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INDONESIA
Science and Technology Indonesia
Published by Universitas Sriwijaya
ISSN : 25804405     EISSN : 25804391     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Social, Engineering,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Environmental Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology Physics
An international Peer-review journal in the field of science and technology published by The Indonesian Science and Technology Society. Science and Technology Indonesia is a member of Crossref with DOI prefix number: 10.26554/sti. Science and Technology Indonesia publishes quarterly (January, April, July, October). Science and Technology Indonesia is an international scholarly journal on the field of science and technology aimed to publish a high-quality scientific paper including original research papers, reviews, short communication, and technical notes. This journal welcomes the submission of articles that covers a typical subject of natural science and technology such as: > Chemistry > Biology > Physics > Marine Science > Pharmacy > Chemical Engineering > Environmental Science and Engineering > Computational Engineering > Biotechnology Journal Commencement: October 2016
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 551 Documents
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Research Trends in Green Synthesis of CeO2 Nanoparticles: A Bibliometric Review Prihatiningsih, Elisa; Sagadevan, Suresh; Nisha, Mehru; Fatimah, Is
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.182-195

Abstract

This bibliometric review examines the trends in green synthesis of CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) emphasizing significant contributions and emerging research applications. Through an analysis of keywords, co-authorship networks, countries, and affiliation metworks, findings highlight that green synthesis of nanoparticles, applications of CeO2 as antibacterial agent, catalyst, and photocatalysts are the most used keywords reflecting strong interests. By evaluating the citation metrics within last 20 years, it could be concluded that green synthesis of CeO2 still have position to fill the map on the use of nanoparticles for various applications, mainly in medicine and environmental engineering. Stronger collaborations to explore linkages for creating new route as greener and sustainable method as innovation are still required.
Oral Immunization with Recombinant Lactococcus lactis and Retinoic Acid Boost Immune Response in Mice Nugroho, Inggil Cahyo; Amalia, Maulida Nisa; Juniardi, Muhamad Rizki; Marhendra, Eunike Berliana; Yanma, Nadifa Almira; Adianingsih, Oktavia Rahayu; Winarsih, Sri; Widodo, Nashi; Yurina, Valentina
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.55-64

Abstract

The COVID-19 vaccine is one of the most important approaches for preventing SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission and spread. Oral vaccines are a promising option for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection because it can activate both the mucosal and cellular immune systems. Previous research has shown that administering oral and intranasal vaccines can induce an immune response in mice. The effectiveness of the SARS-CoV-2 oral vaccine was evaluated in this study by combining spike protein with a carrier of food-grade recombinant Lactococcus lactis bacteria and a retinoic acid adjuvant. Mice were divided into three groups: a negative control (no treatment), a positive control (L. lactis recombinant), and a third group (L. lactis recombinant plus 300 μg retinoic acid). The vaccines were given three times, with a three-week interval between each. The serum levels of IgG, IgA, and IgE were determined using the ELISA method at the end of the study. CD4 and CD8 cellswere detected using immunofluorescence. While not statistically significant, the results showed that the retinoic acid groups had the highest anti-spike antibody levels of the three groups. In comparison to the control group, CD4 and CD8 cells increased in the spleens of mice given retinoic acid. There was no difference in temperature or IgE levels between vaccinated and non-vaccinated mice, indicating that the vaccine caused no allergic reaction. This study’s findings suggest that retinoic acid adjuvant can stimulate the cellular and humoral immune system.
Surfactant Variations in Capsanthin-loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier: Formulation, Characterization, and Stability Study Efiana, Nuri Ari; Shofa-ulhusna, Fatihah; Paramita, Lathifah Aurora; Heavena, Indana Azza; Masyfiyah, Salsabila Fariha; Muhamed, Farahidah; Permadi, Adi; Wahyuningsih, Iis
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.335-344

