Garuda - Garba Rujukan Digital

Article Per Year (5 Year)

All

INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY

3
Website

Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada

ISSN : 23389427 EISSN : 23389486 DOI : -

Core Subject : Health,

Medicine & Pharmacology

Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy (ISSN-e: 2338-9486, ISSN-p: 2338-9427), formerly Majalah Farmasi Indonesia (ISSN: 0126-1037). The journal had been established in 1972, and online publication was begun in 2008. Since 2012, the journal has been published in English by Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Yogyakarta Indonesia in collaboration with IAI (Ikatan Apoteker Indonesia or Indonesian Pharmacist Association) and only receives manuscripts in English. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy is Accredited by Directorate General of Higher Education (DGHE) DIKTI No. 58/DIKTI/Kep/2013.

Arjuna Subject : -

Articles 706 Documents

65 66 67 68 69

In Vitro Study of the Combination of Doxorubicin, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Brucea javanica, and Ficus septica as a Potential Novel Therapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer Sutejo, Ika Rahmawati; Putri, Herwandhani; Handayani, Sri; Jenie, Riris Istighfari; Meiyanto, Edy
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 1, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Less optimized therapeutic effects constrain the use of doxorubicin as the main agent of chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer, resistance and side effects. Therefore we need a combination of more than one chemopreventive agent which has different molecular targets to solve that problem. The aims of this study is to prove the inhibitory effect of ethanolic extract of rhizome of Curcuma xanthorrhiza (ECx), fruit of Brucea javanica (EBj), leave of Ficus septica (EFs) and doxorubicin (Dox) alone and its combination on migration and invasion of a highly metastatic 4T1 breast cancer cell line. Cytotoxic activity of single and combination treatment was evaluated by MTT assay, followed by an experiment of apoptosis induction by using flow cytometry. The inhibitory effect on migration was observed by the scratch wound-healing assay. Furthermore, the observation of the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) was analyzed by gelatin zymography. The results showed that ECx, EBj, EFs, and Dox has cytotoxic activity on 4T1 cells with the value of IC50 respectively 49.7Â±1.53mg/mL, 59.9Â±1.79mg/mL, 15.2Â±2.12mg/mL and 1.2Â±0.23mM. Furthermore, combination of ECx-EBj-Dox and ECx-EBj-EFs revealed synergistic effect on 4T1 cells and decrease cell viability through the induction of apoptosis and necrosis. Based on wound healing assay, 24 hours incubation of this combination inhibited 4T1 cells migration compared to single treatment. Gelatin zymography analysis showed that this combination also inhibited the activity of MMP-9 greater than a single use. Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Brucea javanica, and Ficus septica may have potential to be developed as a combination with or without doxorubicin for metastatic breast cancer treatment.

Pharmacokinetics Interaction and Biodistribution of 5 Fluorouracil with Radiopharmaceuticals 99mTc Glutathione for Cancer Diagnostic in Mice Cancer Model Kurniawan, Ahmad; Ambar Wibawa, Teguh Hafidz; Daruwati, Isti; Iswahyudi, Iswahyudi
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 2, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-Glutathione has been developed for cancer diagnostic in nuclear medicine. Interactions between chemotherapy drugs and radiopharmaceuticals can altered radiopharmaceuticals performance. Drug interaction 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with a radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-Glutathione in mice cancer model has been proven in pharmacokinetics study. The biological half-life distribution of 99mTc-Glutathione for cancer model mice when administrated with 5-FU become longer to 0.340±0.121h if compared with 99mTc-Glutathione. Biological half-life elimination for cancer model mice given with 99mTc-Glutathione is 72.712±2.427h. Administration of 5-FU makes the biological half-life elimination of 99mTc-Glutathione shorter to 17.030±3.459h. Biodistribution study of 5-FU continued with 99mTc-Glutathione for cancer model mice showed higher physiological uptake in the kidney was observed (39.77±2.70%ID/g) for 99mTc-Glutathione has lower uptake on kidney (29.55.3.73 %ID/g) with p<0.05. Based on calculation on cancer model mice with colon cancer compared with muscle, shown target/non-target (T/NT) ratio 2.93 for 5-FU continued with 99mTc-Glutathione has ratio 0.42. Low ratio T/NT may affect to poor organ visualization for cancer diagnosis. Acute toxicity study has shown drugs safety for clinical purpose. The knowledge about chemotherapy drug interaction with a radiopharmaceutical is important to have a correct diagnosis of the patient on clinical application.

