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INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY

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Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada

ISSN : 23389427 EISSN : 23389486 DOI : -

Core Subject : Health,

Medicine & Pharmacology

Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy (ISSN-e: 2338-9486, ISSN-p: 2338-9427), formerly Majalah Farmasi Indonesia (ISSN: 0126-1037). The journal had been established in 1972, and online publication was begun in 2008. Since 2012, the journal has been published in English by Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Yogyakarta Indonesia in collaboration with IAI (Ikatan Apoteker Indonesia or Indonesian Pharmacist Association) and only receives manuscripts in English. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy is Accredited by Directorate General of Higher Education (DGHE) DIKTI No. 58/DIKTI/Kep/2013.

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Articles 706 Documents

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Naringenin-Loaded TPGS Polymeric Nanosuspension: In-Vitro and In-Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity Sumathi Rajamani; Tamizharasi Sengodan; Sivakumar Thangavelu; Nikhitha K Shanmukhan; Arun Radhakrishnan
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 3, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Naringenin, (NAR) from Citrus grandis(L.) Osbeck, family Rutaceae, exhibit extensive pharmacological action, lacks significance in application due to low aqueous solubility approximately 0.214 mg/ml, which results in low bioavailability of 5.8%. Nanosuspension of NAR (NARNS) was prepared in our previous studies using high pressure homogenization adding various polymers. All these formulations were characterized and as a continuation of our work formulations was further evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity by in-vitro and in-vivo methods. Denaturation of protein method and membrane stabilization methods were chosen for in-vitro evaluation. In-vivo studies performed were acute inflammatory studies (carrageenan-induced paw oedema) and chronic inflammatory studies (cotton pellet granuloma) on Wistar albino rats. The studies demonstrated that the NAR and NARNS at a dose of 50 mg/kg P.O. have a potent activity compared to the standard drug diclofenac. The percentage protection against inflammation exhibited by NARNS was highly significant compared to NAR.

The Application of Multiplate Resazurin Reduction Assay in The Screening for Anti-Mycobacterial Activity from Indonesian Medicinal Plants Martha Sari; Gita Syahputra; Wien Kusharyoto
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 3, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne illness generated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), also one of the prominent infectious killers of adults worldwide. There is a pressing need to expand novel anti-mycobacterial drugs because of the increasing resistance of pathogenic mycobacteria to existing antibiotics. Native compounds acquired from microbial resources and medicinal cultivars have played an essential part as the origin of TB medications. The microplate resazurin reduction assay (MRRA) is generally utilized to assess natural and synthetic compounds for anti-mycobacterial activity. In our work, the MRRA method was employed to evaluate the anti-mycobacterial activity of extracts from curative plants using Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG and to compare them to rifampicin as an anti-mycobacterial drug. The optimized MRRA utilized 2% aqueous DMSO and 62.5 μg/mL resazurin as an indicator compound in 5% aqueous Tween 80. The optimal incubation time for M. smegmatis was 24 hours, and for M. bovis BCG was 48 hours. The methanolic plant extracts were acquired from various Indonesian medicinal plants known to have anti-mycobacterial activity. The MRRA method using M. smegmatis or M. bovis BCG as anti-mycobacterial targets offers a distinct advantage such as low-cost, rapid, and safe screening for anti-mycobacterial activity in a middle to high-through-put-format.

Evaluation of Pain Scale Decrease and Adverse Effects of Ketorolac Injections: An Observational Study in Patients with Postoperative Pain Mawardi Ihsan; Fivy Kurniawati; Husna Khoirunnisa; Belladonna Chairini
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 2, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

