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INDONESIA
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, & NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, this journal is published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 666 Documents
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Exploration of the Anxiolytic Potential of Red Shoot Leaf Extract through Elevated Plus Maze and Light-Dark Box Tests in White Mice Sari Nurdian; Triyana Agustin; Novita Yelica Umina; Helman Kurniadi
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1153-1160

Abstract

Anxiety disorders remain a major global mental health concern, with increasing prevalence and limitations associated with long-term pharmacotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic potential of ethanol extract of Syzygium myrtifolium leaves using in vivo behavioral models. Dried leaves were extracted by maceration with 96% ethanol, yielding 16.69% extract. The results of phytochemical screening demonstrated the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, as well as terpenoids. Fifteen male white mice were randomly divided into five groups: negative control (0.5% Na-CMC), positive control (diazepam 1 mg/kgBW), and extract-treated groups (100, 200, and 300 mg/kgBW). Anxiolytic activity was assessed using the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Light–Dark Box (LDB) tests. In the EPM model, extract doses of 200 and 300 mg/kgBW significantly increased the time spent in open arms compared to the negative control (p < 0.05). Similarly, in the LDB test, higher extract doses significantly prolonged the duration in the illuminated compartment (p < 0.05). Statistical analysis confirmed normal data distribution and significant differences among groups (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The findings indicate that Syzygium myrtifolium leaf extract exhibits significant anxiolytic-like activity, likely associated with its flavonoid content and antioxidant properties. These results support its potential development as a plant-based alternative therapy for anxiety management.
Effectiveness Testing of Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Rhizophora apiculata Extract, NPK, and Manure on the Growth of Water Spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir) Faiq Firjatul Falaz; I Gusti Putu Arya Darmayoga; Sabina Na’ma Aisa; Chelsy Aulia Zahra; Reinhart Yehezkiel William Hutabarat
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1287-1291

Abstract

This study evaluates the effectiveness of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) based on Rhizophora apiculata mangrove extract compared to NPK and goat manure on the growth of water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir) in Lampung Province. The experiment was arranged using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Laboratory results showed that mangrove LOF contains significant macro-nutrients, specifically Potassium (2,551.83 mg/kg) and Magnesium (1,657.42 mg/kg), and is safe as heavy metals (Pb and Cd) were not detected. During observation, the LOF exhibited dynamic chemical properties with a pH decrease from 5,32 to 4,59 due to microbial decomposition. Analysis of variance indicated that fertilizer treatments had a highly significant effect on plant height (F(2,4) = 569,902). Tukey's HSD test confirmed that mangrove LOF produced the highest plants (23,1 cm), significantly outperforming NPK (20,2 cm) and goat manure (19,07 cm). Mangrove LOF produced superior visual quality with deep green leaves, attributed to Magnesium as the core of chlorophyll. Thus, R. apiculata-based LOF is an effective and sustainable alternative for vegetable production.
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Potentials of Selected Nut Extracts on Pathogenic Bacteria and Mycotoxigenic Fungi Modupeade C. Adetunji; Anuoluwapo N. Popoola; Oluwafemi Segun Aina
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.967-981

Abstract

The antimicrobial potential of nut extracts has garnered interest due to their nutritional benefits and bioactive compounds. This study evaluated the ethanoic extracts of walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum), almond (Prunus dulcis), and “abere” (Picralima nitida) for inhibitory effects against various pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella spp., and mycotoxigenic fungi such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus. In-silico analyses provided further insights into the bioactive compounds identified through GC-MS, focusing on their drug-likeness and toxicity profiles. Two key compounds from P. nitida - Diethylphthalate (A1) and 3-oxo-2-pentyl-methylcyclopentaneacetic acid (A3) - demonstrated promising drug-like properties, with A1 being non-toxic and A3 showing mild carcinogenic potential. Molecular docking studies highlighted the extracts’ potential as inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Dengue virus targets, with some extracts outperforming the reference drugs isoniazid and acetaminophen, although none surpassed ampicillin. This study underscores the importance of further research to isolate specific bioactive components, optimize extraction techniques, and explore the full antimicrobial potential of these nut extracts. Future studies should also consider the concentration, extraction methods, and target microorganisms to enhance the understanding of their antimicrobial efficacy.
Total Flavonoid and Tannin Content in Pumpkin Stem Extract (Cucurbita moschata) Vadillah Vadillah; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; Fatmah Dhafir; Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti; Masrianih Masrianih
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1113-1119