Formulation, Characterization and Stability of Ibuprofen-Loaded Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) Yandi Syukri; Hannie Fitriani; Herianto Pandapotan; Bambang Hernawan Nugroho
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 2, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Ibuprofen is a poorly water-soluble drug with analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects. Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) formulation is a solution to improve the solubility and bioavailability of ibuprofen. This research purposed to perform a formulation, characterization, and stability studies of ibuprofen-loaded Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS). Screening of ibuprofen SNEDDS was prepared by ternary diagrams for the chosen co-surfactants, surfactants, and oil. The following was characterizations of droplet size, zeta potential, and clarity. The solubility test for the determination of co-surfactant, surfactant, and oil obtained Propylene glycol monocaprylate (Capryol-90), Polysorbate 20 (Tween 20) and PEG 400. The screening of SNEDDS showed nine formulas (compositions) in the range concentration of Propylene glycol monocaprylate (1-3 mL), Polysorbate 20 (4-8 mL), and PEG 400 (1-3 mL). The composition of Propylene glycol monocaprylate (1-2 mL), Polysorbate 20 (5-8 mL) and PEG 400 (1-3 mL) passed the thermodynamic stability test. The test of robustness to dilution and stability study indicated that the formula with Propylene glycol monocaprylate, Polysorbate 20 and PEG 400 with the ratio of 1: 8: 1 and 1: 7: 2 was more stable. In conclusion, the stable ibuprofen SNEDDS could be prepared with Propylene glycol monocaprylate, Polysorbate 20, and PEG 400.

Citalopram and Tianeptine: Pharmacological Interventions in alcohol withdrawal-induced negative mood states and serotonin insufficiency in Albino Wistar male rats Iffat Ara Amjad; Samina Bano Abdul Rub
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 2, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

ABSTRACT The present study aims to investigate the neurochemical and behavioural effects of tianeptine and citalopram to block alcohol withdrawal-induced audiogenic seizures in alcohol withdrawal (AW) rats. Citalopram and tianeptine were administered sub-chronically to block AW-induced audiogenic seizures. Brain regional tryptophan (TRP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography connected to the fluorimetric detector. Citalopram increased brain TRP concentration in all the regions, however, tianeptine increased brain TRP concentration only in amygdala and hippocampus. Increased brain serotonin concentration was seen by citalopram but not by tianeptine in all the regions. Further, tianeptine was shown to increase 5-HT turnover in all the regions, however, citalopram appeared to increase 5-HT turnover only in the hippocampus. It is concluded that the citalopram and tianeptine behave differently on the intrinsic pathway of serotonin metabolism that appeared to be compensated by the release pattern of serotonin. Further, chronic exposure of serotonergic agents causes restoration and structural reforming of serotonin reuptake mechanism that is desensitized following chronic alcohol exposure. Thus the inclusive approach of the serotonergic system plays an undoubted role in the pharmacological management of AW syndrome.

Immunomodulatory Activity of Yogurt Fortified with Honey and Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) on Reactive Oxygen Intermediate (ROI) and Nitric Oxide (NO) Secretion Nurkhasanah Mahfudh; Rina Novitasari
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 2, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Raise the body's immune system. Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn.) is known to have anthocyanin compounds that have antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. The aim of this research is to know the effect of immunomodulator yogurt which fortified by rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extract to increase the secretion of Reactive Oxygen Intermediate (ROI) and Nitric Oxide (NO). This research was conducted in vivo using 25 male mices with Balb/C strain divided into 5 groups: normal group, plain yogurt treated group and 2%, 4%, 8% rosella yogurt treated group. Treatment was given for 21 days orally. On the 22nd day the mice were sacrificed by taking peritoneum macrophage cells and then tested the secretion of Reactive Oxygen Intermediate (ROI) and Nitrite Oxide (NO). The results showed that there was an increase of ROI and NO secretion in 2%, 4%, and 8% rosella yoghurt treated groups compare to plain yoghurt. The fortification of yoghurt with rosella extract and honey increase the potency of yoghurt in increasing the immunomodulatory activity

