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All Journal Ganaya: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora Bina Hukum Lingkungan Jambura Law Review Pusaka : Jurnal Khazanah Keagamaan Media Keadilan: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Widya Pranata Hukum : Jurnal Kajian dan Penelitian Hukum SUPREMASI Jurnal Hukum RIO LAW JURNAL Jurnal Litigasi Amsir Jurnal Hukum dan Etika Kesehatan (JHEK) CASHFLOW : CURRENT ADVANCED RESEARCH ON SHARIA FINANCE AND ECONOMIC WORLDWIDE Jurnal El-Thawalib Bina Hukum Lingkungan Dewantara: Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial Humaniora Jurnal Penelitian Serambi Hukum Priviet Social Sciences Journal Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora dan Seni Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Humaniora (JURRISH) Gudang Jurnal Multidisiplin Ilmu Mutiara : Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Indonesia Eksekusi: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Administrasi Negara Jurnal Sains Student Research JUSTITIABLE - Jurnal Hukum Universitas Bojonegoro Jaksa: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum Dan Politik Mandub: Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum dan Humaniora Jurnal Media Akademik (JMA) JURNAL MULTIDISIPLIN ILMU AKADEMIK MERDEKA: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Hukum Inovatif : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Sosial dan Humaniora Media Hukum Indonesia (MHI) Jurnal Intelek Dan Cendikiawan Nusantara Jembatan Hukum: Kajian Ilmu Hukum, Sosial dan Administrasi Negara Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Ilmu Jurnal Intelek Insan Cendikia Presidensial: Jurnal Hukum, Administrasi Negara, Dan Kebijakan Publik Jurnal Padamu Negeri Referendum Aliansi: Jurnal Hukum, Pendidikan dan Sosial Humaniora Terang: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Hukum Konsensus: Jurnal Ilmu Pertahanan, Hukum dan Ilmu Komunikasi Jurnal Riset Multidisiplin Edukasi International Journal of Law Analytic Jejak digital: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Green Social: International Journal of Law and Civil Affairs Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora Jurnal El-Thawalib Jurnal Ilmu Hukum SciNusa: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora Jurnal Riset Sosial Humaniora dan Pendidikan ALADALAH: Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum dan Humaniora NETIZEN (JOURNAL OF SOCIETY AND BUSSINESS) Punggawa Law Review Jurnal Hukum dan Sosial Politik
Zul Khaidir Kadir
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Muslim Indonesia
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GRADASI PEMBUNUHAN DALAM TRADISI COMMON LAW DAN CIVIL LAW: MENS REA, PEMBELAAN PARSIAL, DAN PROPORSIONALITAS Zul Khaidir Kadir
NETIZEN: JOURNAL OF SOCIETY AND BUSSINESS Vol. 2 No. 7 (2026): NETIZEN
Publisher : CV. ADIBA AISHA AMIRA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20577394

Abstract

This article examines how different legal traditions construct degrees of liability in homicide through the relationship between mens rea, culpability, legal grade, and punishment. It focuses on the distinction between murder and manslaughter, and on how provocation, diminished responsibility, recklessness, felony murder, and constructive murder shape the boundaries between homicide grades. The study employs doctrinal-comparative analysis and functional comparison by examining common law and civil law traditions through selected illustrative jurisdictions, namely England and Wales, the United States, Canada, Australia, Germany, and France. The findings show that the central problem in homicide grading lies in the instability between degree of fault, legal label, and penal consequence. Partial defences may prevent murder from operating too rigidly, yet they may also produce under-labelling when mitigation is overly broad or excessively offender-centred. Conversely, felony murder, constructive murder, and extreme recklessness may generate over-labelling when the fatal result or the context of the underlying offence substitutes for a specific assessment of the defendant’s mental state toward death. The article implies that a proportionate homicide system must punish lethal violence seriously while preserving meaningful distinctions between levels of culpability.
Celah Hukum dalam Sistem Pengelolaan Limbah di Indonesia: Perspektif Green Criminology Nur Fadhilah Mappaselleng; Zul Khaidir Kadir
Bina Hukum Lingkungan Vol. 10 No. 3 (2026): Bina Hukum Lingkungan, Volume 10, Nomor 3, Juni 2026
Publisher : Asosiasi Pembina Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia (PHLI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24970/bhl.v10i3.483