Abstract

The stability of drugs and nanocarriers is a crucial factor in guaranteeing their efficacy and quality. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as lipid-based nanocarriers provide benefits in overcoming the stability and other issues associated with the drug. Surfactants play a crucial role in imparting the desired characteristics of lipid based systems, including stability, particle size, size distribution, and zeta potential. This study aimed to develop a capsanthin-loaded NLC formulation with an optimal surfactant combination that exhibits the required properties and stability. Three formulations were prepared applying Tween 20 and Span 80 in ratios of 5:1, 2:1, and 1:1 for F1, F2, and F3, respectively. Capsanthin, as an active ingredient, originates from paprika powder. NLC properties regarding transmittance, particle size, polydispersity index (PI), zeta potential, loading capacity (LC), and loading efficiency (LE) were characterized. Furthermore, stability studies were also conducted in this research. The results showed that F1 exhibited desirable characteristics, including transmittance percentage, particle size, PI, zeta potential, LC, and LE of 87.22±2.64%, 255.4±46.88 nm, 0.54±0.13, -39.51±3.02 mV, 12.59±0.35%, and 35.40±3.07%, respectively. Moreover, the physical stability studies exhibited that F1 provided a more stable system compared to other formulations. Additionally, the chemical stability indicated that degradation occurred in the paprika powder, not in the NLC. In conclusion, NLC can protect capsanthin, as evidenced by the stable capsanthin levels in NLC compared to those in paprika powder.
Enhanced Piperine Solubility and Dissolution Rate in Piperine-Nicotinamide Multicomponent Crystal Adsorbed in Mesoporous Silica SBA-15 Fitriani, Lili; Fauziah, Gusrina; Hasanah, Uswatul; Agustin, Rini; Zaini, Erizal
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.109-120

Abstract

Piperine, classified as a Class II substance in the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), has poor solubility in water but high permeability. This research aims to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of piperine by adsorbing a multicomponent crystal (MCC) of piperine-nicotinamide onto mesoporous silica SBA-15. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was used as a silica precursor and Pluronic P123 as a pore-formation template to create SBA-15. Adsorption of the MCC was carried out by solvent evaporation with MCC:SBA-15 mass ratio (1:1). Solid state characterization was carried out by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Solubility tests were carried out for 24 hours and the dissolution rate profile was conducted for 60 minutes in distilled water. Dissolved piperine was determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with methanol and distilled water as the mobile phase (75:25). The physical stability of MCC:SBA-15 was evaluated at various high relative humidities. The solid-state characterization results showed successful adsorption of the MCC in SBA-15 with a decrease in surface area, pore volume, and intensity of the X-ray diffraction peaks. The FT-IR spectrum of MCC:SBA-15 resembled that of SBA-15. The solubility test results showed 2.47-fold and 3.07-fold increases in solubility and dissolution rate compared to pure piperine, respectively. MCC:SBA-15 demonstrated high stability at 75% and 85% RH at 40◦C. In conclusion, adsorption of the MCC piperine-nicotinamide crystal in mesoporous silica SBA-15 can enhance the solubility and dissolution rate of piperine.
Bayesian IGARCH Modeling of Jakarta Composite Index Volatility Using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo Algorithm Maulana, Eka Dani; Sumarminingsih, Eni; Nurjannah; Astuti, Ani Budi; Astutik, Suci
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.261-279

Abstract

Time series models that model volatility in financial data, especially in stock market indices such as the Jakarta Composite Index (JCI), are Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models. Following the ratification of the revised Armed Forces Law in March 2025, the JCI experienced increasing volatility, indicating persistent volatility. The problems in the JCI data require a time series model that can capture persistent volatility, namely the Integrated Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (IGARCH) model. Parameter estimation for IGARCH models generally uses the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method, which has limitations in handling parameter uncertainty. The Bayesian approach can address parameter uncertainty through the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. Among these, Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) is more efficient than Metropolis-Hastings and Gibbs Sampling, particularly in exploring complex posterior distributions. This study utilizes daily closing price data of the Jakarta Composite Index (JCI) as the main observation variable, observed from April 3, 2023, to April 9, 2025. This study aims to construct a volatility model for the Jakarta Composite Index (JCI) using a Bayesian IGARCH model with an HMC algorithm. This research only uses the IGARCH(1,1) model. The model has a strong ability to capture the JCI’s volatility structure, and its point forecasts are stable. However, credible intervals reveal the uncertainty level, so the volatility of JCI may decrease or increase.
Probabilistic Earthquake Hazard Assessment in Indonesia Using Poisson Model and Spatial Grid Analysis Hartati; Effendie, Adhitya Ronnie; Susyanto, Nanang; Suryanto, Wiwit
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.207-216

