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Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry
Published by Universitas Padjadjaran
ISSN : 19790201     EISSN : 25496212     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Dentistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry or known as PJD, is an English-language scientific periodicals published by the Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Padjadjaran thrice a year on every March, July and November. The submission process of manuscript is open throughout the year. All submitted manuscripts will go through the double-blind peer review and editorial review before being granted with acceptance for publication. Designed as a medium of information and scientific knowledge, Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry publishes numerous research articles, in the area of Oral Biology, Dental Material Science and Technology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Pedodontics, Dental Public Health and Community Dentistry, Conservative Dentistry, Periodontics, Prosthodontics, Orthodontics, Oral Medicine, Dental Radiology, as well as with their development through interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach. Initially published as Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry (PJD) magazine ISSN 1979-0201(print) on 2007 in form of printed issues. In 2017, the magazine had its online published version under the same with ISSN 2549-6212 (online) in accordance with the policy of LIPI. Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry has been using Open Journal System requiring all writers to register in advance before they are allowed to upload the manuscript they write online. Afterwards, the editors, peer reviewers, and writers can monitor the manuscript processing. Several other changes are informed in the Journal History.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 1,042 Documents
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Antibacterial activity of mangosteen (garcinia mangostana linn.) leaf ethanol extract against oral pathogenic bacteria: a laboratory experimental study Rahmawati, Dicha Yuliadewi; Arron, Yabest; Bitik, Alexander; Hadinata, Michael; Naliani, Silvia; Aiumdee, Prashyaneeyasak; Sugiaman, Vinna Kurniawati
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry Vol 38, No 1 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/pjd.vol38no1.67633

Abstract

Introduction: Nature-based medicines are multi-component agents that work in a multi-targeted manner with minimal side effects. Mangosteen leaves (Garcinia mangostana L.) contain flavonoids, tannins, and saponins that serve as antibacterial agents. This research aimed to analyze alternative agents to chlorhexidine mouthwash derived from natural ingredients. Methods: This laboratory experimental study observed the inhibition zone diameters of mangosteen leaf ethanol extract at concentrations ranging from 3.125% to 100% against P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and S. sanguinis using the disc diffusion method. One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD tests were used to analyze the statistical differences among the bacterial groups across all concentrations. Results: The 100% concentration exhibited the largest inhibitory zones: 14.78 ± 0.60 mm for P. gingivalis, 11.08 ± 0.02 mm for A. actinomycetemcomitans, and 10.55 ± 0.48 mm for S. sanguinis. One-Way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests showed a p-value of 0.000, indicating a significant antibacterial effect against P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and S. sanguinis. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of mangosteen leaves (Garcinia mangostana L.) exhibits significant antibacterial activity, with the highest inhibitory effect observed at a 100% concentration.
Multi-target potential of moringa oleifera-derived compounds against cariogenic and endodontic virulence proteins revealed by molecular docking: an in silico experimental study Amin, Meiny Faudah; Kurnia, Dikdik; Ariwibowo, Taufiq; Hardi, Dicky
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry Vol 38, No 1 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/pjd.vol38no1.65729