The use of ketorolac injections in Indonesia is restricted with the provision of 2-3 ampoules per day with a maximum of two days even though the literature states that ketorolac could be used for no more than five days. This study aimed to determine the decrease in pain scale as well as gastrointestinal and renal adverse effects of ketorolac injections in two days of use. This study was an observational study with one-group pre-test post-test design conducted prospectively. The group was a group of patients with postoperative pain who received ketorolac injections and were treated during January till April 2018 in an academic hospital in Yogyakarta. The results showed that ketorolac injections did not provide a statistically significant decrease in pain scale in two days of use compared to before surgery (median [range] = 2.0[0.0-9.33] vs 1.33[0.0-8.33]; p=0.32). Ketorolac injections decreased the kidney function of subjects in two days of use compared to before surgery based on creatinine values (0.76mg/dL vs 0.80mg/dL; p=0.024) and GFR (96.13mL/min/m2 vs 87.52mL/min/m2; p=0.023), and as many as 31 subjects (43.06%) experienced complaints that were suspected to be the gastrointestinal adverse effects of ketorolac injections with the three most complaints were bloating (18.06%), nausea (16.67%), and heartburn (15.28%). Those three results support the use of ketorolac injections following what has been regulated in the Indonesian National Formulary.

Effect of 7-Hydroxy-2-(4- Hydroxy -3-Methoxyphenyl)-Chroman-4-one On Level of Mangan-Superoxide Dismutase (Mn-Sod) and Superoxide Dismutase 2 (Sod2) Gene Expression in Hyperlipidemia Rats Rahmah Dara Ayunda; Prasetyastuti Prasetyastuti; Pramudji Hastuti
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 3, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Hyperlipidemia is a lipid metabolism disorder characterized by an increase in serum lipid levels. Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for many metabolic syndrome diseases because it triggers oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can be reduced by endogenous antioxidant enzymes triggered by exogenous antioxidant compounds, such as 7-OH-2- (4-OH-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one isolated from the seeds of Swietenia macrophylla King. The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of 7-OH-2-(4-OH-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one compounds on cholesterol level, LDL level, Mn-SOD levels and SOD2 gene expression of hyperlipidemic rats. Thirty rats (Rattus norvegicus ) were divided into 6 groups, normal group (N), hyperlipidemia group (HL), hyperlipidemia group with simvastatin (P), hyperlipidemic group with 7-OH-2-(4-OH-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one with dose 10 (F10), 30 (F30) and 90 (F90) mg/200g body weight (BW). Cholesterol and LDL were analyzed with CHOD-PAP method, Mn-SOD level was analyzed by ELISA method and SOD2 gene expression was analyzed by qPCR method. The decrease in cholesterol and LDL levels were most prevalent in group F90 with dose 90 mg/200g BW of 7-OH-2-(4-OH-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one, with average difference each of them was 172.43 mg/dL and 36.12 mg/dL. The rats fed on high-cholesterol diet exhibited a significant elevation in Mn-SOD levels (p<0.05) compared to normal group. The treated animals with 7-OH-2-(4-OH-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one has the level of Mn-SOD is significantly lower (p<0.05) compared with hyperlipidemic group. Expression of SOD2 in group F90 has value close to normal group (p> 0.05). 7-OH-2-(4-OH-3-methoxyphenyl)-chroman-4-one with dose of 90 mg/200g BW improved cholesterol levels, LDL levels, Mn-SOD levels and SOD2 gene expression in hyperlipidemic rats.

Anticancer Molecules from Catharanthus roseus Zarani M Taher; Farid Agouillal; Lim J. R; Aina Q Marof; Daniel Joe Dailin; Muktiningsih Nurjayadi; Ezzaty NM Razif; Sara E Gomaa; Hesham Ali El Enshasy
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 3, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Catharanthus roseus is an important medicinal plant found in various parts of the world and the bioactive compound has been extracted and used as anti-cancer agent to treat the cancer over decades. However, the extraction of bioactive compound also results in the generation of large quantities of pollution with wasted solvents. Toxic pollution occurs when synthetic chemicals are discharged or natural chemicals accumulate to toxic levels in the environment, causing reductions in wildlife numbers, degrading ecosystem functions and threatening human health. This review covers the extraction and phytochemical obtained leading to chemical compounds related to anti-cancer property of C. roseus. Additionally, recent advances of using biological cell cultures were also addressed. Thus, this work can be used for further investigation of C. roseus to be undertaken in future for its anti-cancer property further development and efficient production in drug industry