Effect of Platelet-rich Plasma on Caspase-3 and IGF-1 mRNA expression in the diabetic rat testis Evi Istiqamah; Dicky Moch. Rizal; Ika Puspitasari
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 2, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Testicular damage is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus resulting in male infertility, which is associated with caspase-3 and IGF-1 mRNA expression. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), with its rich growth factor composition, has proven beneficial in regenerative therapy. It is believed that PRP has not been studied in testes for diabetes mellitus and there are no studies in the literature concerning the influence of PRP on expressions of growth factors in testes.The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of adjunctive PRP in insulin treatment for repair of testicular damage in a diabetic rat model. Diabetes was induced by administering single dose 60 mg/kg streptozotocin. Twenty Wistar male rats were divided into four groups: group 1, control group; group 2, diabetes without treatment; group 3, diabetes with treated insulin; and group 4, diabetes with treated insulin and PRP. Rats were euthanized after two weeks of treatment, and testes were taken for caspase-3 and IGF-1 mRNA expression measurements.Diabetes mellitus induction caused a significant increase in caspase-3 mRNA expression with p=0.049 and significant decrease in IGF-1 mRNA expression with p=0.004. There was no difference in caspase-3 and IGF-1 mRNA expression of the diabetic rat testis given insulin and PRP compared to without PRP.

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, antibacterial and antidiarrheal activities of Limnophila repens Afroza Akter; Mohammad Anwarul Basher; Roni Roy; Sharmin Sultana; A F M Shahid Ud Daula
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 3, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

The study was carried out to determine the phytochemical content, antioxidant, antibacterial and antidiarrheal activity of methanolic extract of whole plant of Limnophila repens. The total phenolic, flavonoids, flavonols, tannins, β-carotene, lycopene, chlorophyll-α, and chlorophyll-β contents were found to be 65.21 ± 0.004 mg GAE/g , 44.83 ± 0.003 mg QE/g , 17.21 ± 0.002 mg QE/g, 56.27 ± 0.002 mg GAE/g , 1.32 ± 0.01 µg/g, 0.93 ± 0.012 µg/g, 11.85 ± 0.04 mg/g and 9.69 ± 0.037 mg/g, respectively. In vitro antioxidant potential of L. repens was assessed using various methods like by 2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, FRAP assay and thiobarbituric acid assay. IC50 values of the aforesaid tests were found to be 2.33 mg/ml, 442.31 µg/ml, 374 µg/ml, 55.09 µg/ml, and 4.30 mg/ml, respectively. The total antioxidant capacity was observed 140.7 ± 0.004 mg/g AAE. Aantibacterial activity of the methanolic extracts of whole plant of L. repens was evaluated using the disk diffusion method. The plant extract didn’t show any activity against Gram-positive (except Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria. Finally, castor oil induced method was conducted to investigate the antidiarrheal activity of L. repens. At the dose of 400 mg/kg, the plant extract (35.62% inhibition of diarrhea) exhibited stronger effect compared to standard drug, loperamide (27.4% inhibition of diarrhea).

Metabolite Profiling of Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr. By HPTLC-Densitometry and its Correlation with Anticancer Activities and In Vitro Toxicity Mutiah, Roihatul; Hadya, Chorida Muhjatul; Ma'arif Z.A, Burhan; Bhagawan, Weka Sidha; Annisa, Rahmi; Indrawijaya, Yen Yen Ari; Huwaida, Fadhila Isma; Ramadhani D.A., Ria; Susilowati, Retno; Taufik, Imam
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 3, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr. (E. palmifolia) is a plant that used as raw material for herbal medicines. The difference of growing location the medicinal plants affects the difference of metabolite content, It also affects the pharmacological activity and toxicity of the plant. This study aims to determine the profile of metabolites (metabolite fingerprinting), anticancer profiles, toxicity/safety profiles from several different regions in Indonesia for the purpose of authentication, efficacy, safety and quality control of these plants. Samples were sampled from 6 different locations in Indonesia, they were West Java, Central Java, East Java, East Borneo, Central Borneo, and South Borneo. Metabolite fingerprinting was determined by HPTLC-densitometry method, the profile of anticancer activity and toxicity was known by the MTT-ELISA method. The difference between metabolite fingerprinting, anticancer profile, toxicity/safety profile was analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Component Analysis (HCA). Whereas the relation between metabolite fingerprinting, anticancer profile, toxicity/safety profile was analyzed by Partial Least Square (PLS). The results of the metabolite profile analysis with PCA showed that E. palmifolia from 6 different locations gave different metabolite profiles and there were 3 metabolites that had a significant effect on cluster formation. samples are Rf 055, 059, and 044. The results of the HCA analysis showed that the 6 regions are in one cluster the same one. The analysis of PLS-DA showed that the metabolites for anticancer activity are found in Rf 059, 076, 093 and Rf 034. While the metabolites for toxicity are Rf 002, Rf 044 and Rf 059.

