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INDONESIA
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
ISSN : -     EISSN : -     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, & NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, this journal is published to attract and disseminate innovative and expert findings in the fields of plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolite, and also the effect of natural product on biological system as a reference source for researchers in these fields, and with the aim to set international standards in their methodology.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 609 Documents
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Antibacterial Activity and MIC-MBC Evaluation of Active Fraction from Paederia foetida Linn. Leaves Against Infectious Pathogenic Bacteria Melda Yunita; Muhamad Sadam Safutra; Is Ikhsan Hataul; Siti Nur Azizah; Rosida Rosida
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.%p

Abstract

Antibacterial resistance remains a global health concern, prompting exploration of natural plant-based alternatives. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the active fraction from Paederia foetida Linn. leaves against six infectious pathogenic bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhi, Cutibacterium acnes, and Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method was used to measure inhibition zones and the broth dilution method to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Results showed that the active fraction exhibited variable antibacterial activity, with the highest inhibition zones recorded against E. coli (6.5 mm), B. subtilis (6.0 mm), and S. dysenteriae (5.0 mm) at 100% concentration. The MIC values ranged from 125 µg/mL (for B. subtilis) to 500 µg/mL (for S. aureus and C. acnes), while MBC values ranged from 250 µg/mL to 1000 µg/mL, confirming bacteriostatic to mild bactericidal effects, particularly toward B. subtilis and E. coli. Compared to the crude extract we reported previously, the fraction displayed lower inhibitory activity, suggesting that the antibacterial effect of P. foetida may rely on synergistic interactions among multiple secondary metabolites present in the whole extract. These findings indicate that the active fraction of P. foetida leaves possesses potential antibacterial properties, suggesting that further studies should focus on exploring synergistic effects among fractions and confirming antibacterial efficacy through in vivo evaluation.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Sulawesi Endemic Butterfly Papilio blumei Using the COI (Cytochrome Oxidase I) Gene Rizkia Khairunnisa; I Made Budiarsa; Isnainar Isnainar; Manap Trianto; Yulia Windarsih; Fatmah Dhafir
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.845-852

Abstract

Phylogenetics is a method used to study and analyze evolutionary relationships among living organisms. In phylogenetic studies, organisms that share similar traits or characteristics are considered to have close evolutionary relationships, as they are assumed to have originated from a common ancestor. Papilio blumei is characterized by wings with a bright, iridescent green coloration. This study aimed to describe the phylogenetic relationship of P. blumei based on the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Sampling was conducted using a roaming (exploratory) method. DNA was isolated using the GS 100gSYNCTM DNA Extraction Kit. DNA amplification was performed using COI primers (LCO1490 forward and HCO2198 reverse) through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA electrophoresis was carried out using 1% agarose gel, a UV transilluminator, and a gel documentation system. Data were analyzed using GeneStudio, DnaSP, BLAST, DNASTAR, and MESQUITE software, and phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using the Neighbor-Joining and Maximum Likelihood methods in MEGA 11 with the Kimura 2-parameter model and 10,000 bootstrap replications. The results showed that the DNA samples had a 99.50% identity with the reference sequences in GenBank. Genetic variation analysis revealed two haplotypes with haplotype diversity (hd = 0.600 ± 0.175) and nucleotide diversity (phi = 0.00051 ± 0.00015). Phylogenetic tree reconstruction formed a single monophyletic cluster of P. blumei with bootstrap values ranging from 99% to 100%. A genetic distance of 0.00% among populations from Central Sulawesi (PBPSST.1, PBPSST.2, PBPSST.3), North Sulawesi (JQ982056.1), and South Sulawesi (JQ982058.1) confirms that all P. blumei samples have very close genetic relationships.
The Role of the NF-kB Pathway and Oxidative Stress Markers in the Protective Effects of Peperomia pellucida in a Gastroenteritis Model Lisa Savitri; Fendy Prasetyawan; Yuneka Saristiana; Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo; Rochmad Krissanjaya; Cornelia Amanda; Konradus Klala Mebung
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.803-808