Antibacterial Compound from Aspergillus elegans SweF9 an Endophytic Fungus from Macroalgae Euchema sp. Hani Mulyani; Rizna Triana Dewi; Chaidir Chaidir
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 3, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

The antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens has become a serious health concern and encouragement to search for novel and efficient antimicrobial metabolites. On the other hand, endophytic fungi have great potential as a natural source for antimicrobial agents. The objective of this study was to isolation antibacterial compound from endophytic fungi of A.elegans SweF9. The fungus was stationarily cultured at 30°C for 12 days in potato malt peptone (PMP) medium, then extracted with ethyl acetate. The antibacterial activities of the extract were evaluated by agar well diffusion method against Gram-poitive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains. The broth extract was able to inhibit the growth of E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis with antibacterial activity index compared to streptomycin sulfate were 84.6%, 91.6%, and 90% respectively. The active compound (1) was purified to yield amorphous white and identified using FTIR, NMR, and EI-MS analyses, revealed identified as (+) - epi-Epoformin. The compound showed an antibacterial activity index of E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis bacterial were 38%, 45%, and 47%, respectively. Based on these results endophytic fungi A. elegans SweF9 can be used as a new source of potential antibacterial compounds

A Study of Psychoactive Medicines and Risk of Falls Among Indonesian Elderly Patients Fita Rahmawati; Nasikhatul Mustafidah; I Dewa Putu Pramantara; Izyan Abdul Wahab
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 3, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

One of the causes of injury to the elderly is due to falls. Falling can be prevented by identifying and controlling risk factors. One risk factor that can be controlled is the use of fall risk medicines including psychoactive. This study aims to identify the association between the use of psychoactive medicine and its characteristic with the risk of falls among the elderly in Indonesia. The study utilized a case-control study design for a total number of 414 elderly patients, during October until December 2018. Cases were elderly aged 60 years or above with a high risk of falling assessed using the Morse Fall Scale (MFS≥45). Each case was matched with up to two randomly selected controls of the same age who are classified as low to moderate risk of falling (MFS<45). The use of psychoactive medicines was screened from a history of drug use for the past six months. Psychoactive medicine-fall risk associations were estimated via logistic regression. There were 138 cases and 276 controls. The median age of subjects was 66 years old and 54.83% was a woman. Elderly with a high risk of falling had higher psychoactive medicines use when compare with controls (31.16 % vs 21.38 %, p< 0.05). After adjusting for potential confounders, the use of psychoactive medicines was significantly associated with higher fall risk in elderly patients (OR 1.79 95% CI 1.10-2.90). Only the duration of psychoactive medication use over 90 days was significantly associated with a high risk of falling (AOR 3.65 95% CI 1.46-9.14). In elderly patients, the continued use of psychoactive medicines increased the risk of fall. Prescribers need to weigh risk and benefit from the use of psychoactive medicines in the elderly to prevent future fall.

The capability of Several Population-based Approach Software to Analyze Sparse Drug Plasma Concentration Data after Intra-Venous Bolus Injection Akhmad Kharis Nugroho; Lukman Hakim
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 4, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Monolix, NONMEM, and WinBUGS-PKBUGS are among available software package for population-based modeling. The sparse condition of drug plasma concentration versus time (Cp-time) data is prevalent in clinically based studies involving patients. It is not ethical in this case, to collect a many and large volumes of blood samples. This study was aimed to simulate the capability of Monolix, NONMEM, and WinBUGS-PKBUGS to analyze very sparse Cp-time data after an intravenous bolus drug administration and to estimate the minimum number of Cp-time data required for an adequate analysis. Data of Cp-time were obtained based on simulation using the pharmacokinetic one-compartment open model following an intravenous bolus administration of 50 mg of a hypothetical drug. In this respect, six random values of k (rate constant of elimination) and Vd (volume of distribution) with mean and standard deviation values of 0.3 ±0.1 per hour and 30 ± 10 L, respectively, were used to create simulated Cp-time data of 6 subjects. Simulated Cp-time data in each subject were randomly ranked to choose data based on the intended number of samples in each subject. Several sparse Cp-time data scenarios, starting from a very limited state, i.e., with a total of 6 Cp-time data (1 datum per subject) to a rich situation with 48 Cp data (8 data per subject), were examined.The goodness of fit evaluations, as well as the similarity of individual values of k and Vd to the respective real values (p>0.05), indicate that nonlinear-mixed-effect-model using Monolix, NONMEM and WinBUGS-PKBUGS can appropriately describe sparse Cp-time data even with only 2 data per subject. This fact is an important finding to support the demand of analytical tool for a limited number of Cp-time data such as obtained in therapeutic drug monitoring event.