Abstract

Introduction: Dental infections are multifactorial diseases involving bacterial biofilms and host immune responses. Natural compounds with antibacterial activity, such as Moringa oleifera, have been explored as alternatives to conventional antibiotics.  This study aimed to evaluate the interaction profiles of four Moringa oleifera–derived compounds against multiple virulence-associated proteins of cariogenic and endodontic pathogens using in silico molecular docking. Methods: This study was an in silico experimental study using molecular docking simulations to evaluate the binding energy of four M. oleifera-derived compounds (eugenol, trans-anethole, arachidonic acid, and phytosphingosine) with five key virulence-associated proteins of cariogenic and endodontic pathogens (Cystalysin, SrpA, FimA, RadD, and Ddl). AutoDock 4.0 was used for the docking simulations. Docking results were analyzed based on binding energy (ΔG) and inhibition constant (Ki) values. The best binding conformations were selected according to the lowest binding energy and visualized to identify key ligand–protein interactions using Discovery Studio Visualizer. Results: The phytosphingosine-Ddl exhibited the lowest binding energy of -7.42 kcal/mol, followed by eugenol with three different receptors (Cystalysin, SrpA, and FimA) and arachidonic acid-RadD. The lowest inhibition constant was shown by the phytosphingosine-Ddl complex at 3.61 µM. Each compound interacted with various targets, but phytosphingosine exhibited the most consistent and widespread predicted binding via hydrogen bonds with Glu222, Arg291, Glu306, Asp293, Lys251, and hydrophobic interactions of Phe295, Phe245, Phe175, and Leu145. Conclusion: This in silico molecular docking study demonstrated that Moringa oleifera–derived compounds, particularly phytosphingosine, exhibit strong binding affinity toward key virulence-associated proteins of cariogenic and endodontic pathogens. These findings highlight the potential of M. oleifera as a natural source of antibacterial agents and support further experimental validation of its therapeutic applications in oral infections.
Correlation between the number of teeth in older adults and nutritional status and cognitive function: a cross-sectional study Asia, Raden Roro Asyurati; Maureen, Natasha Bunga; Putranto, Ricky Anggara; Theresia, Tiarma Talenta; Nurrohman, Hamid
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry Vol 38, No 2 (2026): July 2026
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/pjd.vol38no2.70343

Abstract

Introduction: Aging is associated with various changes in body tissues and organs, including the oral cavity, among older adults. A common oral problem among older adults is tooth loss. The number of teeth in older adults is related to nutritional status and cognitive function. Previous studies examining the relationship between the number of remaining teeth, nutritional status, and cognitive function among older adults have reported mixed findings. While some studies have identified an association among these variables, others have reported different results. These inconsistencies indicate that the relationship among these variables warrants further investigation. In this study, oral health was assessed based on the number of remaining teeth, while cognitive function was evaluated using the Mini-Cog and Clock Drawing Test. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the correlation between oral health, nutritional status, and cognitive function among older adults. Methods: This analytical observational study employed a cross-sectional design and included 110 older adults aged ≥ 60 years with varying numbers of remaining teeth. Participants were selected using purposive sampling according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants underwent an intraoral examination to determine the number of remaining teeth. Nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) Long Form and classified as good nutritional status, at risk of malnutrition, or malnourished. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Cog and Clock Drawing Test and classified as normal cognitive function or cognitive impairment. Spearman's correlation test was used to analyze the correlation between the number of remaining teeth among older adults and nutritional status and cognitive function. Results: Among older adults with ≥ 20 remaining teeth, most had good nutritional status and normal cognitive function. The number of remaining teeth was significantly and positively correlated with nutritional status (Spearman’s ρ = 0.327, p < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was also observed between the number of remaining teeth and cognitive function (Spearman’s ρ = 0.534, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The number of remaining teeth was correlated with nutritional status and cognitive function among older adults.
Changes of oral health motivation and knowledge following the implementation of the android-based quitee educational application among children aged 8–11 years: a pre-experimental study Aldilawati, Sari; Pratiwi, Rini; Adawiyyah, Nurul Afni
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry Vol 38, No 2 (2026): July 2026
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/pjd.vol38no2.70334

