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LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang
ISSN : 16934725     EISSN : 24423823     DOI : -
Core Subject : Education,
Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media
LiNGUA Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra (ISSN Print: 1693-4725 and E-ISSN: 2442-3823) is a journal of Linguistics and Literature which is published twice a year in June and December by Laboratory of Information and Publication, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang. The journal covers language issues researched in the branches of applied linguistics, such as sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, critical discourse analysis, pragmatics, stylistics, corpus linguistics, and others. In the area of literature, it covers literary history, literary theory, literary criticism, and others, which may include written texts, movies, and other media.
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Articles 10 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol 19, No 2 (2024): LiNGUA" : 10 Documents clear
RHETORIC AS A TOOL FOR CONTROLLING CONFLICT: A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS PERSPECTIVE Hakim, Arief Rahman; Huda, Miftahul; Nasrulloh, Nasrulloh
LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra Vol 19, No 2 (2024): LiNGUA
Publisher : Laboratorium Informasi & Publikasi Fakultas Humaniora UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/ling.v19i2.30746

Abstract

In the early 20th century, the landscape of Islamic scholarship was marked by intense intellectual debates and the challenge of reconciling classical traditions with modern perspectives. Against this backdrop, this study analyzes Amin al-Khuli's use of rhetoric in the editorial of the Qadla' Syar'i journal to reduce intellectual conflict and promote rational academic dialogue. Amin al-Khuli served as the editor-in-chief of the journal in 1922, during which he published a controversial article regarding the implementation of three talaq with one word, a topic that sparked significant debate and nearly led to the closure of the journal. In response to the controversy, al-Khuli employed a structured rhetorical approach in his editorial to assert the journal’s neutrality, reduce tensions, and foster constructive engagement with the readership. This research employs discourse analysis to examine the relationship between language and context in al-Khuli’s editorial strategies. The findings reveal that his rhetorical approach successfully positioned the journal as an impartial platform for scholarly discussion by emphasizing that published articles served as intellectual exercises rather than endorsements of particular viewpoints. His rhetorical strategies included intensification to reinforce neutrality, attenuation to minimize controversy, credibility-building techniques to establish trust, and emotional engagement to create a sense of inclusivity and participation. These rhetorical elements contributed to strengthening the tradition of open and rational academic discourse while bridging the gap between classical Islamic scholarship and modern intellectual thought. The study highlights the importance of effective rhetorical strategies in managing differences of opinion and sustaining academic integrity. However, it is limited to analyzing a single editorial text and does not fully explore the audience’s reception or its broader impact on Islamic legal thought. Future research is recommended to assess the long-term influence of such discourse on contemporary Islamic scholarship. This study contributes to the understanding of how rhetoric can be strategically employed in academic and public discourse, offering valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and media professionals in fostering inclusive and constructive dialogue.
MAGA FORCES UNDER SCRUTINY: EXAMINING REPRESENTATION IN PRESIDENT BIDEN’S SPEECH Lie, Janice; Tanto, Trisnowati
LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra Vol 19, No 2 (2024): LiNGUA
Publisher : Laboratorium Informasi & Publikasi Fakultas Humaniora UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/ling.v19i2.23270

Abstract

In the context of rising political polarization in the United States, President Joe Biden's 2022 speech, delivered ahead of the midterm elections, sought to address the growing ideological divide and the perceived threat posed by the MAGA (Make America Great Again) forces. This research critically examines President Joe Biden’s 2022 speech, delivered in the context of the U.S. midterm elections, focusing on the portrayal of the MAGA (Make America Great Again) forces as a threat to U.S. democracy and the Constitution. Using Van Dijk’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework and Stuart Hall’s representation theory, the study analyzes the speech through macrostructure, microstructure, and superstructure to uncover how Biden constructs the MAGA forces as a negative representation in contrast to the Democratic Party’s commitment to equality and democracy. The research employs a qualitative method, examining linguistic tools such as examples, repetition, contrast, and comparison to understand how Biden uses language to highlight the disruptive and violent actions of the MAGA forces. Through examples like the January 6th Capitol riot and election denialism, Biden portrays the MAGA forces as violent, authoritarian, and opposed to democratic processes. Repetition of key phrases, like “no right,” emphasizes the regressive nature of the MAGA agenda, while contrast and comparison serve to define the Democratic Party’s vision of unity and democracy against the MAGA forces’ divisive actions. The superstructure of the speech, organized into distinct arguments and sub-arguments, further reinforces the portrayal of the MAGA forces as a serious threat to the nation’s values, calling for collective action to preserve democracy. The findings suggest that Biden’s strategic use of discourse positions the MAGA forces as an adversarial force, aiming to strip away fundamental rights and disrupt the democratic order. This research contributes to the broader field of Critical Discourse Analysis by exploring the role of political rhetoric in shaping public perceptions of political movements. It underscores the importance of critically engaging with political speeches to reveal implicit messages and power dynamics within discourse. The study’s implications point to the need for ongoing discourse analysis to better understand the complex interplay between language and political ideology, particularly in the context of contemporary political polarization. Future research could extend this analysis by examining additional speeches or exploring the broader impact of discourse on public opinion and political behaviour.
ISLAM AND TERRORISM: UNRAVELLING NARRATIVE BIASES IN AN INDONESIAN INDIE FILM Nurmansyah, Mochamad Andhy; Ida, Rachmah; Irawanto, Budi
LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra Vol 19, No 2 (2024): LiNGUA
Publisher : Laboratorium Informasi & Publikasi Fakultas Humaniora UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/ling.v19i2.29534

