law as well as advancing research and practice across law disciplines. The journal provides a forum for articles reporting on original research, systematic and scholarly reviews focused on law from around the world. Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law publishes national and international research in an attempt to present a reliable and respectable information source for the researchers. Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law has been published since 2023 and is published quarterly. However, since 2025, this journal has changed the number of publications, i.e., bi-monthly | February, April, June, August, October, and December. Articles submitted for publication are subject to a double-blind review process. This journal publishes original articles in English.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 132 Documents
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The Legal Framework for Regulating the Digital Economy: Protecting Consumers and Promoting Innovation Agus Satory; Rashid Rahman; Rina Farah
Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/rjl.v4i2.3570

Abstract

Background. The rapid expansion of the digital economy has transformed global market structures, creating new opportunities for innovation while raising significant concerns regarding consumer protection, data governance, and regulatory coherence. Existing legal frameworks often struggle to address the complexity of cross-border digital transactions and platform-based business models, resulting in gaps that affect both market efficiency and user trust. Purpose. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of legal frameworks in regulating the digital economy, with a particular focus on balancing consumer protection and innovation. Method. A qualitative doctrinal and comparative legal research design is employed, analyzing statutory instruments, policy documents, and regulatory practices across selected jurisdictions. Data are systematically evaluated using thematic analysis and comparative legal matrices to identify patterns, strengths, and limitations in regulatory approaches. Results.The findings reveal that jurisdictions with coherent, adaptive, and enforceable legal frameworks demonstrate higher levels of consumer trust and innovation performance. Evidence indicates that regulatory quality, rather than regulatory intensity, determines the success of digital governance. Conclusion.The study concludes that an integrated and flexible legal framework is essential for sustaining digital market growth while ensuring consumer protection.
Legal Analysis of the Role of Quarantine Veterinarians in the Enforcement of Criminal Sanctions for Animal Quarantine Violations in Indonesia Nilam M. Siregar; Dwi Pratiwi Markus; Sri Yati
Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/rjl.v4i2.3602

Abstract

The increase in global trade traffic has heightened the risk of spreading Quarantine Animal Pests and Diseases (HPHK), thereby demanding the effectiveness of the quarantine system not only administratively but also in the enforcement of criminal law. The main issue of this study is the lack of optimal understanding regarding the legal status of quarantine veterinarians and their role in the evidentiary process for animal quarantine crimes, which are of a technical-scientific nature. This study aims to analyze the legal status of quarantine veterinarians and examine their role as expert witnesses in the criminal evidentiary system. This study aims to analyze the legal status of quarantine veterinarians and their role in the process of proving animal quarantine crimes. The method used is normative legal research with a legislative and conceptual approach, supported by qualitative analysis of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results of the study indicate that quarantine veterinarians possess attributive authority as quarantine officials under Law No. 21 of 2019, while simultaneously serving as expert witnesses whose testimony is determinative in proving the elements of quarantine offenses. The novelty of this study lies in the finding that the proof of animal quarantine offenses is expert-dependent; without the testimony of a quarantine veterinarian, the element of disease transmission risk as the core of the offense cannot be legally and convincingly proven in court. The effectiveness of quarantine law enforcement depends not only on legal norms but also on the integration of legal and veterinary scientific aspects. This study affirms that quarantine veterinarians are key actors in ensuring the success of evidence presentation and the imposition of criminal sanctions in animal quarantine cases.
The Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons: Challenges of International Human Rights Law in an Era of Global Migration Crisis Kasman Yori Harefa; Supriadi Supriadi; Krisno Hadi Susanto; Ahmad Faisol; Rizal Musa Karim; Nodira Tursunova
Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/rjl.v4i2.3638

Abstract

Background.The global migration crisis has highlighted major gaps in protecting refugees and stateless persons, as conflict and inequality increase their vulnerability despite existing international human rights frameworks. Purpose. This study examines the effectiveness of international human rights law in addressing the specific protection needs of displaced and stateless populations within modern migration contexts. Method. A qualitative doctrinal and socio-legal approach was used, analyzing international legal instruments, comparative policy frameworks, and secondary data on protection outcomes. Results. While principles like non-refoulement are generally upheld, significant gaps remain in legal recognition and service access, with institutional capacity and international cooperation identified as critical success factors. Conclusion. International law is a necessary but insufficient framework; it requires stronger implementation, better accountability, and more inclusive global approaches to effectively protect vulnerable migrants.
Cybersecurity Laws: Protecting Personal Data in the Age of Digital Transformation Syamsul Bahri; Pong Krit; Siri Lek
Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/rjl.v4i2.3660