Abstract

ABSTRAKUndang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup mewajibkan negara menjamin sistem pengelolaan limbah yang melindungi keberlanjutan ekosistem. Namun, kajian yang ada masih lebih banyak berfokus pada implementasi dan penegakan hukum, sehingga belum memadai untuk menjelaskan bagaimana struktur hukum di Indonesia justru menyisakan celah regulasi yang memungkinkan berlangsungnya praktik destruktif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dua bentuk utama celah hukum dalam sistem pengelolaan limbah, yaitu ambiguitas dalam klasifikasi limbah dan fragmentasi kelembagaan dalam pengawasan, serta menganalisisnya melalui pendekatan kriminologi hijau. Metode penelitian menggunakan penelitian normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual dalam perspektif green criminology untuk menjelaskn sejauh mana bahaya ekologi dapat terjadi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa struktur hukum yang longgar dan prosedural tidak mampu menandai batas teknis antara limbah berbahaya dan bahan baku industri, serta gagal menciptakan sistem pengawasan yang terkoordinasi lintas institusi. Dalam kondisi ini, kejahatan lingkungan tidak dilakukan melalui pelanggaran eksplisit, melainkan berlangsung melalui mekanisme legal yang disediakan oleh desain regulasi. Pendekatan green criminology menegaskan bahwa negara bertindak sebagai fasilitator impunitas ekologis melalui hukum yang permisif terhadap tekanan ekonomi. Oleh karena itu, reformulasi struktural terhadap orientasi hukum menjadi prasyarat untuk membatasi kerusakan ekologis yang berlangsung sebagai bentuk kekerasan terstruktur dan dilegitimasi secara hukum.Kata kunci: celah hukum; green criminology; pengelolaan limbah. ABSTRACTLaw Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management obliges the state to ensure a waste management system that protects ecological sustainability. However, existing studies still focus more on implementation and law enforcement, and are therefore not yet sufficient to explain how Indonesia’s legal structure itself leaves regulatory loopholes that allow destructive practices to persist. This study aims to identify two main forms of legal loopholes in the waste management system, namely ambiguity in waste classification and institutional fragmentation in supervision, and to analyse them through a green criminology approach. This research employs a normative legal method with a conceptual approach from the perspective of green criminology to explain the extent to which ecological harm may occur. The findings show that a loose and procedural legal structure is unable to define the technical boundary between hazardous waste and industrial raw materials, while also failing to establish a coordinated system of supervision across institutions. Under these conditions, environmental crime does not occur through explicit violations, but rather through legal mechanisms enabled by regulatory design. From a green criminology perspective, the state acts as a facilitator of ecological impunity through laws that remain permissive toward economic pressures. Therefore, a structural reformulation of legal orientation is required as a prerequisite for limiting ecological harm that persists as a form of structured violence legitimated by law.Keywords: green criminology; regulatory loophole; waste governance.
Kehormatan sebagai Motif: Narasi Yudisial dan Pertanggungjawaban Pidana dalam Kasus Pembunuhan Kehormatan Qandeel Baloch Zul Khaidir Kadir
Jejak digital: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Vol. 2 No. 4 (2026): JUNI-JULI
Publisher : INDO PUBLISHING

