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SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Other

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Revisiting Selaginella diversity in Java (Indonesia) through combined ecological and taxonomic reassessment AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN; TATIK CHIKMAWATI; MIFTAHUDIN MIFTAHUDIN; SUTARNO SUTARNO; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO; SUNARTO SUNARTO
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270150

Abstract

Abstract. Setyawan AD, Chikmawati T, Miftahudin, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto. 2026. Revisiting Selaginella diversity in Java (Indonesia) through combined ecological and taxonomic reassessment. Biodiversitas 27 (1): d270150. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270150. Selaginella species have traditionally been distinguished mainly by vegetative traits. Because these traits vary with environmental conditions, the taxonomy of this lycophyte genus has remained complex, especially in tropical Asia. In Java, species diversity estimates remain inconsistent among classical floristic treatments, global databases, and recent field observations. This study reassessed Selaginella diversity in Java using field surveys, herbarium examination, taxonomic standardization, and ecological analyses. A total of 1,962 occurrence records were compiled across multiple habitat types and elevational zones. Species identities were verified through comparison of field collections, herbarium specimens, and published taxonomic references. Ecological structuring was analyzed using descriptive habitat analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS). The reassessment recognized 21 confirmed Selaginella species in Java, consisting of 17 native non-endemic taxa, two endemic taxa, and two introduced or naturalized species. Species richness was highest in humid submontane forests, whereas disturbed habitats contained simplified assemblages dominated by ecological generalists. NMDS analysis indicated significant habitat differentiation (ANOSIM: R = 0.684; p = 0.001 after 999 permutations), while several historically recognized taxa, including S. ascendens, S. springiana, and S. caudata, were not retained as independent species because of extensive overlap with broader species complexes. These results suggest that relying solely on vegetative morphology may overestimate Selaginella species richness in Java. This assessment updates our knowledge of Selaginella diversity in Java by integrating field observations, herbarium evidence, and ecological analyses. Conservation efforts should prioritize humid forest habitats, particularly submontane areas, which support the highest diversity and several habitat-specialist Selaginella species.
Diversity, distribution, and habitat preferences of Selaginella in Java Island, Indonesia AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN; SUTARNO SUTARNO; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO; SUNARTO SUNARTO; GILANG DWI NUGROHO; MUHAMMAD NUR SULTON
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity Vol. 27 No. 4 (2026)
Publisher : Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d270442

Abstract

Abstract. Setyawan AD, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto, Nugroho GD, Sulton MN. 2026. Diversity, distribution, and habitat preferences of Selaginella in Java Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 27 (4): d270442. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d270442. Selaginella (spike mosses) is an ancient lineage of vascular plants with broad ecological adaptability, yet comprehensive ecological assessments remain limited in many tropical regions. This study investigated the diversity, distribution, and habitat preferences of Selaginella across Java Island, Indonesia, along a broad elevational gradient. Field surveys and herbarium records collected between 2007 and 2021 yielded 1,962 occurrence records, comprising 1,362 field collections and 600 herbarium specimens from BO and GBIF. Species occurrences were classified into five elevational zones: colline (0-650 m), submontane (650-1,500 m), montane (1,500-2,400 m), subalpine (2,400-3,000 m), and alpine (>3,000 m). Species diversity indices, Indicator Value Analysis (IndVal), Paired Difference Index (PDI), bipartite networks, and habitat-association analyses were used to evaluate ecological patterns. A total of 21 Selaginella species and one unidentified taxon were recorded. Species richness was highest across the colline-montane zones (0-2,400 m asl), with the greatest concentration of species occurring in the submontane zone, where diversity also reached its highest value (H′ = 2.35). Dominant species included Selaginella plana (404 individuals), Selaginella ciliaris (387), Selaginella ornata (214), and Selaginella willdenowii (205), whereas several species exhibited restricted distributions and narrow habitat preferences. Community composition differed significantly among elevational zones (p<0.05), and indicator-species analyses identified distinct habitat associations, particularly within submontane environments. These findings underscore the influence of elevation on Selaginella distribution and highlight the vulnerability of lowland and highland species to threats such as climate warming and habitat fragmentation. Conservation efforts should adopt an elevation-based strategy, emphasizing the protection of humid lowland habitats and maintaining altitudinal corridors in mountainous regions to accommodate climate-driven shifts. Safeguarding Selaginella diversity is essential for preserving the ecological integrity of tropical forest ecosystems in Southeast Asia.
Prediction of potential climate change impacts on the geographic distribution shift of Selaginella kraussiana and S. uncinata in East, South and Southeast Asia AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN; SUTARNO SUTARNO; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO; SUNARTO SUNARTO; ILYAS NURSAMSI; MUHAMMAD NUR SULTON; GILANG DWI NUGROHO
Nusantara Bioscience Vol. 18 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/nusbiosci/n180105