Abstract

Introduction: Motivation and oral health knowledge among elementary school children remain suboptimal. Interactive digital educational applications, such as the Android-Based Quitee Educational Application, have been developed as engaging learning tools for oral health through visuals, animations, and game-based elements that are appropriate for children’s characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate changes in oral health motivation and knowledge following the implementation of the Android-Based Quitee Educational Application among children aged 8–11 years. Methods: This study employed a pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest time-series design. The sample size was calculated using the Slovin formula, resulting in 126 participants selected through proportionate stratified random sampling from SD Negeri Tamamaung 1 Makassar. Oral health motivation and knowledge were measured before the intervention and at three post-intervention time points following the implementation of the Android-Based Quitee Educational Application. Data were analyzed using the Friedman test, followed by post hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Results: Oral health motivation and knowledge scores increased across all post-intervention assessments compared with baseline measurements. The median motivation score increased from 14.0 at pretest to 19.0 at the third posttest, whereas the median knowledge score increased from 9.0 to 12.0. All pairwise comparisons were statistically significant (p<0.001), with Wilcoxon effect sizes indicating large effects for motivation (r=0.63–0.87) and moderate-to-large effects for knowledge (r=0.33–0.84), demonstrating the magnitude of the observed improvements.   Conclusion: The implementation of the Android-Based Quitee Educational Application was associated with significant improvements in oral health motivation and knowledge among elementary school children. However, the findings should be interpreted cautiously due to the absence of a control group.
Oral health knowledge and associated factors among office workers who use electronic cigarettes: a cross-sectional study Mersil, Sarah; Mayasari, Yufitri; Ruslan, Mutiara Rina Rahmawati; Nurfianti, Nurfianti
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry Vol 38, No 2 (2026): July 2026
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/pjd.vol38no2.70377

Abstract

Introduction: The prevalence of electronic cigarette use is increasing; however, public understanding of their ingredients and associated health risks remains inconsistent. Persistent misconceptions contribute to inaccurate perceptions of product safety, especially regarding oral health. This study aimed to analyze oral health knowledge and associated factors among office workers who use electronic cigarettes. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 office workers who used electronic cigarettes at a state-owned enterprise in Jakarta, Indonesia, between September and October 2025. Participants were recruited using purposive sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire assessing respondents’ demographic characteristics and knowledge of electronic cigarette contents and their oral health effects. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation, and the chi-square test. Results: Overall, 58% of respondents demonstrated good knowledge of oral health, whereas 42% had poor knowledge. High levels of awareness were observed regarding nicotine content (86%) and the addictive potential of electronic cigarettes (65%), while misconceptions persisted regarding carbon monoxide, tooth discoloration, and halitosis. Knowledge level was significantly associated with gender, with female respondents demonstrating higher knowledge than male respondents (p=0.014). No significant associations were observed between knowledge level and education level, smoking status, motivation for electronic cigarette use, or duration of use (all p>0.05). Conclusion: Although most electronic cigarette users demonstrated good overall oral health knowledge, important misconceptions remained regarding carbon monoxide production, tooth discoloration, and halitosis. These findings highlight the need for targeted oral health education focusing on specific misconceptions related to the oral health effects of electronic cigarettes.
Antimicrobial activity of hydroxyapatite toothpaste against staphylococcus aureus and candida albicans: an experimental study Maulana, Ilman Nafi; Kurniawan, Florencia Livia; Octarina, Octarina; Lauw, Mark Lauda
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry Vol 38, No 2 (2026): July 2026
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/pjd.vol38no2.69817

Abstract

Introduction: Hydroxyapatite is widely used in toothpaste formulations because of its biocompatibility and its role in supporting enamel remineralization; however, its direct antimicrobial activity against oral microorganisms remains unclear. This study aimed to    analyze the antimicrobial activity of hydroxyapatite toothpaste against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Methods: An in vitro experimental study was conducted using the well diffusion method. The tested materials included hydroxyapatite toothpaste at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5%, sterile distilled water as a negative control, commercial toothpaste as a positive control, and chloramphenicol 100 ppm and nystatin 5,000 mg/L as comparator controls for S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively. Inhibition zones were measured after incubation for 24 hours at 37 °C. Results: Hydroxyapatite toothpaste at all tested concentrations did not produce inhibition zones against either Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans, whereas the comparator controls demonstrated clear inhibitory effects. Statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences among treatment groups for Staphylocossus aureus (p = 0.0005) and Candida albicans (p = 0.028). Conclusion: Hydroxyapatite toothpaste did not demonstrate direct antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans when assessed using the well diffusion method. These findings indicate that hydroxyapatite is not optimal as a sole antimicrobial agent and should be combined with other active ingredients to enhance antimicrobial effectiveness
Effect of Averrhoa bilimbi L. extract gel as a natural enamel etching agent on the tensile bond strength of composite resin: an in vitro study Sumantri, Dedi; Wiantoni, Annisa Aprilia; Nerawati, Meiza; Aulia, Rahmi Khairani; Sonjaya, Donni
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry Vol 38, No 2 (2026): July 2026
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/pjd.vol38no2.70695