Abstract

Since the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center in New York in 2001, terrorism in the name of Islam has become a common occurrence in Indonesia. As a result, violent images of Islam widely circulated in the media. Islam and its minor images have permeated the Indonesian entertainment media landscape, including independent cinema. This study addresses the lack of research on Indonesian independent films with Islamic themes. In its earliest stage, this study studied how an independent movie, Train To Heaven (TTH), examined the language surrounding terrorism in the name of Islam. The analysis in this paper, which was conducted within the context of social semiotics, indicated that the sarcastic tones used in the text were consistent with the film's principal focus, which was rejecting violent acts in the name of Islam. TTH, an independent film that tackles the issue of terrorism committed in the name of Islam, frequently expresses resistance to the act at the outset of its cinematic portrayal. As the scenes develop, the story becomes increasingly ambiguous. TTH's antagonistic stance on alleged Islamic terrorism has not been maintained. The emergence of contradictions after the story, the TTH indie film's position, which has not been fully designed to address a specific alternative "voice," and the Islamic dynamics in Indonesia, which are not well mapped in discourse formation, are some of the particular factors that contributed to the ideological ambiguity of TTH's existence. Lastly, TTH's oppositional positioning or subtleties of resistance are questionable. The linguistic creation appears to be overtaken by ideological ambiguities. There is no doubt that Islamic doctrinal viewpoints will never include the death of God. The ending of the film was incongruous with the subject of criticism from the start, resulting in a confusing discourse about Islam and terrorism. Finally, this study reveals that TTH is ambiguous in defining the extent of its critique, whether it is directed at acts of terrorism in the name of Islam or Islamic beliefs. This study is limited by its focus on a single independent film, TTH, and is constrained by the evolving nature of Indonesian cinema and global perceptions of Islam and terrorism. Future research should examine a broader range of Indonesian indie films, explore the relationship between media representation, religion, and societal values, and consider audience reception studies to deepen the understanding of how such films are interpreted across different cultural and demographic contexts.
THE 2024 INDONESIAN PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATES’ DEBATE: RHETORICAL AND POSITIVE DISCOURSE ANALYSES Nasihah, Durotun; Ni’mah, Dzurriyyatun
LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra Vol 19, No 2 (2024): LiNGUA
Publisher : Laboratorium Informasi & Publikasi Fakultas Humaniora UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/ling.v19i2.28921

Abstract

The 2024 Indonesian presidential debate provided a unique platform for candidates to communicate their visions for the country's future. As part of the campaign process, presidential debates serve as a key mechanism for influencing voter perceptions through persuasive rhetoric. This study explores the use of positive language and discursive strategies by Indonesian presidential candidates in the 2024 presidential debate, focusing on how their rhetoric promotes hope, empowerment, and social change. The study analyzes speeches from the five presidential candidates, employing positive discourse analysis (PDA) to identify and interpret key strategies used to engage voters with optimism and progressive visions. The analysis revealed six primary rhetorical strategies: identifying national problems, expressing commitment to societal welfare, framing government roles through metaphors, managing public emotion with narratives, empowering society, and articulating policies through structured argumentation. These strategies were crucial in constructing a discourse of hope and change, aiming to persuade voters of each candidate’s ability to address Indonesia’s pressing issues. For example, Anies Baswedan used metaphors and narratives based on his governance experience, while Prabowo Subianto emphasized his military background and commitment to solving social issues. Ganjar Pranowo focused on empowering society and detailing policy frameworks to foster societal well-being. By highlighting these strategies, the research contributes to understanding the role of political rhetoric in shaping voter perceptions, particularly in multi-candidate debates. The study underscores the importance of language as a tool for political leaders to inspire hope and influence public opinion. This research also advances the field of positive discourse analysis by applying it to political communication in Indonesia, offering valuable insights into how rhetorical strategies can foster collective agency and a brighter future for society. Future research could extend this analysis to other political or cultural contexts, exploring the influence of these strategies on voter behavior and the wider implications of positive discourse in political settings.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND SYNTACTIC PERSPECTIVES ON VERB TENSES: IBN TAYMIYYAH’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO ARABIC GRAMMAR Gumilar, Rizki
LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra Vol 19, No 2 (2024): LiNGUA
Publisher : Laboratorium Informasi & Publikasi Fakultas Humaniora UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/ling.v19i2.29510