Abstract

Abstract. Setyawan AD, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto, Nursamsi I, Sulton MN, Nugroho GD. 2026. Prediction of potential climate change impacts on the geographic distribution shift of Selaginella kraussiana and S. uncinata in East, South and Southeast Asia. Nusantara Bioscience 18 (1): n180105. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n180105. Climate change is increasingly altering the geographic distribution of invasive plant species, yet comparative assessments of closely related invasive taxa remain limited. This study evaluated the potential impacts of climate change on the future distribution of two invasive lycophytes, Selaginella kraussiana and S. uncinata, across East, South, and Southeast Asia. Species distribution models were developed using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) algorithm based on occurrence records compiled from GBIF, field observations, and published literature. The models incorporated 15 environmental variables representing bioclimatic, edaphic, UVB-radiation, and topographic factors. Future habitat suitability was projected for 2030, 2050, and 2080 under four Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios (2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5). Model performance was high for both species, with AUC values of 0.935 for S. kraussiana and 0.966 for S. uncinata, indicating excellent predictive accuracy. Environmental controls differed markedly between the species. Selaginella kraussiana was primarily associated with temperature-related variables, particularly the minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio_6), whereas S. uncinata was more strongly associated with annual precipitation (bio_12) and other moisture-related variables. Future projections indicated substantial habitat expansion for S. kraussiana, with total suitable habitat increasing from 11.47 × 10⁶ km² under current conditions to 16.43 × 10⁶ km² under RCP 8.5 by 2080. Expansion was projected mainly into higher-latitude and higher-elevation subtropical and temperate regions. In contrast, S. uncinata exhibited relatively stable distribution patterns, with total suitable habitat changing only slightly from 2.95 × 10⁶ km² to 3.04 × 10⁶ km² across future climate scenarios. These findings suggest that S. kraussiana may experience a greater climate-driven increase in invasion potential than S. uncinata and demonstrate the value of integrating species distribution modeling with ecological interpretation to support invasion-risk assessment, early detection, and climate-adaptive management of invasive lycophytes in Asia.
Climatic and elevational drivers of Selaginella species richness in Java, Indonesia AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN; SUTARNO SUTARNO; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO; SUNARTO SUNARTO; MUHAMMAD NUR SULTON
Nusantara Bioscience Vol. 18 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/nusbiosci/n180106

Abstract

Abstract. Setyawan AD, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto, Sulton MN. 2026. Climatic and elevational drivers of Selaginella species richness in Java, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 18 (1): n180106. https://doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n180106. Understanding environmental factors that shape species richness patterns, yet the determinants of Selaginella diversity in Java, Indonesia, remain poorly understood. Selaginella, an ancient lycophyte genus widely distributed in tropical regions, is highly sensitive to environmental conditions, particularly moisture availability and temperature. This study examined the relationships between Selaginella species richness and elevational and climatic gradients across Java, Indonesia. A total of 1,962 occurrence records representing 21 identified species and one unidentified taxon were compiled from field surveys, herbarium collections, and verified biodiversity databases. Species richness was estimated using a 0.25° × 0.25° grid system and spatially visualized through Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation. The influence of elevation, Annual Mean Temperature, Annual Mean Precipitation, Annual Mean Solar Radiation, and Annual Mean Moisture Index on species richness was evaluated using polynomial regression, Pearson correlation analysis, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Species richness showed pronounced spatial heterogeneity, with hotspots concentrated in the humid montane regions of West Java. Richness exhibited nonlinear relationships with all environmental variables and peaked at intermediate elevations. Annual Mean Moisture Index (R² = 0.616) and Annual Mean Precipitation (R² = 0.527) were the variables most strongly associated with species richness, whereas Annual Mean Temperature and solar radiation showed negative relationships. Correlation and PCA results further indicated that moisture availability is closely linked to richness patterns, while elevation influences richness indirectly through its effects on local climatic conditions. These findings demonstrate that humid submontane and montane environments are critical for maintaining Selaginella diversity in Java and highlight the importance of conserving climatically suitable habitats under future environmental change.
Short Communication: Exploratory AFLP-based genetic structuring among selected Selaginella species from Indonesia AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN; TATIK CHIKMAWATI; MIFTAHUDIN MIFTAHUDIN; SUTARNO SUTARNO; SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO; SUNARTO SUNARTO; YULITA KUSUMADEWI
Nusantara Bioscience Vol. 17 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/nusbiosci/n170217