Abstract

Introduction: Composite resin is a restorative material that bonds to tooth structure through micromechanical interlocking. Etching removes the smear layer and creates microporosities, enhancing mechanical retention. Although 37% phosphoric acid is the gold standard, it may cause inflammatory cell infiltration. Averrhoa bilimbi L. contains citric, oxalic, and lactic acids, which may serve as a natural alternative etching agent for enamel. This study aimed to analyze the effect of Averrhoa bilimbi L. extract gel as a natural enamel etching agent on the tensile bond strength of composite resin restorations. Methods: This was an in vitro laboratory true experimental study that employed a post-test-only control group design. Twenty-eight extracted human premolars were divided into four groups (n = 7): three experimental groups etched with 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% Averrhoa bilimbi L. extract gel, and one control group etched with 37% phosphoric acid. After etching, bonding agent and microhybrid composite resin were applied. Tensile bond strength was tested using a Universal Testing Machine, and data were analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk, Levene’s, and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Results: The highest mean tensile bond strength was observed in the 37% phosphoric acid group (7.56 ± 3.87 MPa), followed by 7.5% (6.71 ± 1.71 MPa), 5% (6.17 ± 1.39 MPa), and 2.5% (6.04 ± 3.01 MPa) Averrhoa bilimbi L. extract groups. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed p=0.874, indicating no statistically significant difference between the groups. Conclusion: Averrhoa bilimbi L. extract gel demonstrated a tensile bond strength comparable to that of 37% phosphoric acid. The extract gel demonstrated promising potential as a natural etching agent; however, further laboratory and clinical studies are required before it can be recommended for clinical application.
Effect of sandblasted large grit acid etching and ultraviolet-c photofunctionalization of titanium on osteoblast cell viability: an in vitro study Tjandra, Andreas; Murdiastuti, Kwartarini; Kusumaatmaja, Ahmad; Susilowati, Heni
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry Vol 38, No 2 (2026): July 2026
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/pjd.vol38no2.70560

Abstract

Introduction: Sandblasted Large Grit Acid Etching (SLA) is a widely used titanium implant surface modification technique that enhances osseointegration. Ultraviolet C (UV-C) photofunctionalization is a method that modifies the physicochemical properties of titanium surfaces by removing hydrocarbon contaminants and increasing hydrophilicity. However, the combined effects of these modification techniques on MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell viability require further investigation. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effect of SLA treatment and its interaction with UV-C irradiation on MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell viability on titanium disks. Methods: This in vitro experimental study used titanium disks (10 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness), which were divided into SLA-treated and non-SLA groups. Each group was further subdivided according to UV-C irradiation (90 W, 254 nm) into four subgroups: non-UV (control), 10 minutes, 30 minutes, and 48 hours (n = 4 per subgroup). MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts (1.2×104 cells/well) were seeded onto disk surfaces and cultured for 24 hours. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. Data normality was evaluated using the Shapiro-Wilk test, homogeneity using the Brown-Forsythe test, and differences between groups using two-way ANOVA, with statistical significance set at p <0.05. Results: Two-way ANOVA revealed that UV irradiation had no significant effect on cell viability (F=2.388; p=0.093). Similarly, SLA treatment showed no significant effect (F= 1.679; p = 0.207), and no significant interaction was observed between SLA treatment and UV-C irradiation (F=0.041; p=0.988). The highest mean cell viability was observed in the non-SLA group exposed to UV-C irradiation for 10 minutes (88.53 ± 25.22), whereas the lowest mean cell viability was found in the SLA group without UV-C irradiation (45.55 ± 16.29). Conclusion: Neither UV-C irradiation nor SLA treatment significantly affected MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell viability, and no significant interaction was observed between the two treatments.
The association between frequency of consumption of gluten-containing foods and caries index in children with ADHD: A cross-sectional study Puteri, Mega Moeharyono; Tedjosasongko, Udijanto; Putri, Maudiva Tasya; Febriyanti, Iryunia; Tiongin, Arella Velika Karla; Ainistikmalia, Rania Nurin; Kumar, Krishna
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry Vol 38, No 2 (2026): July 2026
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/pjd.vol38no2.68792

