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All Journal Ganaya: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora Bina Hukum Lingkungan Jambura Law Review Pusaka : Jurnal Khazanah Keagamaan Media Keadilan: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Widya Pranata Hukum : Jurnal Kajian dan Penelitian Hukum SUPREMASI Jurnal Hukum RIO LAW JURNAL Jurnal Litigasi Amsir Jurnal Hukum dan Etika Kesehatan (JHEK) Jurnal El-Thawalib Bina Hukum Lingkungan Dewantara: Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial Humaniora Jurnal Penelitian Serambi Hukum Priviet Social Sciences Journal Journal of Research and Publication Innovation Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Humaniora (JURRISH) Gudang Jurnal Multidisiplin Ilmu Mutiara : Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Indonesia Eksekusi: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Administrasi Negara Jurnal Sains Student Research JUSTITIABLE - Jurnal Hukum Universitas Bojonegoro Jaksa: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Hukum Dan Politik Mandub: Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum dan Humaniora Jurnal Media Akademik (JMA) JURNAL MULTIDISIPLIN ILMU AKADEMIK Jurnal Riset Ilmiah MERDEKA: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Hukum Inovatif : Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Sosial dan Humaniora Media Hukum Indonesia (MHI) Jurnal Intelek Dan Cendikiawan Nusantara Jembatan Hukum: Kajian Ilmu Hukum, Sosial dan Administrasi Negara Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Ilmu Jurnal Intelek Insan Cendikia Presidensial: Jurnal Hukum, Administrasi Negara, Dan Kebijakan Publik Jurnal Padamu Negeri Referendum Aliansi: Jurnal Hukum, Pendidikan dan Sosial Humaniora Terang: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Hukum Konsensus: Jurnal Ilmu Pertahanan, Hukum dan Ilmu Komunikasi Jurnal Riset Multidisiplin Edukasi International Journal of Law Analytic Jejak digital: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin Green Social: International Journal of Law and Civil Affairs Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora Jurnal El-Thawalib Jurnal Ilmu Hukum SciNusa: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora Jurnal Citra Multidisiplin Jurnal Riset Sosial Humaniora dan Pendidikan ALADALAH: Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum dan Humaniora NETIZEN (JOURNAL OF SOCIETY AND BUSSINESS) Punggawa Law Review Jurnal Hukum dan Sosial Politik Punggawa Global Research
Zul Khaidir Kadir
Fakultas Hukum Universitas Muslim Indonesia
Religion Aerospace Engineering Arts Humanities Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Earth & Planetary Sciences Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Environmental Science Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health Social Sciences Transportation Other

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Psychoanalytic and Crime: Is Freud's Theory Still Applicable in Criminological Research? Zul Khaidir Kadir
Media Keadilan: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Vol 15, No 2 (2024): Oktober
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31764/jmk.v15i2.27081

Abstract

Freud's psychoanalysis emphasizes that human behavior, including criminal behavior, is driven by unconscious conflicts that arise from the dynamics between the three main components of personality, namely the id, ego, and superego. Since its introduction in the early 20th century, the relevance of this theory has begun to be questioned along with the development of modern criminology. One of the main reasons why Freud's psychoanalytic theory began to face challenges is because of the increasingly clear gap between the individualistic approach faced with the need to explain more complex crime phenomena in the modern era. This study uses a data collection method collected using library research, then analyzed using qualitative methods and presented descriptively. The results of the study indicate that Freud's psychoanalytic theory still has relevance in criminology, especially in understanding the deep psychological motivations behind certain criminal behavior. However, to understand the criminal phenomenon as a whole, integration between psychoanalysis and contemporary criminological theories is needed. This approach would make it possible to combine the understanding of individual psychological motivations offered by psychoanalysis with external factors such as social and economic pressures explained by other theories.
Batas Hukum Pembunuhan demi Kehormatan (Honor Killing) dan Religious Vigilantism sebagai Penegakan Moral Privat Zul Khaidir Kadir
Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora Vol. 2 No. 1 (2026): JANUARI-MARET
Publisher : Indo Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63822/h1npc577

