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INDONESIA
Rekayasa Sipil
Published by Universitas Brawijaya
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Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
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Articles 566 Documents
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Global-Local Seismic Performance Discrepancy in Top-Heavy Adaptive Reuse Buildings on Soft Soil Yusuf, Nabil Mochammad; Wibowo, Ari; Anggraini, Retno
Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 1 (2026): Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 1
Publisher : Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2026.020.01.15

Abstract

Adaptive reuse of existing high-rise buildings often introduces severe vertical mass irregularities, particularly when functional changes significantly increase live loads. Unlike previous studies that typically isolate the effects of vertical irregularity or soft soil, this research distinctly quantifies the compounded detriment of top-heavy adaptive reuse, specifically on soft soil sites. This study conducts a forensic seismic assessment of a 15-story reinforced concrete frame that was converted from an office to an archive storage facility, where live loads increased from 2.4 kN/m² to 7.18 kN/m² on the upper floors. Using Nonlinear Static Procedures according to ASCE 41-17 with semi-rigid diaphragm modeling, the structural response is evaluated under Site Class SE conditions. The analysis reveals a "Gravity Strangle" mechanism, where excessive gravity loads from the archive storage consume a significant portion of the primary beam capacity before seismic excitation. The results demonstrate a critical discrepancy: while the global roof drift (1.56%) suggests safe Immediate Occupancy (IO) performance, the maximum inter-story drift spiked to 3.18% at the transition floors. Component-level analysis further reveals that 35% of primary beams at this level suffer severe plastic hinge rotations. These findings confirm that for top-heavy buildings on soft soil, relying solely on global drift indicators is deceptive. The study advocates for mandatory nonlinear component-level verification in future adaptive reuse codes to prevent brittle soft-story failures.
Water Hyacinth Fiber and Glass Powder in Eco-Based GRC Ceiling Production Zahra, Fathiya Haniffa; Bagas Danu Ega; Shifa Fauziyah; Anno Mahfuda
Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 2 (2026): Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 2
Publisher : Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2026.020.02.1

Abstract

GRC (Glassfiber Reinforced Cement) ceiling panels are widely used in building construction in Indonesia due to their strength and durability. However, increasing demand highlights the need for more sustainable and cost-effective alternatives. This study investigates the substitution of conventional materials with environmentally friendly waste: glass powder as a partial replacement for cement, and water hyacinth fibers—commonly regarded as invasive weeds—as a substitute for fiberglass. An experimental approach was applied using variations in water hyacinth fiber content (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%) and glass powder content (0%, 5%, 10%, 12.5%). The optimal density was achieved with a mixture of 30% water hyacinth fiber and 10% glass powder, reaching 1.87 g/cm³, which is 0.06 g/cm³ higher than standard GRC panels. The lowest water absorption, at 12.4%, occurred with a combination of 15% fiber and 5% glass powder—0.9% lower than that of conventional panels. The highest flexural strength, 87.149 kgf/cm², was recorded with 30% water hyacinth fiber and 10% glass powder, exceeding that of standard GRC panels by 10.788 kgf/cm². Cost analysis revealed a significant reduction in production costs. The most cost-efficient composition—30% water hyacinth fiber and 10% glass powder—reduced manufacturing costs by Rp 9,049,248 compared to conventional GRC panels. This study highlights the potential of utilizing locally available waste materials to improve the mechanical properties of GRC ceiling panels while reducing both environmental impact and production costs. The findings offer a promising advancement toward sustainable building material innovation in Indonesia.
Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) Biostimulation Increases Slope Safety Factor on Low Plasticity Soils Ali, Mahardi Kamalika Khusna; Candra, Agata Iwan; Rayhansah, Rina Rebut
Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 2 (2026): Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 2
Publisher : Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2026.020.02.2