Abstract

Cucurbita moschata is a medicinal plant that possesses various pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic, antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, which are associated with its bioactive compound content. One plant part that has been relatively underutilized is the pumpkin stem, although it has the potential to contain secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and tannins. This study aimed to identify and determine the levels of bioactive compounds in pumpkin stem extract based on stem maturity stages, namely young stems and mature stems, using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative analysis was conducted through phytochemical screening using color reaction methods with specific reagents to detect flavonoids and tannins. Quantitative analysis was performed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry based on standard calibration curves. The results showed that pumpkin stem extract tested positive for both flavonoids and tannins. Quantitative analysis indicated that the flavonoid content in young stems was 7.22, which was higher than in mature stems (3.00). In contrast, tannin content was higher in mature stems (9.03) compared to young stems (5.02). These differences indicate that flavonoids are more dominant in young tissues with active metabolic activity, whereas tannins tend to accumulate in mature tissues as part of plant defense mechanisms. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that pumpkin stem extract contains flavonoid and tannin compounds with varying levels depending on stem maturity, suggesting its potential as a natural source of antioxidants.
Diversity of Mangrove Plant Species Used as Food Resources by the Community in Lalombi Village Asnawar Asnawar; Samsurizal M Suleman; Moh Sabran; Musdalifah Nurdin; Vita Indri Febriani; Abd Hakim Laenggeng
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1247-1253

Abstract

Mangroves are distinctive plants that grow in coastal areas, estuaries, river mouths, and sheltered deltas in tropical and subtropical regions. The economic value of mangrove plants lies in their wood and fruit. This study aimed to identify the potential of mangrove plants as food resources in Lalombi Village. The research employed observation, interviews, and questionnaire distribution to local communities. The results revealed that five mangrove species are utilized as food resources, namely Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh., Nypa fruticans Wurmb, Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lamk., Acanthus ilicifolius L., and Sonneratia alba. These species are processed into various food products, including mangrove onde-onde, mangrove syrup, mangrove crackers, mangrove tea, and mangrove dodol. The processing methods involve traditional techniques such as soaking, boiling, filtering, pounding, drying, and packaging. Questionnaire results indicated that the local community possesses a very good level of knowledge and positive perceptions regarding the potential of mangroves as food resources and sources of economic income. Support from the government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) was considered beneficial, although challenges remain in terms of technology, marketing, and product legalization. This study recommends the provision of further training, policy support, and the promotion and sustainable development of mangrove-based products to enhance the welfare of coastal communities.
Application of Trichoderma-Enriched Liquid Organic Fertilizer in the Cultivation of Shallot (Allium cepa L.) Wiyudatara Wiyudatara; Dulbari Dulbari; Ni Siluh Putu Nuryani; Anung Wahyudi
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.919-922

