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Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, & NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, this journal is published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology.
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Articles 720 Documents
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Histopathological Profile of Wistar Rat Kidney in High-Fat Diet Model Treated with a Combination of Tea and Mango Mistletoe Extracts Rianda Siwi Cholida; Nour Athiroh Abdoes Sjakoer; Ari Hayati
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1621-1628

Abstract

A high-fat diet (HFD) can cause kidney damage through oxidative stress and inflammation. This study aimed to analyze the histopathology of the kidneys in rats given HFD after administering a combination of tea mistletoe leaf extract (Scurrula atropurpurea) and mango mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra) (MESA-DP). Using a randomized pretest-posttest control group design, the rats were divided into a negative control group (G1), an HFD control group (G2), and three treatment groups with combined doses of MESA-DP: 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight (G3, G4, G5). During the 37-day treatment period, microscopic examinations were conducted. The results showed that (G2) experienced an increase in fat accumulation (12%) and glomerulus diameter (1783.1 micrometer), compared to G1 (6%; 1507.5 micrometer). G3 actually worsened the condition (22%; 2003.1 micrometer). G4 successfully reduced fat accumulation to 9% and glomerulus diameter to 1689.4 micrometer, while G5 approached normal levels (7%; 1674.4 micrometer). ANOVA tests on the kidney fat area and glomerulus diameter showed p=0.018 (p<0.05), indicating significant differences among the groups. These results demonstrate that the combination of MESA-DP at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight (G4) can balance the side effects of HFD on kidney tissue and minimize inflammatory side effects in the glomerulus
Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles using Ficus capensis Stem Bark Extract: Characterization, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Evaluations Uchenna Benjamin Okeke; Ejiro Dowe; Oscar Ifeanyichukwu Onyemaobi; Bako Wunia&#039;h; Wande Michael Oluyemi
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1713-1723

Abstract

distinctive properties that support the development of sustainable therapeutic alternatives. This study evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) synthesized via a green route using Ficus capensis stem bark extract. The plant part was collected from its natural habitat, authenticated, and extracted with 80% methanol. Phytochemical analysis was performed on the extract following standard protocols. FeNPs were prepared using a mixture of 0.1 M ferric chloride and the extract. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Their antioxidant capacity was assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay (RSA), while antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined according to established microbiological methods. The synthesized FeNPs were found to be agglomerated and non-spherical in nature, exhibiting substantial DPPH RSA with an IC50 of 6.474 ± 0.59 mikrogram/mL. The FeNPs showed antibacterial action against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus, with limited activity against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These results underscore the potential of F. capensis-derived FeNPs as environmentally benign therapeutic agents for addressing oxidative stress and certain bacterial infections.
In Vivo Test of Combined Leaf Extracts of Tea Mistletoe and Mango Mistletoe on Hepatic TNF-alpha Levels in Wistar Rats Nur Aziza; Nour Athiroh Abdoes Sjakoer; Ari Hayati
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1677-1682

Abstract

Tea mistletoe (Scurrula atropurpurea) and mango mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra) are known to contain bioactive compounds with potential anti-inflammatory activity. Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-alpha) is a key proinflammatory cytokine whose hepatic expression can be elevated by a high-fat diet. This study aimed to investigate the effect of combined extracts of tea mistletoe and mango mistletoe and determine the most effective dose in reducing hepatic TNF-alpha levels in Wistar rats induced by a high-fat diet. An in vivo experimental design was employed using 35 male Wistar rats, randomly divided into five groups: negative control, positive control (high-fat diet), and three treatment groups receiving combined extracts at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight for 37 days. Hepatic TNF-alpha levels were quantified using ELISA. The results showed that the combination of tea mistletoe and mango mistletoe extracts significantly reduced TNF-alpha levels in the liver of Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet. Among the tested doses, 200 mg/kg body weight demonstrated the greatest reduction compared to lower doses. In conclusion, the combined extracts exhibit promising anti-inflammatory effects by lowering hepatic TNF-alpha levels, with 200 mg/kg body weight identified as the most effective dose under the conditions of this study.
Optimization of Carbopol 940 Concentration in Bidara Laut Leaf Extract Anti-Acne Gel Preparations: Physical Stability and Inhibitory Effectiveness Study Fhahri Mubarak; Nur Khairi; Dwi Tiva Widyanti S. Humolungo
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1629-1640