Abstract

The study of verb tenses in the Arabic language has long been a fundamental aspect of Arabic grammar, with traditional classifications focusing on morphological tense. However, the complexity of verb tense interpretation, particularly when considering the influence of context, requires a deeper exploration. Ibn Taymiyyah, a prominent figure in Arabic linguistic thought, offers a unique perspective on verb tenses by categorizing them not only morphologically but also syntactically. This research aimed to explore Ibn Taymiyyah's classification of verb tenses in the Arabic language, focusing on both morphological and syntactic structures. While traditional Arabic grammar generally categorizes verb tenses into past, present, and future based on the verb’s inherent form, Ibn Taymiyyah introduces a more nuanced perspective by emphasizing the role of context in determining verb tense, a concept known as syntactic tense. This study utilized a descriptive-analytical approach to examine Ibn Taymiyyah's works, comparing his views on tense with those of earlier and contemporary Arabic grammarians. The findings reveal that Ibn Taymiyyah aligns with the traditional morphological categorization of tenses but introduces significant differences in how syntactic factors affect the interpretation of tense. Specifically, his understanding of syntactic tense, which is influenced by contextual elements, contrasts with the more rigid, form-based definitions of tense found in earlier grammatical traditions. The study also highlights the unique aspects of Ibn Taymiyyah's theories, such as his interpretation of لا يفعل (lā yaf’alu – he does not do/will do) as negating both present and future, which deviates from the conventional view of negating only the future. The research contributes to Arabic linguistic thought by emphasizing the importance of context in the study of verb tenses and offers new insights into the dynamic relationship between morphology and syntax in Arabic grammar. This work not only deepens our understanding of Ibn Taymiyyah's influence on Arabic linguistics but also provides a foundation for future research in both classical and contemporary linguistic studies.
PALESTINIAN RESISTANCE IN MAHMUD DARWISH'S BITHOQOH HUWIYYAH POEM: A KINAYAH STUDY Mellinda Raswari Jambak; Muassomah Muassomah; Alam An Shori; Nabila Nur Khonsa; Aldrian Aldrian
LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra Vol 19, No 2 (2024): LiNGUA
Publisher : Laboratorium Informasi & Publikasi Fakultas Humaniora UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/ling.v19i2.28468

Abstract

This research explores indirect expression in Mahmoud Darwish's poem "Bithoqoh Huwiyyah" (With Identity Confidence) to convey the message of Palestinian resistance. The poem, a significant piece of Palestinian literature, reflects the resilience of the Palestinian people in the face of ongoing oppression and struggles for identity and autonomy. Through figurative language, Darwish communicates complex political and social themes related to Palestinian resistance, using subtle forms of expression to convey powerful messages of defiance. The study employs qualitative content analysis to examine the poem's text and identify the types of indirect expression used. The primary data consists of the poem, while secondary data includes scholarly articles on Darwish, Palestinian history, and socio-political context. Data were collected using reading and note-taking techniques, and the analysis follows a three-stage process: data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal four distinct types of indirect expression in the poem: talwih, ta'ridh, ramz, and ima'/isyarah. These expressions convey themes of resistance through various forms, such as existential declarations, social criticism, and subtle threats. For instance, Darwish uses indirect expressions like "Take note, I am an Arab" and "I am a name without a title" to assert Palestinian identity, while phrases such as "I eat the flesh of those who oppress me" express anger and opposition to injustice. These forms of figurative language enhance the poem's impact by allowing Darwish to communicate the depth of Palestinian suffering and the enduring spirit of resistance without resorting to confrontation. The study highlights how Darwish's indirect expression transforms his poetry into a tool for cultural resilience, offering both a voice for the oppressed and a means of resistance. The research contributes to the broader understanding of literature as a powerful form of political resistance, demonstrating how poetry can subtly yet profoundly influence collective identity and social movements. By analyzing the indirect expressions in Darwish's work, this study underscores the importance of art in political discourse, offering a deeper appreciation of how literature shapes the struggle for justice and freedom.
A COMPARATIVE LINGUISTIC STUDY OF MONASTIC SOCIAL MEDIA INFLUENCERS IN CHINA AND THAILAND Fa, Yu; Beliatte, Metteya; Rohmana, Wahyu Indah Mala; Budianto, Langgeng
LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra Vol 19, No 2 (2024): LiNGUA
Publisher : Laboratorium Informasi & Publikasi Fakultas Humaniora UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/ling.v19i2.26284