Abstract

Gastroenteritis is a common gastrointestinal disorder characterized by intestinal inflammation, epithelial damage, and oxidative stress. Activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling pathway and excessive production of reactive oxygen species play key roles in its pathogenesis. Peperomia pellucida is a medicinal plant traditionally used for inflammatory and gastrointestinal conditions; however, its molecular mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of P. pellucida extract in an experimental gastroenteritis model, with a particular focus on NF-kB pathway modulation and oxidative stress markers. Gastroenteritis was induced in experimental animals, followed by oral administration of P. pellucida extract at different doses. NF-kB p65 expression was assessed using molecular analysis, while oxidative stress was evaluated through malondialdehyde levels and antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase and catalase. Histopathological examination of intestinal tissue was also performed. The results demonstrated that P. pellucida treatment significantly suppressed NF-kB p65 activation, reduced lipid peroxidation, restored antioxidant enzyme activities, and improved intestinal histopathological features compared to the untreated gastroenteritis group. These findings indicate that P. pellucida confers intestinal protection by attenuating inflammation and oxidative stress, supporting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for gastroenteritis.
Prediction of Interaction and Stability of Bioactive Compounds from Acalypha indica L. with Acetylcholinesterase as Alzheimer’s Drug Candidates: A Docking and Molecular Dynamics Study Lisa Savitri; Kharisul Ihsan; Rochmad Krissanjaya; Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.679-684

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease remains one of the most challenging neurodegenerative disorders, with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition serving as a key therapeutic strategy. This study evaluated the interaction profiles and dynamic stability of bioactive compounds from Acalypha indica L. as potential AChE inhibitors using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Candidate compounds were screened for drug-likeness through SwissADME and toxicity predictions using ProTox-II. Docking results identified Compound A as the strongest binder, showing a favorable binding energy of -9.2 kcal/mol and forming stable interactions with catalytic and peripheral residues of AChE. A 100-ns molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated the stability of the protein-ligand complex, supported by consistent RMSD and radius of gyration values. Residue-level flexibility analysis revealed minimal fluctuations in the active site, and hydrogen-bond monitoring indicated persistent interactions throughout the simulation. MM-PBSA calculations yielded a binding free energy of -32.4 ± 3.1 kcal/mol, with van der Waals contributions dominating the interaction. These findings suggest that Compound A is a promising lead candidate for further experimental validation as an AChE inhibitor and may contribute to the development of new therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s disease.
Species and Cladystic of Butterflies (Lepidoptera) in Malonas Village, Dampelas District, Central Sulawesi Devi Devi; Mohammad Jamhari; Manap Trianto; Yulia Windarsih; Rafiqa Rafiqa; Fatmah Dhafir
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.763-769

Abstract

Butterflies are a group of insects belonging to the order Lepidoptera, commonly known as scale-winged insects. This study examines the kinship relationships of butterfly species (Lepidoptera) based on morphological and morphometric characters in Malonas Village, Dampelas District, Central Sulawesi, an area that has not been previously documented. The objectives of this study were to identify butterfly characters through morphological and morphometric analyses and to construct kinship patterns that reflect the level of phylogenetic similarity among butterfly species. The research was conducted using a descriptive exploratory method. Sampling was carried out across all areas of Malonas Village, including residential areas, rivers, forests, and plantations, using a roaming survey method with free collection techniques, resulting in 10 butterfly species with a total of 30 individuals. Morphological and morphometric analyses included measurements of wing dimensions and major body parts. Data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) to determine kinship patterns. The UPGMA analysis showed that all species had a relatively high level of similarity, with a similarity value of approximately 0.78, indicating close relationships among species. PCA results revealed that two principal components (PC1 and PC2) explained 67.0% of the total morphological variation, accounting for 45.3% and 21.7%, respectively. Loading plots indicated that morphometric characters related to wing size and proportions were the main contributors to the formation of the principal components. Biplot graphs demonstrated species grouping based on similarities in morphological and morphometric characters, as well as positive correlations among variables within the same quadrant. The results of this study confirm that wing morphometric characters play an important role in explaining morphological variation and phylogenetic relationships of butterflies in Malonas Village.
Phosphate-Solubilizing and Indole Acetic Acid-Producing Actinomycetes from the Plant Rhizosphere in the Hungayono Karst, Gorontalo Yusriyah Yusriyah; Yuliana Retnowati; Abubakar Sidik Katili; Novri Youla Kandowangko; Wirnangsi D. Uno
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.907-917