Effect of Soybean-based Food Supplement on Insulin and Glucose Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Purwoko, Akhmad Edy; Astuti, Indwiani; Asdie, Ahmad Husain; Sugiyanto, Sugiyanto
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 3, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Introduction: Indonesia is one of ten countries with the largest diabetic populations in the world. Giving soy supplements to people with diabetes can reduce blood glucose levels significantly. However, no studies have shown a reduction back to normal glucose levels. This study aimed to determine the increase of insulin levels and blood glucose suppression in glucose tolerance tests after supplementation of soy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Sequencing the gene of GLP-1 (37 amino acid). This experimental research was a randomized, treatment controlled; open clinical trial study conducted by comparing the control group treated with soybean supplement products containing 18g protein and placebo. Seventy-six treatment subjects with type 2 diabetes were recruited from Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital and PERSADIA gymnastics group according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and then grouped randomly in the supplement treatment and placebo groups. Blood sampling was drawn at 8 hours fasting, 2 hours after supplement administration and 2 hours after administration of 75g glucose for measuring blood insulin and glucose level. Blood insulin level 2 hours after supplement administration (meanÂ±SEM) increased 5.3Â±0.8ÂµIU/ml (n=37) while placebo decreased 0.9Â±0.4ÂµIU/ml (n=39) which was statistically significantly different (p<0.05). Blood glucose levels increased in the glucose tolerance tests, while the supplement group was 130.0Â±11.5mg/dl (n=37) lower than the placebo 146.7Â±8.2mg/dl (n=39) (p>0.05). Gene sequencing shows a nucleotide variation of GLP-1 (37 amino acid) in Javanese T2DM Giving Soybean supplements containing 18g protein increased blood insulin levels and suppressed blood glucose levels in glucose tolerance tests.

Modeling of Quinoacridinium Derivatives as Antitumor Agents using a QSAR analysis Hadanu, Ruslin
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 3, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

A QSAR analysis has been performed on a compound series of 1-11 quinoacridinium derivatives as internal test compounds, and compounds of 12-15 quinoacridinium derivatives as external test compounds. The electronic descriptors used in this study were atomic net charge (q), dipole moment (μ), ELUMO, EHOMO, polarizability (α), and Log P. They were calculated through HyperChem for Windows 8.0 software using semi-empirical PM3 method. The antitumor activity (IC50) of quinoacridinium derivative compounds was obtained from literature. Furthermore, the model of QSAR equation was analyzed through RML method which produced the best QSAR equation model: Log IC50 = -13.010 + 15.338(qC3) - 4.31(qC4) - 155.308(qC9) + 33.626(qC11) + 26.626(qC12) + 24.631(qC14) - 0.228(μ) - 0.621(ELUMO) - 0.066(α) + 0.233(Log P). The model of QSAR equation has a correlation coefficient n = 11, (r) = 1.00, (r2) = 1.00, SE = 0, and PRESS = 0.003. Among 28 compounds of quinoacridinium derivative which were designed, only 15 compounds, namely 16, 19-20, 22-28, 30-32, 39, and 40 compounds, have been recommended to be synthesized in the laboratory.