Abstract

Indonesia, located at the convergence of three major tectonic plates in the Pacific Ring of Fire (ROF), is highly susceptible to earthquakes. This study analyzes earthquake hazard in Indonesia using a statistical approach based on the Poisson distribution combined with spatial mapping through a 0.5o x 0.5o grid. Earthquake  data from the USGS catalog (1925–2025), including time, location, depth, and magnitude, were analyzed. Annual earthquake frequencies were calculated for each grid cell with magnitude ≥ 5.0, and the probability of at least one event occurring within 10, 25, and 50 years was estimated using the Poisson probability function. Results were visualized as spatial probability risk maps for 10-, 25-, and 50-year horizons, enabling the identification of earthquake-prone areas and classification of risk levels. The findings reveal that subduction zones, particularly along the Sunda Arc, exhibit probabilities exceeding 90% for M≥ 5 events within the next 50 years, highlighting their significance for disaster preparedness. These results demonstrate that a Poisson-based statistical and spatial approach is effective for probabilistic earthquake hazard mapping and provides direct support for disaster risk reduction and spatial planning in Indonesia.
Computational Chemical Interactions Study and Characterization of Rutin-Malic Acid and Rutin-Nicotinamide Binary Mixture by Microwave Irradiation Winantari, Agnes Nuniek; Dewantara, Djayawati Poetri; Sumartha, I Gede Ari; Rani, Karina Citra; Pradana, Aditya Trias; Kesuma, Dini
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.196-206

Abstract

Rutin is a saf flavonol glycoside with potent antioxidant activities. However, its low water solubility (122.6–126 μg/mL) limits rutin applications. Binary mixtures of rutin–malic acid (R-MA) and rutin–nicotinamide (R-NIC) are among the strategies used to improve rutin’s solubility. This research aimed to evaluate the chemical interactions and physical characteristics of both binary mixtures (in equimolar ratios). The chemical interactions of R-MA and R-NIC were studied using the molecular docking method (AutoDock4). The results showed that the lowest binding energies of R-MA and R-NIC were −1.18 kcal/mol and −2.77 kcal/mol, respectively, with evidence of hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions. The binary mixtures of R-MA (1:1) and R-NIC (1:1) were prepared by the microwave irradiation method. R-MA (1:1) and R-NIC (1:1) were prepared by slurrying under continuous stirring at 120 rpm, 70 °C for 4 min, and the microwave irradiation energy was set to 300 Watt for 5 min of exposure time. The formed binary mixture physical characteristics were evaluated using PXRD, DSC, FTIR, and SEM. The characterization results indicated the presence of a binary mixture. Compared to the physical mixture and their parent components (rutin, MA/NIC), diffractograms, thermograms, and IR spectrums respectively showed that the binary mixture has similar crystallinity profiles, decreased endothermic peaks, and not significantly shifted wavenumbers. Morphology analysis depicted that rutin, MA, and NIC are acicular, plate, and columnar shaped, respectively, while both binary mixtures showed an agglomerated fine needle-like, irregular shape, and rough-surface particles. This research shows that the binary mixtures of R-MA and R-NIC were successfully formed using this method, in accordance with chemical interaction predictions.
DPPH and Hep2 Cell Inhibitions by Ethyl Acetate Extract and Its Fractions from Indonesian Cassia siamea L. Stem Barks: In Vitro and Computational Prediction Hasballah, Kartini; Murniana, Murniana; Marlina, Marlina; Bakhtiar , Bakhtiar; Rusly, Dewi Karlina; Ginting, Binawati; Maidiani, Tika; Rahmazani, Shinta; Rampengan, Derren DCH
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.235-251

Abstract

Cassia siamea has been reported by multiple ethnopharmacological studies to treat a broad spectrum of diseases, including cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antiproliferation activities of C. siamea stem bark extract. Following the maceration, the sample was fractionated using column chromatography, yielding 1 ethyl acetate extract and 4 different fractions (Fractions A–D). Antioxidant activities of the extract and its four fractions were assessed based on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition. Phytocompounds contained in the extract and its fractions were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis, followed by in silico molecular docking. The ethyl acetate extract of C. siamea L. stem bark had total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents of 280 mg GAE/g dry extract, 23.97 mg QE/g dry extract, and 26.5 mg TAE/ g dry extract, respectively. Strong antioxidant activities were exhibited by Fraction A and the ethyl acetate extract (IC50= 13.72 and 14.10, respectively). LC50s of the ethyl acetate extract and Fraction A against the A. salina larvae were 49.61 ppm and 51.52 ppm, respectively. Optimal inhibitions of Hep2 cell proliferation were observed in both ethyl acetate extract and Fraction A with IC50s of 936.34 ppm and 580.76 ppm, respectively. Both the extract and Fraction A contained lupeol, among other compounds with anticancer potential. Complementary in silico docking analyses indicated that lupeol achieved optimal binding with laryngeal carcinoma–related targets (ΔG = –7.9 to 9.5 kcal/mol).
Characteristics, Release, and Stability (Kinetics and Shelf-life) of Ciprofloxacin HCl-Alginate-Carrageenan Microspheres: Effects of Drug Concentration and Type of Lyoprotectant Amiruddin; Rahmadi, Mahardian; Hariyadi, Dewi Melani
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.148-160