Abstract

Actinomycetes are soil microorganisms that play a crucial role in nutrient cycles and interactions, particularly in nutrient-limited environments such as karst ecosystems. This study aimed to evaluate the preliminary functional potential of actinomycetes isolated from the plant rhizosphere in the Hungayono karst ecosystem, Gorontalo, as phosphate solubilizers and producers of indole acetic acid (IAA). The study employed a quantitative descriptive approach with soil sampling at a depth of 10–15 cm using purposive sampling. Isolation was performed using the spread plate method on Starch Casein Agar medium, followed by qualitative and quantitative testing of phosphate solubilization and IAA production capabilities. Identification of selected isolates was conducted through 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis. The results showed that 11 actinomycete isolates were obtained from 4 host plants, of which two isolates exhibited low-index qualitative phosphate solubilization activity. However, quantitative results indicated that some isolates that did not form clear zones still produced measurable amounts of soluble phosphate, suggesting differences in method sensitivity. The highest phosphate-solubilizing activity was exhibited by isolate RzPO-09. In addition, four isolates were capable of producing IAA at varying levels, with the highest production observed in isolate RzPH-07 at 0.896 ppm. Phylogenetic analysis showed that isolate RzPO-09 (PZ458677) is closely related to the genus Pseudonocardia, while RzPH-07 (PZ458434) is closely related to the genus Streptomyces. Overall, the isolates obtained show initial functional potential; however, further validation is required through optimization of culture conditions, genetic characterization, plant growth tests, and testing both in greenhouses and in the field to ensure their practical feasibility.
Computational Profiling of Sapindus rarak (Lerak) Phytochemicals as Potential Antibacterial and Immunomodulatory Agents against Escherichia coli Lisa Savitri; Kharisul Ihsan; Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo; Rochmad Krissanjaya
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.639-644

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli continues to rise, creating an urgent need for new antibacterial candidates with novel mechanisms of action. Sapindus rarak contains diverse phytochemicals, including saponins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids, yet the molecular basis of their biological activity remains poorly understood. This study aimed to profile the antibacterial and immunomodulatory potential of major S. rarak compounds using a computational approach. Twenty phytochemicals were collected from public databases and evaluated against three targets: E. coli DNA gyrase and DHFR, and human TLR4. Docking analysis identified rarasaponin A and B as the strongest gyrase binders, with binding energies of -9.8 and -9.6 kcal/mol. A 100-ns molecular dynamics simulation demonstrated stable interactions between rarasaponin A and gyrase, supported by consistent RMSD values and an MM–GBSA energy of approximately -42 kcal/mol. Flavonoids such as quercetin-3-O-glucoside showed preferential binding to TLR4 and were predicted to promote IL-10 induction with minimal TNF-alpha activation. ADMET predictions indicated more favorable pharmacokinetic properties for flavonoids than saponins. These findings support a dual-mechanism therapeutic model in which saponins act as antibacterial agents and flavonoids contribute to balanced immune modulation. Further experimental validation through in vitro and in vivo assays is recommended.
Identification of Food Sources of Apis cerana Fabricius, 1793 Based on Pollen Analysis Moh Syahrial Farawansyah; Lestari MP Alibasyah; Manap Trianto; Masrianih Masrianih; Yulia Windarsih; Amalia Buntu
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.723-730