Abstract

Background. The rapid acceleration of global digital transformation has fundamentally reorganized the socio-economic landscape, rendering personal data highly vulnerable to sophisticated cyber threats and systemic exploitation. Purpose. This research aims to critically evaluate the efficacy of contemporary cybersecurity laws in safeguarding individual privacy amidst this hyper-connected environment. Method. The investigation adopts a qualitative legal research design, utilizing a comparative analysis of data protection regimes across diverse jurisdictions through a specialized techno-legal analytical framework. Results. Findings indicate a significant regulatory disclosure paradox, where stringent legislation increases transparency and reporting rates without immediately reducing the absolute frequency of data breaches. The data suggests that technical alignment within statutory language is more critical for legal efficiency than the severity of financial penalties. This study concludes that the future of data sovereignty depends on the seamless integration of legal principles into the software development lifecycle. Conclusion. Legislators must move toward agile, principle-based frameworks that account for the borderless nature of digital networks and emerging technological complexities. Robust legal infrastructures are essential not only for privacy but as a primary pillar of national economic security and public trust.
Digital Surveillance, Privacy Rights, and State Power: Rethinking Legal Safeguards in the Age of Big Data Awan Karunia Sanjaya; Ruruk Ronting; Olivier Sossou
Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/rjl.v4i2.3692

Abstract

Background. The rapid advancement of digital surveillance technologies in the age of big data has raised significant concerns regarding privacy rights and state power. As governments and corporations increasingly rely on digital surveillance to enhance security and gather data, the implications for personal privacy have become more complex. While legal frameworks have been established to protect privacy, they often fail to keep pace with the rapid technological evolution, leaving gaps in safeguarding individuals' rights. Purpose. This research explores the tension between digital surveillance, privacy rights, and state power, critically examining the legal safeguards that exist to protect privacy in this context. The study aims to assess the adequacy of current legal frameworks in balancing the demands of security with the protection of individual freedoms. Method. A qualitative methodology was employed, involving an analysis of international legal documents, case law, and expert interviews. Results. The findings indicate that existing laws, while addressing privacy to some extent, often lack enforceability and fail to effectively limit state surveillance powers. Conclusion. This study concludes that stronger, more adaptive legal frameworks are necessary to ensure privacy protection while accommodating legitimate state surveillance needs. The research contributes to the growing discourse on the intersection of law, technology, and human rights, offering recommendations for reforming legal safeguards in the digital age.
Climate Change as a Human Rights Issue: Legal Accountability and State Obligations in Protecting Vulnerable Communities Friget Wiyanto; Hardiman Hardiman; Rania Khatib
Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/rjl.v4i2.3695

Abstract

Background. Climate change disproportionately affects vulnerable communities in developing nations, threatening fundamental rights to life, health, and resources. While recognized as a human rights issue, current legal frameworks often fail to ensure state accountability for protecting these groups. Purpose. The study investigates the relationship between climate change and human rights law to explore how international and national legal structures can be strengthened to enforce state obligations toward affected populations. Method. A qualitative research design was utilized, consisting of a legal analysis of international treaties, conventions, and case law, complemented by interviews with human rights experts and climate practitioners. Results. The findings identify significant gaps in legal accountability, noting that many international agreements lack the enforceable provisions necessary to provide concrete protection for vulnerable populations. Conclusion. The research concludes that effective protection requires stronger, binding legal frameworks with clearly defined state obligations. Legal reforms are essential to transform climate change discourse into actionable human rights protection.
Digital Governance and Privacy: Revisiting Legal Protections under Expanding Surveillance Systems Clara Mendes; Rafaela Lima; Omar Khan
Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/rjl.v4i2.3735

Abstract

Background. The rapid advancement of digital surveillance technologies in the age of big data has raised significant concerns regarding privacy rights and state power. As governments and corporations increasingly rely on digital surveillance to enhance security and gather data, the implications for personal privacy have become more complex. Purpose. The study aims to assess the adequacy of current legal frameworks in balancing the demands of security with the protection of individual freedoms.   Method. A qualitative methodology was employed, involving an analysis of international legal documents, case law, and expert interviews. Results. The findings indicate that existing laws, while addressing privacy to some extent, often lack enforceability and fail to effectively limit state surveillance powers. Conclusion. This study concludes that stronger, more adaptive legal frameworks are necessary to ensure privacy protection while accommodating legitimate state surveillance needs. The research contributes to the growing discourse on the intersection of law, technology, and human rights, offering recommendations for reforming legal safeguards in the digital age.
The Legal Implications of Artificial Intelligence in Criminal Justice: From Surveillance to Sentencing Md Shodiq; Rina Farah; Nurul Huda
Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law Vol. 4 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/rjl.v4i3.3832