Abstract

Abstract. Setyawan AD, Chikmawati T, Miftahudin, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Sunarto. 2025. Short Communication: Exploratory AFLP-based genetic structuring among selected Selaginella species from Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 17 (2): 375-386. Selaginella is one of the oldest groups of living vascular plants and helps us understand how early land plants evolved and diversified. Despite its ecological and morphological diversity, molecular data remain limited for many tropical species. This study presents an exploratory assessment of multilocus genetic structuring among selected Selaginella species using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. AFLP profiles were generated using four selective primer combinations, producing a total of 248 polymorphic fragments. Genetic similarity among species was quantified using Jaccard’s coefficient, and patterns of multilocus resemblance were examined through UPGMA clustering and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). Pairwise similarity values ranged from 0.59 to 1.00, indicating a continuum of genetic differentiation rather than sharply delimited genetic groups. UPGMA clustering and PCoA revealed two broad species assemblages and substantial variation in multilocus genetic similarity among the analyzed taxa. The clustering pattern showed partial correspondence with major growth-form categories, with predominantly creeping to ascending species grouped separately from taxa exhibiting a cypress-like habit together with S. ornata. At the same time, several morphologically distinct species exhibited relatively high AFLP similarity, highlighting both congruence and incongruence between molecular and morphological patterns. Because the final comparative analyses were based on representative AFLP profiles for each species, the results should be regarded as an exploratory overview of interspecific multilocus differentiation rather than an assessment of intraspecific variation. Although AFLP markers do not permit direct phylogenetic inference, the findings provide a useful molecular baseline for future studies employing broader sampling and sequence-based or genomic approaches. Our findings demonstrate the value of integrating multilocus AFLP data with morphological evidence to better understand genetic structuring and species relationships in Selaginella. Although exploratory in nature, this study provides a useful molecular baseline for future sequence-based and genomic investigations.
Co-Authors AHMAD YASA AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI SETYAWAN ARI PITOYO D. DARNAEDI DARLINA MD. NAIM DIANTI DIANTI DINDA PUTRI PERMATASARI GAVRIEL ENOS BERLIN GILANG DWI NUGROHO GILANG DWI NUGROHO IGUSTITA IGUSTITA ILYAS NURSAMSI ILYAS NURSAMSI INGGRID TRIFENA YULIA IRFAN ABU NAZAR JATNA SUPRIATNA JATNA SUPRIATNA LIA KUSUMANINGRUM LIA KUSUMANINGRUM MIFTAHUDIN MIFTAHUDIN MUHAMMAD FURQAN MUHAMMAD INDRAWAN MUHAMMAD INDRAWAN MUHAMMAD INDRAWAN MUHAMMAD NUR SULTON MUHAMMAD NUR SULTON MUHAMMAD NUR SULTON MUHAMMAD NUR SULTON NIA AGUSTINA Nisyawati NISYAWATI NISYAWATI NOR LIZA NUNIK SULISTYANINGRUM NUR ROHMAYANI ANGGELIKA PUTRI PRABANG SETYONO PRAKASH PRADAN PRAKASH PRADHAN RACHEL SANISCARA NUGRAHENI RAISA NOOR SAFIRA RATIH NUR AFIFAH RIZKY NUR FADILAH ROKHMATULOH ROKHMATULOH Sapta Suhardono SESILIA RETNO AYU NINGTYAS SNADA INDAH TUK NEGARI SUGENG BUDIHARTA SUNARTO SUNARTO SUNARTO SUNARTO SUNARTO SUNARTO SUNARTO SUNARTO SUNARTO SUNARTO Suranto SURAPON SAENSOUK SUTARNO SUTARNO SUTOMO SUTOMO SYARIFUDIN MAHFUDH YUDHANTO TATIK CHIKMAWATI TIMOTHY JEFFREY WALTER HUTAURUK WIDHI HIMAWAN YULITA KUSUMADEWI ZAHRA HANUN