Abstract

This article examines how honor killing claims and religious vigilantism operate as forms of private moral enforcement that can distort criminal law’s fact-finding and blame-allocation. Using normative legal research with conceptual and doctrinal approaches, the article builds an operational typology of religious vigilantism along three testable dimensions: (1) enforcement of moral–religious codes, (2) group mobilization and role differentiation, and (3) public spectacle. It then identifies the point of convergence with honor-based homicide in community approval and reputational logic, which jointly function as “social planning” that can be miscast as provocation or mitigation. On this basis, the article proposes doctrinal parameters to prevent moral–communal claims from becoming covert justifications: treating homicide as the baseline qualification, adding a selective hate-crime analogy to capture message/targeting dynamics, and applying collective-violence logic to reach coordinators, instigators, and facilitators. For proof and sentencing, it advances relevance discipline, narrative sanitation, a non-mitigation stance toward community approval, and a public-reason constraint on judicial reasoning so that particular moral doctrines do not undercut equal protection of life. The policy model prioritizes network disruption, incitement, and mobilizing actors under conditions of variable state tolerance and impunity.
When Punishment Becomes Political Currency : The Penological Theater of the Tom Lembong Case Zul Khaidir Kadir; Nur Fadhilah Mappaselleng
Green Social: International Journal of Law and Civil Affairs Vol. 2 No. 3 (2025): September : Green Social: International Journal of Law and Civil Affairs
Publisher : International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70062/greensocial.v2i3.225

Abstract

In its ideal form, punishment is conceived as a rational and proportionate response to moral wrongdoing, grounded in demonstrable harm and clear culpability. Classical penological theories emphasize the principles of retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and incapacitation, all of which presume the presence of intent and injury. However, in the case of Tom Lembong, punishment was imposed absent any proven crime, malicious intent, or measurable harm. Instead, it became a symbolic act, reconfigured as a performance of political theater to assert and preserve a sovereign narrative. This article advances two interrelated aims. First, it analyzes how the penalization of Tom Lembong reflects a wider pattern wherein legal institutions are repurposed to perform sovereignty and construct legitimacy through public spectacle. Second, it critiques the inadequacy of classical penological frameworks when punishment operates without moral fault or corrective intent. Using a qualitative research method and conceptual approach, this study draws upon library-based data sources, critically engaging with theoretical literature on penology, sovereignty, and post-truth politics. Data analysis was conducted descriptively, allowing conceptual mapping between legal practices and political narratives. The findings indicate that the punishment in this case functioned less as an instrument of legal redress than as political choreography. It transformed into symbolic currency designed to enforce narrative conformity and signal power consolidation. In such contexts, punishment serves not as a corrective measure but as a performative mechanism, signaling the dominance of a political order over competing interpretations of truth. This rupture in classical penological logic calls for a post-penological framework—one that accounts for punishment as a tool of narrative enforcement and symbolic governance within post-truth legal orders. Such a framework recognizes the transformation of legal acts into staged political performances, where the appearance of justice supersedes substantive fairness.
Narasi Kehormatan (Siri’) dalam Perkara Pembunuhan terhadap Perempuan di Sulawesi Selatan Zul Khaidir Kadir; Nur Fadhilah Mappaselleng; Nadiah Khaeriah Kadir
JURNAL PENELITIAN SERAMBI HUKUM Vol 19 No 01 (2026): Jurnal Penelitian Serambi Hukum Vol 19 No 01 Tahun 2026
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Batik Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59582/sh.v19i01.1460