Abstract

Background. The increasing integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in criminal justice systems has raised significant concerns regarding its legal implications, particularly in surveillance and sentencing practices. As AI technologies become more embedded in law enforcement and judicial decision-making, questions surrounding privacy, accountability, and fairness have become central to discussions of legal reform. Purpose. The study aims to evaluate the extent to which current legal frameworks can address these challenges and propose reforms to ensure ethical use of AI in criminal justice systems. Method. A qualitative methodology is employed, using semi-structured interviews with legal experts, policymakers, and AI practitioners, alongside secondary data from case studies and policy documents. Results. The findings indicate that while AI has the potential to enhance efficiency, it often perpetuates existing biases and lacks sufficient oversight, leading to unjust outcomes. Conclusion. The study concludes that robust legal frameworks are essential to prevent the misuse of AI in criminal justice and to protect fundamental rights. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on AI's intersection with law and offers practical recommendations for legal reforms.
Legal Challenges in Regulating Cryptocurrency: A Global Comparative Analysis Clara Mendes; Rafaela Lima; Jamil Khan; Harly Chifford Jonas Salmon
Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law Vol. 4 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/rjl.v4i3.3927

Abstract

Background. Growing adoption of cryptocurrencies has generated significant legal concerns related to asset classification, consumer protection, anti-money laundering compliance, taxation, financial stability, and cross-border enforcement. Regulatory responses vary considerably across jurisdictions, creating legal uncertainty and challenges for governments, businesses, and investors. Purpose. This study aims to analyze the principal legal challenges in cryptocurrency regulation and compare regulatory approaches adopted by different jurisdictions worldwide. Method. A qualitative comparative legal research design was employed, utilizing doctrinal analysis of legislation, regulatory frameworks, policy documents, judicial decisions, and institutional reports from selected jurisdictions, including the United States, the European Union, China, Japan, Singapore, and El Salvador. Results. The findings reveal substantial regulatory fragmentation driven by differences in legal traditions, policy priorities, and institutional capacities. Legal classification ambiguity, anti-money laundering compliance, cross-border enforcement difficulties, consumer protection concerns, and adaptation to technological innovation emerged as the most significant regulatory challenges. Jurisdictions implementing balanced and adaptive regulatory frameworks demonstrated greater regulatory certainty and market stability than those adopting highly restrictive or excessively permissive approaches.   Conclusion. The study concludes that effective cryptocurrency governance requires regulatory clarity, risk-based supervision, and enhanced international cooperation to address the evolving complexities of digital asset markets while supporting innovation and financial integrity.
Blockchain Technology and Its Role in Transforming Legal Transactions and Smart Contracts Ryan Teo; Marcus Tan; Fathurrahman Fathurrahman
Rechtsnormen: Journal of Law Vol. 4 No. 3 (2026)
Publisher : Yayasan Adra Karima Hubbi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70177/rjl.v4i3.4085

Abstract

Background. Legal transactions in contemporary digital economies continue to rely on intermediary-driven systems that often generate inefficiencies, delays, and high operational costs. Blockchain technology emerges as an innovative infrastructure capable of transforming conventional legal processes through decentralized verification and automated execution mechanisms. Purpose. This study aims to analyze the role of blockchain technology in transforming legal transactions and smart contracts within modern legal systems. Method. A qualitative-dominant mixed-methods approach is employed using comparative legal analysis, secondary data evaluation, and expert interpretation of blockchain-based contractual systems. Data sources include legal frameworks, blockchain technical documentation, and institutional reports, analyzed through thematic coding and comparative performance assessment. Results. Results indicate that blockchain-based smart contracts significantly reduce transaction processing time from hours to minutes, lower dispute frequency, and improve execution accuracy and transparency compared to traditional legal systems. Inferential findings confirm statistically significant efficiency gains and cost reductions associated with blockchain adoption in legal transactions. Conclusion. The study concludes that blockchain technology fundamentally restructures legal transaction systems by enhancing automation, transparency, and reliability, while still requiring adaptive legal frameworks to address jurisdictional and enforceability challenges in decentralized environments.

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