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63822/0062cr38

Abstract

The murder of Qandeel Baloch is often discussed as a symbol of honor-based violence in Pakistan, yet limited attention has been given to how courts formulate and evaluate honor as motive within criminal proof. This article aims to examine how honor operates in judicial narrative, criminal liability, and evidentiary sufficiency in the Qandeel Baloch case. It adopts a normative-doctrinal legal method through textual analysis of the 2019 judgment of the Additional Sessions Judge, Multan, the 2022 appellate ruling of the Lahore High Court, relevant provisions of the Pakistan Penal Code, and the Criminal Law (Amendment) (Offences in the Name or Pretext of Honor) Act 2016. The study finds that honor did not function as an autonomous basis of criminal liability. At trial, honor helped the court characterize the killing as intentional and sufficiently serious to warrant punishment despite familial forgiveness. Its legal force, however, weakened once the confession and supporting evidentiary basis were challenged on appeal. The case demonstrates that a socially persuasive honor narrative must remain subject to evidentiary discipline, individualized culpability, and a clear distinction between social context and legal proof.
Konsentrasi Pembunuhan pada Lokasi Mikro: Analisis Kriminologi Komparatif atas Risiko Kematian di Berbagai Kawasan Dunia Zul Khaidir Kadir
Media Hukum Indonesia (MHI) Vol 4, No 2 (2026): June
Publisher : Penerbit Yayasan Daarul Huda Kruengmane

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20604599

Abstract

This article examines the spatial concentration of homicide at micro-places across world regions by treating lethal risk as a problem of place, governance, and data quality. Homicide rates per 100,000 population remain useful for comparing the burden of violence across territories, but they do not explain why deaths repeatedly occur in particular small locations. Such risk may appear on street segments, transport nodes, night-time economy sites, markets, parking areas, or private spaces such as the home. Using a place-based comparative analytical design, the article explores how place characteristics, environmental risk, and spatial governance shape homicide hot spots. Homicide concentration does not emerge from places that are inherently dangerous. Risk is produced when recurring conflict intersects with weak guardianship, poor visibility, accessible escape routes, weapon availability, and delayed assistance. Cross-regional comparison suggests that these mechanisms operate unevenly. In some cities, hot spots are tied to territorial control and illegal assets. In others, lethal risk is more closely linked to night-time economies, informal urban spaces, closed domestic relations, or imprecise location recording. The article contributes to comparative homicide studies by moving beyond aggregate rates and by linking micro-place dynamics to urban governance and regional variation. Micro-places are treated as event sites, cities as arenas of surveillance and service delivery, and world regions as settings where lethal risk is recorded, governed, displaced, or allowed to persist in different ways.
Dari Fiksi Resmi ke Rekonstruksi Peradilan: Analisis Narasi Yudisial Perbandingan Perkara Ferdy Sambo dan Laquan McDonald Zul Khaidir Kadir
MERDEKA : Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Vol. 3 No. 5 (2026): Juni
Publisher : PT PUBLIKASI INSPIRASI INDONESIA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62017/merdeka.v3i5.7772

Abstract

Peralihan dari official fiction ke rekonstruksi yudisial tampak jelas dalam perkara Ferdy Sambo di Indonesia dan Laquan McDonald di Amerika Serikat. Yang dipersoalkan tidak hanya hasil akhir putusan atau terpenuhinya unsur delik, tetapi juga bagaimana cerita resmi mula-mula dipercaya, bukti apa yang merusaknya, dan bagaimana fakta hukum kemudian dirumuskan ulang oleh pengadilan. Dalam perkara Sambo, kepercayaan awal bertumpu pada kendali internal atas ruang kejadian, personel, dan arus informasi. Dalam perkara Laquan McDonald, kepercayaan itu bertumpu pada laporan ancaman dalam bentuk administratif kepolisian. Dasar tersebut pecah ketika disruptive evidence muncul dan tidak lagi dapat dimasukkan ke dalam cerita awal karena inti penjelasannya rusak serta urutan kredibilitas ikut berubah. Dalam Sambo, pemutusan itu terbentuk melalui akumulasi bukti. Dalam Laquan McDonald, pemutusan bertumpu pada satu bukti jangkar lalu diperkuat oleh kontradiksi administratif yang serius. Sesudah itu, pengadilan tidak hanya menolak cerita resmi, tetapi juga menyusun ulang urutan kejadian dan dasar pertanggungjawaban pidana. Dari dua perkara ini terlihat bahwa sengketa pidana yang melibatkan aparat negara sering lebih dahulu menjadi sengketa tentang siapa yang berhak menentukan fakta, sebelum berubah menjadi sengketa tentang pertanggungjawaban pidana.
Celah Hukum dalam Sistem Pengelolaan Limbah di Indonesia: Perspektif Green Criminology Nur Fadhilah Mappaselleng; Zul Khaidir Kadir
Bina Hukum Lingkungan Vol. 10 No. 3 (2026): Bina Hukum Lingkungan, Volume 10, Nomor 3, Juni 2026
Publisher : Asosiasi Pembina Hukum Lingkungan Indonesia (PHLI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24970/bhl.v10i3.483