Abstract

Low shallot productivity in Indonesia remains a major constraint for farmers, primarily due to pest and disease incidence. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Trichoderma-based liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) on crop productivity and pest and disease suppression, as well as to determine the optimal application dose for shallot cultivation. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of six treatments and four replications. The treatments were as follows: P1 (control), P2 (10% LOF + 10 mL Trichoderma), P3 (25% LOF + 25 mL Trichoderma), P4 (50% LOF + 50 mL Trichoderma), P5 (75% LOF + 75 mL Trichoderma), and P6 (100% LOF + 100 mL Trichoderma + 50% inorganic fertilizer). The results demonstrated that treatment P5 produced the highest plant height, leaf number, fresh bulb weight, and dry bulb weight. Furthermore, P5 effectively reduced the incidence of moler disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum. Regression analysis indicated that the optimal dose of Trichoderma-based LOF for maximizing shallot productivity was approximately 77.23%, equivalent to 77.23 mL Trichoderma per liter of LOF solution.
Assessment of Antioxidant Status, Hepatic Toxicity, and Liver Histopathology in Diabetic Rats Administered Acacia polyacantha Stem Bark Extract Tajudeen Olanrewaju Yahaya; Esther Oladele; Mutiyat Kehinde Adewale; Sa&#039;adat Haliru; Jamilu Bala Danjuma
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1071-1077

Abstract

Phytomedicine is increasingly incorporated into modern healthcare; however, safety concerns surrounding herbal remedies necessitate comprehensive toxicological evaluation. Acacia polyacantha is widely used in Nigerian ethnomedicine for diabetes management, yet data on its safety remain limited. This study evaluated the antioxidant capacity, hepatotoxicity, and histopathological effects of methanolic stem bark extract of A. polyacantha in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Thirty rats were randomly assigned into six groups (n = 5): non-diabetic control, untreated diabetic control, metformin-treated diabetic rats (150 mg/kg), and diabetic rats treated with the extract at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight for 21 days. Untreated diabetic rats exhibited marked oxidative stress, characterized by reduced superoxide dismutase (46.08 ± 1.86 U/mL) and glutathione (612.40 ± 2.15 µg/mL), with elevated malondialdehyde levels (0.68 ± 0.04 µmol/L), compared with non-diabetic controls (p ? 0.05). Diabetes induction also resulted in significant hepatic dysfunction, evidenced by elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST; 60.60 ± 0.69 U/L) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT; 70.11 ± 1.08 U/L), reduced albumin (7.48 ± 1.78 g/dL) and total protein (9.63 ± 2.20 g/dL), increased total bilirubin (1.41 ± 0.21 mg/dL), and vascular congestion. Treatment with A. polyacantha extract improved liver function parameters, with the most pronounced effect observed at 200 mg/kg. The medium dose (200 mg/kg) significantly normalized AST (41.26 ± 0.89 U/L) and ALT (46.13 ± 1.02 U/L), restored albumin (6.02 ± 0.25 g/dL) and total protein (12.21 ± 0.96 g/dL), and reduced bilirubin levels (1.36 ± 0.08 mg/dL), comparable to metformin-treated and non-diabetic rats (p ? 0.05). Histopathological findings corroborated the biochemical results, revealing near-normal hepatic architecture in extract-treated groups. These findings demonstrate that A. polyacantha stem bark extract exerts significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects, supporting its relative safety and therapeutic potential in diabetes management.
Application of Some Selected Plants Biomasses in Treatment of Wastewater Jabir Danyaya Aliyu; Ibrahim Abubakar; Sani Maliki; Siddiku Gwadangaji Umar
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1203-1212

Abstract

Wastewater contains several different hazardous substances and its consumption causes various diseases. Different plants biomasses have phytoremediation potential with significant application in wastewater treatment. The heavy metals contents of the treated and untreated wastewater sample were estimated using atomic absorption spectroscopic method. The physicochemical properties of the treated and untreated wastewater sample were determined using standard equipment and analytical methods. The total and faecal coliforms count was performed using membrane filtration method. In comparison, with the untreated wastewater, T. domingensis and P. glaucifolium exhibited significant (p < 0.05) decrease in pH, turbidity, conductivity, total hardness (TH), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total alkalinity (TA), chloride, sulphate, phosphate, and nitrate level in the wastewater sample with high percentage removal of the physicochemical contaminants. The wastewater sample treated with T. domingensis and P. glaucifolium displayed significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the level of Ni, Mn, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Co in the wastewater sample compared with the untreated sample. the coliforms load in the wastewater sample. The total and faecal coliforms load in the wastewater sample treated with T. domingensis and P. glaucifolium was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced compared with the untreated wastewater sample. The Typha domingensis demonstrated high significant (p < 0.05) removal efficiency against the physicochemical contaminants, heavy metals, andtotal and faecal coliforms population in the wastewater compared to the Pennisetum glaucifolium.
Proximate Composition, Mineral and Phytochemical Characterization of Mangifera Indica Leaves Remi Victor-Osanyinlusi; Eneji Ademoh Sanni
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1027-1036