Abstract

Advancements in media technology have significantly reshaped the sharing and consumption of religious teachings, especially as Buddhist monks increasingly use social media platforms like Weibo in China and Facebook in Thailand to preach and engage with their followers. Some monks have gained considerable influence on these platforms, attracting large followings. While previous studies have noted the growing presence of monks on social media, their specific behaviors and strategies have not been extensively explored. This study addresses this gap by examining the practices of Buddhist monks in China, which is home to around 80% of the global Buddhist population, and Thailand, where approximately 93-94% of the population practices Theravada Buddhism. Using a qualitative content analysis approach, the study analyzes the posts of eight prominent monk influencers—four from each country—between January 2017 and December 2019. The research findings reveal key differences in the content and strategies employed by Chinese and Thai monks. Chinese monks, such as Ven. Yancan, tend to share content related to their daily lives, social interactions, and public service activities, positioning themselves as social activists. In contrast, Thai monks primarily focus on Buddhist teachings, practices, and rituals, with less emphasis on secular topics. Additionally, Chinese monks are more likely to use multimedia formats, such as videos and live streaming, for real-time engagement, while Thai monks prefer textual content and speeches, focusing on delivering sermons and reflections. Public service activities also vary, with Chinese monks organizing large-scale charity events, such as donations and educational initiatives, while Thai monks engage in smaller, more localized acts of service, like offering food and aid to the community. These differences highlight the influence of cultural and political contexts, such as China's strict policy regulations and Thailand's structured monastic oversight. The study underscores how social media has expanded the reach of Buddhist teachings, allowing monks to transcend geographical boundaries and challenge traditional religious hierarchies. By adapting to new media, Buddhist monks are able to connect with younger, digitally engaged audiences and remain relevant in an increasingly digital world, offering valuable insights into the evolving landscape of religious communication in the digital age.
DISCURSIVE STRATEGIES IN HACKTIVISM DISCOURSE: REVEALING IDEOLOGY IN AL-HAKIRZ AL-MUSLIMUN’S HACKING THREAT Reflinaldi, Reflinaldi; Ilyas, Erizal; Rahmi, Awliya; Rezi, Melisa; Syahidin, Amal; Aini, Resty Syahrotul
LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra Vol 19, No 2 (2024): LiNGUA
Publisher : Laboratorium Informasi & Publikasi Fakultas Humaniora UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/ling.v19i2.29165

Abstract

This study explores the underlying ideology in the hacktivism discourse of al-hākirz al-muslimūn (MH), a group of Muslim hackers. The objective was to uncover the discursive strategies used by MH in its cyber threats, focusing on how they construct their identity and position themselves in opposition to perceived threats. A critical qualitative design was employed to analyze three videos from the Hacker News YouTube channel, using the ideological square framework as the theoretical lens for data analysis. The results of macroanalysis show that MH used the basic strategy of emphasizing positive 'us' on 11 data (14.67%), emphasizing negative 'them' on 31 data (41.33%), and de-emphasizing positive 'them' on 33 data (44.00%). In the microanalysis dimension, the rhetorical discursive strategies found include actor description amounting to 23 data (31.08%), consensus with a total of 2 data (2.70%), evidentiality reaching 5 data (5.41%), example/illustration with a total of 7 data (9.46%), values expression reaching 14 data (18.92%), number game with a total of 4 data (5.41%), and victimization-criminalization amounting to 20 data (27.03%). The ideological analysis indicated that MH’s discourse is characterized by anti-imperialism, reflecting their defense of oppressed populations and the use of hacking as a form of retribution. Additionally, anti-extremism was evident in the group’s critique of actions perceived as insults to Islam, often tied to extremist ideologies. This study contributes to the understanding of hacktivism as a form of digital activism, emphasizing its role in shaping political discourse and public opinion through cyber threats. It provides insights into the ideological motivations behind hacktivism, showing how groups like MH use digital platforms to challenge global political structures. The implications of this study are significant for future research into hacktivism, particularly in exploring the broader impact of such discourse on global politics, the ethical dimensions of cyber activism, and the potential of multimodal discourse analysis to examine the interplay of textual, visual, and audiovisual elements in discourse interpretation. By applying multimodal discourse analysis, future researchers could explore how audio, visual, and color codes contribute to shaping meaning in hacktivist narratives. This study highlights the complexity of hacktivism and its potential to reshape political narratives and activism in the modern world.
BREAKING ROMANCE CONVENTIONS: HERO/HEROINE DYNAMICS IN ROWELL’S ELEANOR & PARK Adzkia, Fara Maulina; Furaida, Asni
LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra Vol 19, No 2 (2024): LiNGUA
Publisher : Laboratorium Informasi & Publikasi Fakultas Humaniora UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/ling.v19i2.27039