Abstract

Apis cerana commonly known as the “Asian honey bee,” has been utilized for thousands of years across Asia, its native region, for honey production and pollination services. This species is often described as the closest “twin” of its European/African sister species, A. mellifera. This study aimed to identify plant species serving as pollen food sources for the honey bee A. cerana based on pollen morphological analysis. The research was conducted using a descriptive exploratory approach in Jononunu Village, Parigi Tengah District, Parigi Moutong Regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Pollen samples were collected from worker bees during foraging activities and subsequently analyzed through acetolysis and microscopic examination in the laboratory. Pollen identification was based on morphological characteristics, including exine ornamentation, aperture type, and pollen size.The results showed that A. cerana utilized pollen sources from 14 plant species belonging to 12 families, indicating a high diversity of forage resources. The identified pollen morphological characteristics comprised four types of exine ornamentation, six aperture types, and pollen sizes ranging from very small to large, with small- to medium-sized pollen being dominant. Tricolporate aperture types and psilate ornamentation were the most frequently observed characteristics. Based on plant growth form, pollen sources were predominantly derived from tree species, followed by herbs, while shrubs and bushes contributed less. These findings provide important baseline information for melissopalynological studies and may serve as a reference for the management and conservation of A. cerana and its forage plants.
Foraging Activity and Potential Forage Plant Resources Surrounding the Nests of Tetragonula laeviceps Ni Kadek Deladarmi Yanti; I Made Budiarsa; Manap Trianto; Fatmah Dhafir; Yulia Windarsih; Mursito S Bialangi
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.853-859

Abstract

Stingless bees are highly social insects that live in well-organized colonies characterized by a clear division of labor among individuals, including workers, queens, and males. These bees play an important ecological role as pollinators in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. One of the most commonly encountered stingless bee species in Indonesia is Tetragonula laeviceps, which is widely distributed and well adapted to various environmental conditions. T. laeviceps relies on flight activity to forage for nectar and pollen from flowering plants located around its nest. Plants that produce nectar, pollen, and resin, which are further processed into honey and propolis, serve as essential food and material resources for sustaining stingless bee colonies. This study aimed to examine the foraging activity patterns of T. laeviceps and to identify potential forage plant resources surrounding its nest. The research employed a descriptive exploratory design using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Observations were conducted to record the daily flight activity of bees leaving the nest, returning with pollen, and returning without pollen, as well as to identify plant species that potentially serve as forage sources. The results showed that peak foraging activity occurred between 08:00 and 09:00 WITA, indicated by a high number of bees exiting the nest and returning with or without pollen. Foraging activity gradually declined toward the late afternoon, particularly between 16:00 and 17:00 WITA. This pattern reflects the daily rhythm of stingless bees, which includes an orientation and exploration phase in the morning, an exploitation phase during midday, and a gradual cessation of activity in the late afternoon. Observations of forage resources around the nests of T. laeviceps recorded a total of 13 plant species. Among these, seven species produced both nectar and pollen, three species produced only nectar, and three species produced only pollen. The diversity of forage plants indicates that the environment surrounding the nest provides sufficient and sustainable nutritional resources to support the growth and stability of the T. laeviceps colony.
Regulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Responses by Extract of Male Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya L.) in Experimental Autoimmune Disease Lisa Savitri; Kharisul Ihsan; Elfred Rinaldo Kasimo; Rochmad Krissanjaya
Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry Vol 15, No 1 (2026)
Publisher : Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University & Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2026.151.809-813

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases are characterized by dysregulated adaptive immune responses, particularly involving CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Current therapeutic strategies often rely on broad immunosuppression, which may lead to adverse effects and increased susceptibility to infections. Therefore, the exploration of natural immunomodulatory agents remains an important research focus. This study aimed to evaluate the regulatory effects of male papaya leaf extract (Carica papaya L.) on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in an experimental autoimmune disease model. Male papaya leaves were extracted using 70% ethanol and administered orally to autoimmune disease-induced mice at different dosage levels. T cell populations were analyzed using flow cytometry, focusing on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proportions in splenocytes. The results showed that experimental autoimmune disease significantly increased CD4+ T cell levels and reduced CD8? T cell proportions compared to normal controls. Treatment with male papaya leaf extract led to a dose-dependent reduction in CD4+ T cells and restoration of CD8+ T cell levels. The highest dose produced a T cell profile comparable to that of healthy animals. These findings indicate that male papaya leaf extract modulates adaptive immune responses by rebalancing CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations rather than inducing broad immunosuppression. The study highlights the potential of male papaya leaf extract as a natural immunomodulatory agent for the management of autoimmune diseases and supports further investigation into its underlying mechanisms and clinical relevance.

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