Abstract

This study evaluated the proximate composition, mineral content, and phytochemical constituents of Mangifera indica leaves to assess its nutritional and medicinal potential. Fresh leaves were collected, processed into powder, and subjected to standard analytical procedures. Proximate analysis revealed moisture (11.06%), ash (8.01%), crude fat (3.09%), crude fibre (7.05%), crude protein (17.09%), and carbohydrate (53.70%) contents. Mineral analysis confirmed the presence of essential elements, while qualitative phytochemical screening indicated the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The relatively low moisture content suggests good storage stability, while the appreciable protein, fibre, and ash values indicate nutritional and functional significance. The presence of phytochemicals further supports its traditional use in the management of metabolic and infectious diseases. In conclusion, Mangifera indica leaf possesses significant nutritional and therapeutic properties, highlighting its potential application in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and traditional medicine.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Schistosoma japonicum Based on 16S rRNA Gene Safani Safani; Sutrisnawati Sutrisnawati; Manap Trianto; I Nengah Kundera; Zulaikhah Dwi Jayanti; Masrianih Masrianih
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1161-1170

Abstract

Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma and remains a public health concern in several endemic areas of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. DNA-based molecular approaches have been increasingly applied to support species identification and the analysis of genetic relationships in Schistosoma japonicum. This study aimed to investigate the phylogenetic relationships and genetic variation of S. japonicum based on the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Samples of Oncomelania hupensis lindoensis were collected from endemic areas surrounding Lake Lindu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Detection of S. japonicum was performed using the crushing method, followed by DNA extraction with the GS 100gSYNCTM DNA Extraction Kit. Amplification of the 16S rRNA gene was carried out using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique with the primers LR13107-F and LR12647-R. Sequence data were analyzed using BLAST, MEGA 11, MESQUITE, DNASTAR, GeneStudio, and DnaSP software. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) methods with 10,000 bootstrap replicates. PCR amplification produced clear and high-quality DNA bands. BLAST analysis revealed query cover values ranging from 99.90% to 100% and sequence identity of 100% with Schistosoma japonicum sequences available in GenBank. Genetic variation analysis indicated low genetic diversity, characterized by two haplotypes, one variable site, haplotype diversity of 0.500 ± 0.170, and nucleotide diversity of 0.00055 ± 0.00015. Nucleotide composition analysis showed that thymine (T) was the most abundant nucleotide (43.53%), and the A+T content (72.14%) was higher than the G+C content (27.87%), a characteristic feature of mitochondrial genomes. Phylogenetic reconstruction using both NJ and ML methods consistently clustered the Central Sulawesi samples with S. japonicum populations from Shanghai and Guangdong, China, with strong bootstrap support values ranging from 99% to 100%. Genetic distance analysis based on the Kimura 2-Parameter model revealed genetic divergence values of 0.00–0.00% among Central Sulawesi samples and between the Indonesian and Chinese populations, indicating very close genetic relationships and high genetic homogeneity. These findings demonstrate that S. japonicum populations in Central Sulawesi exhibit low genetic variation and share close phylogenetic relationships with other Asian populations, providing valuable molecular information to support the development of schistosomiasis surveillance and control strategies in Indonesia.

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