The Effect of Ursolic Acid from Plantago Lanceolata Leaves on Leukocytes Migration and Chemokines Level Nanang Fakhrudin; Yuvianti Dwi Franyoto; Eny Dwi Astuti; Arief Nurrochmad; Subagus Wahyuono
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 4, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Initially considered as a normal body response to injury, inflammation is currently known as a major event contributing to the development of many human disorders. Many drugs and bioactive molecules have been discovered from medicinal plants and the number is still growing by time. Among those medicinal plants used in folk medicines, Plantago lanceolata is used to cure inflammatory-related diseases. In our previous study, we showed that the n-hexane insoluble fraction of P. lanceolata leaves (HIF) demonstrated a potent anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting leukocytes migration in mice. This study aimed to identify the anti-inflammatory compound from the HIF and to investigate the effect on the chemokines level. P. lanceolata leaves were initially macerated with dichloromethane. The dried extract was partitioned using n-hexane to obtain n-hexane soluble fraction (HSF) and n-hexane insoluble fraction (HIF). Both fractions were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities in thioglycollate-induced leukocyte migration. The active fraction (HIF) was subjected to preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) to isolate the major compound. The structure of the compound was identified based on NMR, IR, and Mass spectra. Moreover, we investigated the effect of the compound on the level of chemokines responsible for leukocytes migration. The active compound was identified as ursolic acid, based on its spectral data. Ursolic acid at the dose of 30, 60, and 120mg/kg BW inhibited leukocyte migration and reduced chemokines level (IL-8 and MCP-1).

Hepatoprotective effects of Curcumin-Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles on CCl 4 -induced Hepatotoxicity Wistar rats Hadisoewignyo, Lannie; Soeliono, Ivonne; Hartono, Sandy Budi; Hestianah, Eka Pramhyrta; Mahanani, Sri Rahayu
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 30 No 2, 2019
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

It has been reported that curcumin has a hepatoprotective effect, but its low solubility limited its utilization. Recently there was so many emerging research of advanced curcumin formulation, such as nanoparticles curcumin. In our previous study, curcumin has been loaded into mesoporous silica nanoparticles (C-MSN). This study was performed both to evaluate of C-MSN hepatoprotective effect in CCl4-induced rats. Sixteen rats were divided into four groups, namely normal and CCl4 control, curcumin, C-MSN group. Treatment was given according to its group for fourteen days consecutively. At day 14, three hours after the last administration, CCl4 (1,25 ml/kgBB) were administered orally. Twelve hours later the rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were drawn from their hearts. Blood serum examination result revealed that C-MSN caused a significantly lower ALT and AST than CCl4 control group (851Â±271 U/L vs 1734Â±275 U/L; 295Â±155 U/L vs 1348Â±235 U/L; p<0.05). Its effect on hepatic serum level resembled curcumin group. However, the result was not supported by histology examination which showed a higher number of necrotic hepatic cells in C-MSN group than in the curcumin group (147Â±9 vs 80Â±16; p<0.05). From this study, it can be concluded that C-MSN revealed an excellent hepatoprotective property, but it was suspected that MSN itself has the toxic effect on the liver. A further study of MSN toxicity was needed to support its safety use.Â

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