Abstract

This study examines Eleanor & Park, a contemporary romance novel by Rainbow Rowell, through the lens of Janice Radway's ideal romance formula. The novel portrays two central characters, Eleanor and Park, whose relationship deviates from traditional romance norms, offering a fresh perspective on love and identity. The objective of this paper is to explore how Rowell's characterization of the hero, Park, and the heroine, Eleanor, aligns with or challenges the conventional ideals of romance characters as outlined by Radway. Eleanor embodies traits of the ideal heroine—she is intelligent, spunky, and independent—while Park, although strong and caring, does not fully fit the traditional masculine hero image. This deviation from the typical hero archetype, combined with Eleanor's struggles and vulnerability, challenges the stereotypical gender roles typically found in romance novels. The study adopts a New Criticism approach, focusing on intrinsic elements of the text, particularly characterizations and plot structure, without considering external influences such as the author's biography or social context. The analysis finds that the characters' roles in the story push against traditional boundaries, as Eleanor's resilience and emotional depth redefine the notion of the ideal heroine, while Park’s more sensitive and less traditionally masculine traits complicate the idealization of the romantic hero. Furthermore, the novel’s plot emphasizes emotional growth, mutual understanding, and empathy over dominance or stereotypical gender dynamics. The open-ended conclusion of the story further subverts the expectations of a conventional romance, presenting the relationship as a tool for personal development rather than a perfect, idealized union. In doing so, the novel offers a more nuanced portrayal of teenage relationships, highlighting their impermanence and complexity. Ultimately, Eleanor & Park invites readers to reconsider conventional romance narratives by focusing on the internal growth and emotional connections between characters rather than adhering to formulaic depictions of love. This study contributes to a broader understanding of contemporary romance novels and their potential for depicting more diverse, realistic, and empowering portrayals of love and identity.
MORPHOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF NUMERAL SYSTEMS IN INDONESIAN AND TAGALOG: AUSTRONESIAN ROOTS AND COLONIAL INFLUENCES Aqromi, Nur Lailatul; Espejo, Rommel V
LiNGUA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra Vol 19, No 2 (2024): LiNGUA
Publisher : Laboratorium Informasi & Publikasi Fakultas Humaniora UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/ling.v19i2.29156

Abstract

Numeral systems are essential for understanding the structure and evolution of languages, as they reflect cognitive processes and are deeply shaped by historical and cultural influences. This study examines the numeral systems of Indonesian and Tagalog, two Austronesian languages, focusing on the morphological processes involved in numeral formation. Despite sharing a common linguistic ancestry, the numeral systems of these languages differ significantly due to various historical and cultural factors, including the impacts of colonization. The research employs a descriptive-qualitative approach, utilizing contrastive analysis to compare the morphological structures of numerals in both languages. Data were collected from literary texts, dictionaries, and language corpora in both languages, and the analysis involved distributional, comparative, and contextual methods. Additionally, consultations with native speakers helped verify numeral usage and clarify any ambiguities. Findings reveal that while both languages use a decimal numeral system, Indonesian generally employs simpler affixation patterns, such as the prefix "se-" in numerals like "seratus" (one hundred) and "seribu" (one thousand). In contrast, Tagalog incorporates more complex structures, often using bound morphemes like "isang-" (one) and "limang-" (five) for larger numbers, such as "isang daan" (one hundred) and "limang libo" (five thousand). The influence of colonial history is evident in both languages, with Tagalog borrowing extensively from Spanish, as seen in numerals like "mil" (thousand) and "milyon" (million), while Indonesian draws influence from Sanskrit and Dutch. The study also highlights the use of reduplication, which is more common in Tagalog, especially in informal contexts, whereas it is rarely used in Indonesian numerals. These findings provide insights into how the numeral systems of Indonesian and Tagalog have evolved differently despite their shared Austronesian roots, shaped by distinct socio-historical contexts. This research contributes to the field of contrastive linguistics and offers a deeper understanding of how external influences, such as colonialism, have shaped the structure of numeral systems in both languages. It also opens avenues for future research on numeral systems in other Austronesian languages.

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