Abstract

Acne vulgaris is a widespread skin condition associated with Propionibacterium acnes, and conventional antibiotics often lead to resistance and irritation, underscoring the need for safer, natural therapies. This research explored the antibacterial potential of Strychnos ligustrina (Bidara Laut) leaf extract and its formulation into a topical gel. Leaves collected from Bima, West Nusa Tenggara, were processed into ethanol extracts, which were then screened for phytochemicals, confirming the presence of tannins and phenolics. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using disc diffusion at concentrations of 15%, 20%, and 25%, with clindamycin as the positive control and DMSO as the negative control. Gel formulations containing Carbopol 940 at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% were prepared and evaluated for their physical properties, including organoleptic characteristics, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion, and stability under accelerated storage conditions. The extract exhibited moderate inhibition of P. acnes, with the most substantial effect observed at a concentration of 25% (7.73 mm). Among the gel formulas, the 1.5% Carbopol gel (Formula 3) was the most stable and produced the largest inhibition zone (12.89 mm), although it was still lower than that of clindamycin (33.87 mm). Overall, the findings suggest that Bidara Laut extract can be formulated into a stable gel with measurable antibacterial activity, indicating its potential as a natural topical option for acne management. However, further refinement is needed to enhance its efficacy. 
Test of the Reduction of Pathogenic Microorganisms in Wastewater from the Agro-food and Domestic Industries by the Essential Oil of Eucalyptus citriodora Sharon Tshibola Mpiana; André Kanjinga Ngoyi; Tania Nkanga Bonona; Bienvenue Mvingu Kamalandua; Francis Tshiswaka Kabongo; Hervé Ngangu Boloki; Thierry Tangou Tabou
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.1761-1769

Abstract

The study evaluates Eucalyptus citriodora essential oil (EO) as an eco-friendly alternative to chemical disinfectants for treating wastewater from agro-food and domestic sources. It demonstrates the oil's antimicrobial effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, achieving bacterial growth inhibition at low concentrations. While less potent than chlorine in total microbial elimination, the EO presents fewer environmental and health risks. The study concludes that EO is a viable option for sustainable wastewater disinfection and encourages further research into its applications.
Proximate Analysis and Organoleptic Evaluation of Bagea Cookies Substituted with Teo Tuber Starch (Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze) Nur Rahmatiya H Suudi; Margaretha Solang; Syam S. Kumaji; Muhammad Isra; Novri Youla Kandowangko
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.152.1897-1906

Abstract

Teo tuber starch (Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze) has potential as a substitute for sago flour in the production of bagea cookies. This study aimed to analyze the proximate composition and evaluate the organoleptic acceptance of bagea cookies substituted with teo tuber starch. The study used an experimental method with a quantitative descriptive approach involving five treatments of teo tuber starch substitution in the production of bagea cookies. The observed parameters included proximate analysis (carbohydrates, protein, fat, crude fiber, moisture, and ash contents) and organoleptic evaluation (color, taste, aroma, and texture) using 35 panelists. Proximate data were analyzed descriptively, while organoleptic data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The best treatment was determined using the De Garmo effectiveness index. The results showed carbohydrate content ranging from 76.83–82.53%, protein content from 1.98–3.32%, fat content from 4.78–8.92%, crude fiber content from 2.24–4.06%, moisture content from 4.41–7.62%, and ash content from 0.95–3.99%. The De Garmo effectiveness index values for the proximate analysis of F1–F5 were 0.4066, 0.8677, 0.5710, 0.2824, and 0.5739, respectively, with F2 identified as the best treatment. The organoleptic test showed that substitution did not result in significant differences (p>0.05) in color, taste, aroma, or texture. Bagea cookies substituted with teo tuber starch were accepted by the panelists at a moderately preferred level. Based on these results, the De Garmo effectiveness index values for the organoleptic evaluation of F1–F5 were 1.000, 0.552, 0.320, 0.280, and 0.040, respectively, with F1 identified as the best treatment.
The Effect of the Combination of 2,4-D and BAP Concentrations on Callus Induction of Rice (Oryza sativa L. var. siam epang) from East Kotawaringin Regency Glentino Puraya; Ria Windi Lestari; Siti Sunariyati; Nanang Wahyu Prajaka; Rahayu Opi Anggoro
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.152.1845-1861