Abstract

Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which may influence dietary behaviors and oral health, particularly the risk of dental caries. Gluten-containing foods are commonly consumed by children and may contribute to cariogenic exposure, especially in children with ADHD who tend to have irregular eating habits and may have poorer oral hygiene, including less frequent toothbrushing. In addition, stimulant medications commonly prescribed for ADHD may reduce salivary flow and potentially affect salivary buffering capacity. This study aimed to assess the association between the frequency of consumption of gluten-containing foods and caries index in children with ADHD. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 34 children aged 6–12 years diagnosed with ADHD was conducted in special needs schools in Surabaya. The frequency of consumption of gluten-containing foods was assessed using a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire, while dental caries was assessed using the DMF-T index based on WHO criteria. Data analysis was performed using Spearman’s rank correlation test to determine the association between the frequency of consumption of gluten-containing foods and caries index. Results: The majority of children demonstrated a moderate level of consumption of gluten-containing foods and a moderate to high caries index. Statistical analysis revealed a strong and significant positive correlation between the frequency of consumption of gluten-containing foods and caries index (r = 0.989; p < 0.05), indicating that more frequent consumption of gluten-containing foods was associated with higher dental caries index in children with ADHD. Conclusion: This study showed a significant association between the frequency of consumption of gluten-containing foods and caries index in children with ADHD, suggesting that dietary habits may contribute dental caries. These findings support the importance of integrating dietary management and oral hygiene education into preventive strategies for children with ADHD.
Differences in the mechanical performance of type II glass ionomer cement modified with hydroxyapatite in terms of diametral tensile strength and compressive strength: an experimental study Rahmitasari, Fitria; Syahrotaubiya, Adrikina; Fadhlillah, Baiq Alifa; Cevanti, Twi Agnita; Prabowo, Puguh Bayu; Fauzia, Bunga; Panjaitan, Rani Naomi Agustina
Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry Vol 38, No 2 (2026): July 2026
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24198/pjd.vol38no2.70385

Abstract

Introduction: Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is widely used because of its chemical adhesion to tooth structure, fluoride release, and biocompatibility. However, its low tensile strength and brittleness limit its application in stress-bearing restorations. Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been investigated as a bioactive filler to improve the mechanical properties of GIC. This study aimed to analyze the differences in the mechanical performance (diametral tensile strength and compressive strength) of Type II GIC modified with hydroxyapatite. Methods: The materials used in this research were Type II GIC (Fuji IX) and pure hydroxyapatite (Sigma Aldrich's). Twenty-eight specimens were allocated into four groups for the diametral tensile strength (DTS) test, and another twenty-eight specimens for the compressive strength (CS) test (n= 7 per group): a control group (K, conventional GIC without modification) and three treatment groups modified with 1% (P1), 3% (P2), and 5% (P3) of hydroxyapatite powder. Mechanical evaluation was performed using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Statistical analysis comprised tests of data normality and variance homogeneity, followed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Least Significant Difference (LSD) post hoc test (p=0.05). Results: The addition of HA altered mechanical performance in a highly concentration-dependent and stress-specific manner. The highest DTS was observed in Group P1, with a value of 9.5300 ± 4.0896 MPa, which was significantly higher than those of the control and all other groups (p<0.05). Conversely, CS was highest in Group P2 (66.7114 ± 11.8779 MPa), which was significantly higher than that of the control group (43.3614 ± 10.6778 MPa, p=0.002). Higher mass loading in Group P3 resulted in a pronounced decline in both tensile and compressive performance. Conclusion: There are differences in the mechanical performance (diametral tensile strength and compressive strength) of Type II glass ionomer cement (GIC) modified with hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite integration enhances the mechanical properties of Type II GIC, with 1% HA improving DTS and 3% HA producing the highest CS.

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