Page 67 of 71 | Total Record : 706

65 66 67 68 69

Filter by Year

2001 2020

Filter By Issues

All Issue Vol 31 No 2, 2020 Vol 31 No 1, 2020 In Press Vol 31 No 1, 2020 Vol 30 No 4, 2019 Vol 30 No 3, 2019 Vol 30 No 2, 2019 Vol 30 No 2, 2019 Vol 30 No 1, 2019 Vol 30 No 1, 2019 Vol 29 No 4, 2018 Vol 29 No 4, 2018 Vol 29 No 3, 2018 Vol 29 No 3, 2018 Vol 29 No 2, 2018 Vol 29 No 1, 2018 Vol 28 No 4, 2017 Vol 28 No 4, 2017 Vol 28 No 3, 2017 Vol 28 No 3, 2017 Vol 28 No 2, 2017 Vol 28 No 2, 2017 Vol 28 No 1, 2017 Vol 27 No 4, 2016 Vol 27 No 4, 2016 Vol 27 No 3, 2016 Vol 27 No 3, 2016 Vol 27 No 2, 2016 Vol 27 No 2, 2016 Vol 27 No 1, 2016 Vol 27 No 1, 2016 Vol 26 No 4, 2015 Vol 26 No 4, 2015 Vol 26 No 3, 2015 Vol 26 No 3, 2015 Vol 26 No 2, 2015 Vol 26 No 1, 2015 Vol 26 No 1, 2015 Vol 25 No 4, 2014 Vol 25 No 4, 2014 Vol 25 No 3, 2014 Vol 25 No 3, 2014 Vol 25 No 2, 2014 Vol 25 No 1, 2014 Vol 25 No 1, 2014 Vol 24 No 4, 2013 Vol 24 No 4, 2013 Vol 24 No 3, 2013 Vol 24 No 3, 2013 Vol 24 No 2, 2013 Vol 24 No 2, 2013 Vol 24 No 1, 2013 Vol 24 No 1, 2013 Vol 23 No 4, 2012 Vol 23 No 3, 2012 Vol 23 No 2, 2012 Vol 23 No 2, 2012 Vol 23 No 1, 2012 Vol 23 No 1, 2012 Vol 22 No 4, 2011 Vol 22 No 4, 2011 Vol 22 No 3, 2011 Vol 22 No 3, 2011 Vol 22 No 2, 2011 Vol 22 No 2, 2011 Vol 22 No 1, 2011 Vol 21 No 4, 2010 Vol 21 No 4, 2010 Vol 21 No 3, 2010 Vol 21 No 2, 2010 Vol 21 No 2, 2010 Vol 21 No 1, 2010 Vol 21 No 1, 2010 Vol 20 No 4, 2009 Vol 20 No 4, 2009 Vol 20 No 3, 2009 Vol 20 No 3, 2009 Vol 20 No 2, 2009 Vol 20 No 1, 2009 Vol 20 No 1, 2009 Vol 19 No 4, 2008 Vol 19 No 3, 2008 Vol 19 No 3, 2008 Vol 19 No 2, 2008 Vol 19 No 1, 2008 Vol 19 No 1, 2008 Vol 18 No 4, 2007 Vol 18 No 3, 2007 Vol 18 No 3, 2007 Vol 18 No 2, 2007 Vol 18 No 1, 2007 Vol 17 No 4, 2006 Vol 17 No 3, 2006 Vol 17 No 3, 2006 Vol 17 No 2, 2006 Vol 17 No 2, 2006 Vol 17 No 1, 2006 Vol 17 No 1, 2006 Vol 16 No 4, 2005 Vol 16 No 4, 2005 Vol 16 No 3, 2005 Vol 16 No 2, 2005 Vol 16 No 2, 2005 Vol 16 No 1, 2005 Vol 16 No 1, 2005 Vol 15 No 4, 2004 Vol 15 No 4, 2004 Vol 15 No 3, 2004 Vol 15 No 2, 2004 Vol 15 No 2, 2004 Vol 15 No 1, 2004 Vol 15 No 1, 2004 Vol 14 No 4, 2003 Vol 14 No 3, 2003 Vol 14 No 2, 2003 Vol 14 No 1, 2003 Vol 14 No 1, 2003 Vol 13 No 4, 2002 Vol 13 No 4, 2002 Vol 13 No 3, 2002 Vol 13 No 3, 2002 Vol 13 No 2, 2002 Vol 13 No 2, 2002 Vol 13 No 1, 2002 Vol 12 No 4, 2001 Vol 12 No 4, 2001 Vol 12 No 3, 2001 Vol 12 No 2, 2001 Vol 12 No 2, 2001 Vol 12 No 1, 2001 Vol 12 No 1, 2001 More Issue

Home Page

OAI Link

Editorial Team

Contact

Reviewer

Google Scholar

Contact Name
-

Contact Email
-

Phone
-

Journal Mail Official
-

Editorial Address
-

Location
Kab. sleman,

Daerah istimewa yogyakarta

INDONESIA

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Home Page

OAI Link

Editorial Team

Contact

Reviewer

Google Scholar

Contact Name -

Contact Email -

Phone -

Journal Mail Official -

Editorial Address -

Location Kab. sleman, Daerah istimewa yogyakarta INDONESIA

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Contact Name
-

Contact Email
-

Phone
-

Journal Mail Official
-

Editorial Address
-

Location
Kab. sleman,

Daerah istimewa yogyakarta

INDONESIA