Abstract

In 2023, rice production for population consumption in Central Kalimantan decreased by 7.80 thousand tons (3.82%), due to a 13.14 thousand-ton decrease in dry milled grain (GKG). This is due to environmental stress and resistance to diseases and pests, which affect rice quality and productivity. Rice (O. sativa L. var. siam epang) is a rice that has advantages such as resistance to acidic soil pH, high rainfall, resistance to pests, and diseases. The success and occurrence of callus regeneration in vitro are generally influenced by PGR with appropriate concentrations. This study aimed to determine the most appropriate concentrations of PGRs 2,4-D and BAP to induce callus in Siam Epang rice. This study is an experimental factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two treatment factors, namely 2,4-D and BAP, at concentrations of 1 ppm, 2 ppm, and 3 ppm, respectively. Data analysis was conducted on qualitative and quantitative data, including research parameters such as callus formation time, callus weight, callus color, callus texture, and the percentage of explants forming callus. The results showed that the combination of 2,4-D and BAP PGR concentrations affected the growth of Siam Epang rice seed scutellum explants. The addition of 1 ppm 2,4-D and 0 ppm BAP PGR resulted in the fastest callus formation time, namely 3 days. Meanwhile, the addition of 3 ppm 2,4-D and 1 ppm BAP PGR resulted in the highest percentage of explants forming callus (100%) across all treatments. 1 ppm 2,4-D and 0 ppm BAP produced a fresh weight of 0.15 g, a dry weight of 0.03 g, and a callus weight of 0.09 g, the highest among all treatments. The callus formed was ivory white, yellowish white (cream), light yellow, and blackish brown with a compact texture. Thus, the combination of PGR concentrations that produced the highest percentage of callus formation in Siam Epang rice callus was 3 ppm 2,4-D and 1 ppm BAP, with 100% of explants forming callus. Further research is needed to evaluate the effects of various combinations of 2,4-D and BAP concentrations on Siam Epang rice callogenesis.
The effectiveness of Saluang Belum (Luvunga sarmentosa) n-hexane Fractination Compounds in Enhancing Male Fertility via ESR1 and PI3K/Akt Pathway Modulation Viviliani Anandita Dewani; Septi Handayani; Silvani Permatasari
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.152.1785-1798

Abstract

Infertility has becomes a significant global health issue, including in Indonesia, where 40% of cases are attributed to male factors. An increasing number of studies report the effectiveness of compounds from Saluang Belum (Luvunga sarmentosa/L. sarmentosa) in improving spermatozoa survival. However, the therapeutic effect and mechanisms of action of this compound on male reproduction are not yet been verified. Therefore, this study aimed to identify potential protein targets and to validate ligand-protein interactions through molecular docking, in order to determine the therapeutic effects and mecanisms of L. sarmentosa compounds in pathways related to male infertility. The methodology of this study was an in silico design, in which potential target proteins were identified from the overlapping of 10 L. sarmentosa compounds with male infertility-related protein using network pharmacology. Subsequently, the ligand-protein interaction were validated through molecular docking simulations, and the pharmacokinetic properties (ADMET) of the compounds were analyzed. The network pharmacology analysis reveals that vital proteins associated with pathogenetic pathway of male infertility can be modulated by L. sarmentosa such as ESR1 and PIK3CA. Docking simulation identifies two promising compounds, ostruthin and 6-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocin-1-one, with more negative binding affinity scores (-8.50 and -7.70 kcal/mol). These compounds form stable conventional hydrogen bonds with the shortest interaction distance and predicted to have favorable ADMET properties. In conclusion, both compounds are potentially exhibit anti-infertility activity against male infertility in silico and were predicted to exhibit favorable pharmacokinetic profiles.
Cover, Editorial Board, Guidance for Authors, & Table of Contents | Vol. 15 No. 1 April 2026 Muhammad Jafar Luthfi
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.%p

Abstract

Nutritional, Phytochemical and Biological Profile of Pavetta corymbosa (Rubiaceae) Samuel Akinniyi Odewo; Olayombo Margaret Banwo
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 2 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.152.1863-1872

Abstract

P. corymbosa is traditionally known for its effectiveness in combating microbes, healing wounds, reducing fever, and treating respiratory disorders. This study investigated the bioactive constituents of P. corymbosa leaf hexane-acetone (PLHA) extract and assessed its nutritional and biological potentials. Proximate compositions were determined using standard methods. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to identify and characterise the bioactive compounds present. FRAP and DPPH radical scavenging assays were employed for antioxidant activity. Brine shrimps lethality test using Artemia salina was utilised for cytotoxicity determination. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using agar well diffusion and broth micro-dilution techniques. Proximate analysis revealed that PLHA extract contains moisture, crude protein, crude fibre, fat, carbohydrate, and ash contents of 7.98±0.17, 13.13±0.05, 19.28±0.37, 2.46±0.06, 45.96±0.22, and 11.12±0.14%, respectively. The major constituents were Ethanone, 1-cyclopentyl- (28.23%); Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester (21.08%); and n-Hexadecanoic acid (10.43%). PLHA extract (194.7346±0.575 µg/mL) had potent antioxidant activity comparable with ascorbic acid (137.6409±0.378 µg/mL). PLHA extract was active against S. aureus, K. pneumonia, C. albicans and A. salina. This study suggests that P. corymbosa is rich in bioactive compounds with nutritional benefits, and revealed promising antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity potentials which can be leveraged for health-promoting applications.

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