Abstract

Low-plasticity clay (CL) soils are commonly found in tropical regions and generally have high water content, which reduces shear strength and lowers the slope safety factor (Fs). Conventional stabilization methods such as cement and fly ash are considered environmentally unfriendly because they produce high carbon emissions. Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) has emerged as a sustainable alternative for enhancing soil strength through the formation of biologically induced calcite. However, most previous MICP studies on slopes have focused on sandy soils, erosion control, and bioaugmentation. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the application of Biostimulated MICP on high-moisture CL soils that represent tropical conditions and their relationship with slope Fs. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of biostimulated MICP on the stability of high-moisture CL soil slopes. Small-scale slopes were created in boxes with a 60° angle using the air pluviation method. The biostimulation solution used included urea, CaCl?, CH?COONa, NaOH, and sugarcane molasses to activate indigenous urease-producing bacteria. Testing included direct shear tests and slope-model loading tests with incubation times of 0 and 7 days. Fs analysis used an infinite-slope approach under steady-state seepage conditions. The results showed a 90.15% increase in cohesion and a 37.05% increase in internal friction angle, thereby increasing Fs to 88.72% after 7 days of MICP treatment. The results of the slope loading test showed a 105.41% increase in slope bearing capacity. These results indicate that the increase in cohesion and friction angle due to MICP is reflected in the slope's load-carrying capacity and in an increase in the Fs value. The findings indicate that biostimulated MICP has the potential as a sustainable slope stabilization technique and is suitable for tropical soil conditions.
Optimization of Geopolymer Formula Based on Bauxite Tailings Using Curing Temperature and Activator Concentration Sitanggang, Eva Pramuni Oktaviani; Riysan Octy Shalindry; Shafira Kurnia; Hozaimah; Alyaa Salsabila Nurvi
Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 2 (2026): Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 2
Publisher : Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2026.020.02.3

Abstract

The rapid growth of industrialization and urbanization has significantly increased Portland cement consumption, which accounts for approximately 6–7% of global CO? emissions. Geopolymer cement synthesized from industrial waste materials represents a promising low-carbon alternative. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of producing geopolymer cement from red mud, fly ash, and bauxite tailings waste through alkali activation, with emphasis on activator chemistry, concentration, and curing temperature. Geopolymer specimens were prepared using NaOH–Na?SiO? and KOH–K?SiO? activator systems with molarities of 10 M, 12 M, and 14 M, and cured at temperatures of 60 °C, 80 °C, and 100 °C. Mechanical properties, including compressive strength, water absorption, loss in ignition, and specific gravity, were evaluated, supported by XRD and FTIR analyses. The results indicate generally low compressive strength, with a maximum value of 2.10 MPa achieved using 14 M NaOH cured at 60 °C. This limited performance is attributed to incomplete geopolymerization caused by the dominance of crystalline phases that restrict aluminosilicate dissolution. Nevertheless, TCLP results confirm low heavy metal leaching, demonstrating effective immobilization within the geopolymer matrix. These findings highlight the environmental feasibility of red mud–fly ash–based geopolymers while emphasizing the need for compositional and reactivity optimization to enhance mechanical performance.
Comparison of Safety Factor Using the Finite Element Method and The Janbu Method (Case Study: Morowali Regency) Sangle, Pebrinar Riani; Tonapa, Suryanti Rapang; Pakalla, Larawati
Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 2 (2026): Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 2
Publisher : Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2026.020.02.4