Abstract

Tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, is one of the main causes of death worldwide. Alternative treatments are necessary due to the rising prevalence of medication resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin HCl, are among these alternatives and are generally administered orally, but they have limitations. Therefore, pulmonary targeted inhalation delivery systems have been developed. Inhalation of microspheres enables deposition in the lungs at appropriate particle sizes. This study formulates ciprofloxacin HCl microspheres with an optimal ratio and concentration of polymer combination and crosslinker, aiming to determine the effect of drug concentration and lyoprotectant type on characteristics, release, and stability, including degradation kinetics and shelf life. The results showed that the ciprofloxacin HCl-alginate-carrageenan microsphere powder was yellowish-white, with smooth morphology, a yield percentage of 96.08% ± 0.84 – 97.00% ± 0.19, particle sizes below 5 µm, drug loading between 4.57% ± 0.13 – 6.76% ± 0.06, and entrapment efficiency ranging from 79.45% ± 2.53 – 90.80% ± 0.77. The powder had moisture content below 5% and excellent flow properties. Ciprofloxacin HCl release from microspheres at pH 7.4 for 30 hours was 84.55% ± 0.89 – 90.74% ± 0.22, following Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics based on the Fickian diffusion mechanism. Ciprofloxacin HCl-alginate-carrageenan microspheres were stable and exhibited good shelf life. This study concluded that particle size, drug loading, entrapment efficiency, and drug release are all influenced by drug concentration, while moisture content and flow properties, with adequate shelf life, are influenced by the type of lyoprotectant.
Potential Use of Cashew Apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) Powder as a Pharmaceutical Diluent in Simvastatin Tablets Changsan, Narumon; Atipairin, Apichart; Muenraya, Poowadon; Srichana, Teerapol; Sritharadol, Rutthapol; Chanthorn, Wirot; Balekar, Neelam; Madting, Alawee; Sawatdee, Somchai
Science and Technology Indonesia Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Coordination Complexes, FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26554/sti.2026.11.1.36-54

Abstract

This research aimed to create cashew apple powder (CAP) for use as a pharmaceutical diluent in tablet formulations and evaluate its suitability with simvastatin as a model drug. CAP was produced by grinding followed by milling for size reduction. CAP was incorporated as a diluent in simvastatin 20 mg tablets formulated using wet granulation and direct compression methods. CAP had light brown irregular particles. The median particle size (D50) was 282 ± 32 µm. True density was 1.408 g/cm3, bulk density was 0.405 g/cm3, and tapped density was 0.489 g/cm3. CAP had good flow properties and significantly better compaction properties than lactose monohydrate. There was no interaction between simvastatin and CAP based on FTIR and DSC analyses. Physical evaluation of the tablets prepared by the wet granulation method showed that hardness was 6.2 ± 0.6 kgf, disintegration time was 2.50 ± 0.75 minutes, % friability was 0.65% and assay simvastatin content was 101.22 ± 0.24 % LA. In the same manner, the tablets produced by direct compression had a hardness of 4.1 ± 0.2 kgf, disintegration time value of 0.83 ± 0.20 minutes, friability of 0.86%, and an assay simvastatin content of 102.65 ± 1.03% LA. Simvastatin tablets incorporating CAP showed complete drug release in 15 minutes. After 3 months of storage, no significant changes were recorded in the physicochemical properties, other than a slight increase in hardness for the wet granulation tablets. This study indicates that CAP can be considered a promising pharmaceutical excipient for immediate-release tablet formulations, compatible with both wet granulation and direct compression methods.

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