Abstract

ABSTRAKUndang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup mewajibkan negara menjamin sistem pengelolaan limbah yang melindungi keberlanjutan ekosistem. Namun, kajian yang ada masih lebih banyak berfokus pada implementasi dan penegakan hukum, sehingga belum memadai untuk menjelaskan bagaimana struktur hukum di Indonesia justru menyisakan celah regulasi yang memungkinkan berlangsungnya praktik destruktif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dua bentuk utama celah hukum dalam sistem pengelolaan limbah, yaitu ambiguitas dalam klasifikasi limbah dan fragmentasi kelembagaan dalam pengawasan, serta menganalisisnya melalui pendekatan kriminologi hijau. Metode penelitian menggunakan penelitian normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual dalam perspektif green criminology untuk menjelaskn sejauh mana bahaya ekologi dapat terjadi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa struktur hukum yang longgar dan prosedural tidak mampu menandai batas teknis antara limbah berbahaya dan bahan baku industri, serta gagal menciptakan sistem pengawasan yang terkoordinasi lintas institusi. Dalam kondisi ini, kejahatan lingkungan tidak dilakukan melalui pelanggaran eksplisit, melainkan berlangsung melalui mekanisme legal yang disediakan oleh desain regulasi. Pendekatan green criminology menegaskan bahwa negara bertindak sebagai fasilitator impunitas ekologis melalui hukum yang permisif terhadap tekanan ekonomi. Oleh karena itu, reformulasi struktural terhadap orientasi hukum menjadi prasyarat untuk membatasi kerusakan ekologis yang berlangsung sebagai bentuk kekerasan terstruktur dan dilegitimasi secara hukum.Kata kunci: celah hukum; green criminology; pengelolaan limbah. ABSTRACTLaw Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management obliges the state to ensure a waste management system that protects ecological sustainability. However, existing studies still focus more on implementation and law enforcement, and are therefore not yet sufficient to explain how Indonesia’s legal structure itself leaves regulatory loopholes that allow destructive practices to persist. This study aims to identify two main forms of legal loopholes in the waste management system, namely ambiguity in waste classification and institutional fragmentation in supervision, and to analyse them through a green criminology approach. This research employs a normative legal method with a conceptual approach from the perspective of green criminology to explain the extent to which ecological harm may occur. The findings show that a loose and procedural legal structure is unable to define the technical boundary between hazardous waste and industrial raw materials, while also failing to establish a coordinated system of supervision across institutions. Under these conditions, environmental crime does not occur through explicit violations, but rather through legal mechanisms enabled by regulatory design. From a green criminology perspective, the state acts as a facilitator of ecological impunity through laws that remain permissive toward economic pressures. Therefore, a structural reformulation of legal orientation is required as a prerequisite for limiting ecological harm that persists as a form of structured violence legitimated by law.Keywords: green criminology; regulatory loophole; waste governance.
Co-Authors Ahmad, Abd. Kadir Kadir, Nadiah Khaeriah Mappaselleng, Nur Fadhilah Mochammad, Fadhil Hayan Muhammad Basri Muhni, Afif Normiati, Normiati Nur Fadhilah Mappaselleng Nur Fadhilah Mappaselleng Nur Fadhilah Mappaselleng Zulfikar, Muhammad Reza