Abstract

Slope stability is a problem often encountered in construction activities, including mining and civil engineering. Slope stability analysis can be performed using various methods, such as the limit equilibrium method (LEM) and the finite element method (FEM). The objective of this study is to analyze slope stability in Morowali Regency. The method used is finite element analysis using Plaxis software version 8.2.  Furthermore, the analysis is conducted using the limit equilibrium method (LEM), which is the Janbu method. The results of the study show that the safety factor (SF) obtained from the analysis using Plaxis version 8.2 was 1.219, while that based on the Janbu method was 1.376. The differences in results show that the two methods use different approaches in calculating slope stability. The Janbu method evaluates slope stability based on force equilibrium, assuming a specific landslide plane, and does not consider stress-strain development. In contrast, FEM uses the Strength Reduction Method, which can more realistically represent stress redistribution, plastic zone development, and collapse mechanisms. As a result, FEM safety factor values tend to be smaller. The results of this study indicate that the FEM method provides a more realistic failure mechanism for slope stability than the LEM method. Despite the difference in values, both methods show consistent stability trends, so it can be concluded that FEM and the Janbu Method can be used complementarily in slope stability evaluation.
Correlation Analysis Between Inundation Depth and Land Cover Change in the Jatiroto Watershed, Lumajang, Indonesia Nabilla Syafa; Suharyanto, Agus; Wijatmiko, Indradi
Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 2 (2026): Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 2
Publisher : Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2026.020.02.5

Abstract

Understanding how land cover changes influence flood inundation is essential for effective watershed management in rapidly developing areas. This study investigates the correlation between inundation depth and land cover transformation in the Jatiroto Watershed, Lumajang, Indonesia, from 1995 to 2023. Using an integrated hydrologic–hydraulic modeling framework that combines GeoHECRAS and GIS, flood depths were simulated under multiple land-cover scenarios derived from Landsat imagery. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis was then applied to quantify the relationships between inundation depth and specific land cover classes. The results indicate that converting natural vegetation to urban and agricultural uses significantly increased the extent and depth of flood inundation. From 1995 to 2023, flooded areas expanded from 12.88% to 15.66%, while the mean inundation depth increased by approximately 0.4 m. The statistical analysis revealed strong positive correlations between inundation depth and open land (? = 0.819), residential areas (? = 0.757), and wetlands (? = 0.743), whereas forest cover exhibited a strong negative correlation (? = –0.819). These findings demonstrate that the expansion of impervious surfaces directly elevates flood severity, while vegetation plays a vital mitigating role. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the statistical relationship between land-cover composition and flood behavior, offering valuable insights for flood risk management, zoning policy, and sustainable watershed planning in tropical regions.
Modification of Flood Vulnerability Models Based on BNPB Regulation 2012 (Case Study: Jatiroto Watershed, Lumajang) Athallah, Regina Salsabila; Suharyanto, Agus; Wijatmiko, Indradi
Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 2 (2026): Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 2
Publisher : Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2026.020.02.6

Abstract

Floods are the most frequent natural disaster in Indonesia and have caused significant social, economic, and environmental losses, making mitigation measures based on regional vulnerability essential. Flood risk assessments in Indonesia generally rely on InaRISK maps developed by the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB). This study develops a modified flood vulnerability calculation model based on BNPB Regulation No. 2 of 2012. It compares its results with the InaRISK vulnerability map for the Jatiroto watershed in Lumajang Regency. The analysis considers four components: social, economic, infrastructure, and ecology, with the main novelty being the reversal of ecological weighting so that larger areas of forests, shrubs, and swamps reduce, rather than increase, vulnerability, in line with hydrological reasoning. The modified model yields an RMSE of 0.224 and an MAE of 0.203, with an NRMSE of 0.23 and an NMAE of 0.21, indicating good agreement with InaRISK (NRMSE < 0.3). The findings show that adjusting ecological parameters can produce a more contextual and accurate vulnerability pattern and provide a simple, public-data-based alternative for local governments to update flood vulnerability maps and potentially inform future refinement of ecological parameters in national flood risk guidelines.
Evaluating Sleeper Bus Service Attributes on the Malang–Jakarta Route Using the Kano Model Agitha, Soraya Ayu; Wicaksono, Ahcmad; Fauzul Rizal Sutikno
Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 2 (2026): Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 2
Publisher : Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2026.020.02.7

Abstract

The increasing demand for comfort-oriented long-distance transportation requires service providers to prioritize attributes that genuinely influence passenger satisfaction. This study evaluates the attributes of sleeper bus service on the Malang–Jakarta route using the Kano Model to identify those that drive satisfaction and dissatisfaction in asymmetric ways. Based on survey data from sleeper bus passengers, twelve service attributes were analyzed through paired functional and dysfunctional questions. The results indicate that most attributes fall into the Attractive and One-Dimensional categories, suggesting strong potential to enhance satisfaction when optimally delivered. WiFi availability, charging ports, and personal entertainment systems emerged as the strongest drivers of satisfaction, while the absence of onboard toilets and personal security features generated the highest dissatisfaction. The study contributes to transportation service quality literature by extending Kano-based analysis to the under-researched context of intercity sleeper buses in Indonesia. It provides actionable guidance for operators to prioritize investments that maximize customer experience and competitive differentiation.
Evaluating ROI of the Cordova Edupartment Building Project for Long-Term Profitability Rini Pebri Utari; Abdul Samad
Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 2 (2026): Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 2
Publisher : Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2026.020.02.8

Abstract

Rapid population growth has increased housing demand, while limited land availability has encouraged the development of vertical residential buildings. The Cordova Edupark Apartment in Semarang is an education–religious–based apartment project planned to begin operations in 2025, with a design life of 50 years. Current project planning predominantly emphasizes initial construction costs and often neglects long-term costs incurred during the building's operational phase. This study evaluates the building’s life cycle cost (LCC). It assesses long-term investment feasibility by positioning Return on Investment (ROI) as the core investment evaluation framework, integrated with future-value-based financial analysis. The analysis refers to Ministry of Public Works Regulation No. 24/PRT/M/2008 and relevant local regulations on maintenance costs and tariffs. The research object is a 19-story apartment building with a total floor area of 39,423 m². The research stages include technical and financial data collection; LCC calculation covering construction, operation, maintenance, component replacement, demolition, and loan interest; and investment feasibility analysis under several occupancy and rental price scenarios. The results indicate that the total LCC over a 50-year service life amounts to Rp1,446,963,144,027, with maintenance costs constituting the largest proportion (±41%), followed by operational costs (±25%). Under the optimistic scenario, with a rental rate of Rp155,000/m² and an initial occupancy rate of 85%, the ROI-based feasibility analysis yields a positive Net Present Value (NPV) of Rp863,392,832,379, an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 19.31% exceeding the 6.78% Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR), and a break-even period of 12.17 years.
Environmental Risk Management of Flyover Construction Using Fault Tree Analysis and 4T Mitigation Fahara, Adista; Rachmansyah, Arief; Eko Andi Suryo
Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 2 (2026): Rekayasa Sipil Vol. 20 No. 2
Publisher : Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.rekayasasipil.2026.020.02.9

Abstract

Flyover construction in urban areas can pose environmental risks, particularly air pollution and traffic congestion, that may adversely affect public health and vehicle operating costs. This study aims to analyze environmental risks arising during the construction phase of the Aloha Flyover Project and to formulate appropriate mitigation strategies. Data were collected through field surveys and structured interviews with 50 respondents at five locations with high traffic intensity. Risk probability and impact were assessed using the Severity Index and a probability-impact matrix. High-priority risks were further examined using Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Minimum Cut Set analysis to identify dominant root causes. Risk mitigation strategies were developed based on the 4T framework: Terminate, Treat, Transfer, and Tolerate. The results indicate that increased vehicle operating costs and respiratory health disturbances constitute the most significant risks. These risks are primarily influenced by stop-and-go traffic conditions, elevated engine temperatures, prolonged exposure to vehicle emissions, and construction-generated dust. The findings demonstrate that the combined application of the Treat and Terminate strategies is the most effective for reducing risk levels. In contrast, the Transfer and Tolerate strategies serve as complementary measures. This study confirms that integrating FTA with the 4T approach provides a systematic and practical framework for environmental risk management in urban flyover construction projects, supporting sustainable infrastructure development.

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