Abstract

This article examines how Indonesia’s criminal law system and judicial practice allow narratives of honour (siri’) to enter the adjudication of homicide cases involving women, and assesses the consequences for the protection of the right to life and the position of victims within criminal proceedings. The study employs a normative legal method with doctrinal and jurisprudential approaches. Primary legal materials consist of Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code, particularly Article 458(1) and (2) on homicide and Articles 31–44 on justifying and excusing grounds, analysed alongside a corpus of court decisions from South Sulawesi. The analysis shows that siri’ operates as a causal premise in the construction of facts, primarily through the language of shame and commands to restore family honour, allowing judicial reasoning to shift from the victim’s rights to the reputational interests of the perpetrator’s family. Although the new Criminal Code establishes homicide as an unlawful deprivation of life and provides for aggravated punishment when the victim is a close family member, the discretionary space within sentencing guidelines enables honour-based motives to function as mitigating considerations, despite siri’ falling outside the closed categories of justifications and excuses. At the same time, evidentiary practices centred on chronology, perpetrator communication, and socially legitimised forgiveness narrow the space for victims as rights-bearing subjects, increasing the risk of silencing at the stages of reporting, examination, and sentencing.
Menilai Motif Kehormatan dalam Pemidanaan Perkara Honor Killing: Kerangka Reason-Giving dan Uji Bobot Motif Zul Khaidir Kadir
Gudang Jurnal Multidisiplin Ilmu Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): GJMI - Januari
Publisher : PT. Gudang Pustaka Cendekia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59435/gjmi.v4i1.2021

Abstract

Kriminalisasi honor killing atau pembunuhan demi kehormatan menghadirkan tantangan serius terhadap rasionalitas putusan pidana, khususnya ketika klaim kehormatan diperlakukan sebagai alasan yang meringankan tanpa pemeriksaan yang memadai terhadap hubungannya dengan fakta-fakta yang relevan secara hukum. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan kerangka kerja pemberian alasan yang dapat diaudit untuk menilai posisi motif kehormatan dalam hukuman pidana dan untuk merumuskan kriteria yang membedakan kehormatan sebagai dasar faktual dari kehormatan sebagai faktor pemberat. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat uji pemberian alasan yang memeriksa dasar bukti, relevansi hukum, dan kesesuaian tujuan hukuman, serta uji pembobotan motif yang mengoperasionalkan enam indikator: persetujuan masyarakat, tindakan kolektif, perencanaan, kekejaman, intimidasi saksi atau campur tangan dalam proses peradilan, dan dampak diskriminatif terhadap korban. Hal ini menutup pintu bagi simpati sosial sebagai faktor yang meringankan, sekaligus memberikan dasar normatif untuk memperlakukan kehormatan sebagai faktor pemberat ketika berfungsi sebagai legitimasi kekerasan pribadi dan mekanisme kontrol sosial. Dengan demikian, artikel ini berkontribusi untuk memperkuat disiplin dalam menentukan dasar-dasar hukuman dan konsistensi dalam penerapan pedoman hukuman pada kasus pembunuhan demi kehormatan.
From Delusion to Lethal Action: A Criminological Analysis of AI Chatbots and the Conversational Production of Homicidal Intent Zul Khaidir Kadir
Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora Vol. 2 No. 3 (2026): JULI-SEPTEMBER
Publisher : Indo Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.63822/a25za715

Abstract

Research on AI chatbots has largely focused on mental-health risks, model safety, and platform liability, leaving criminology with an incomplete account of how delusional beliefs may acquire a specific victim and develop into homicidal intent through conversation. This study examines how human–AI interaction may contribute to such intent without displacing human agency or treating chatbot output as a singular cause of lethal action. A qualitative literature study applied thematic analysis to peer-reviewed research, public legal documents, institutional materials, and corporate safety reports available through 2026. The findings suggest that sycophantic responses and prolonged interaction may erode corrective friction and produce epistemic enclosure. Delusion and violent language alone, however, do not establish homicidal intent. Criminological relevance increases when diffuse fear is directed toward an identifiable person, the target is repeatedly framed as dangerous, and violence begins to appear defensible. The article proposes the Conversational Escalation of Lethal Intent (CELI) model, tracing movement from belief reinforcement to target formation and possible preparation. Mens rea remains with the human actor, while conversational logs may illuminate contributions to threat interpretation and behavioral direction. Proportionate responses include safety interruption, evidentiary preservation after serious incidents, and independent auditing rather than automatic reporting.
Preventing Murder Without Expanding Punishment: Rethinking Homicide Policy Beyond Deterrence Zul Khaidir Kadir
Punggawa Law Review Vol. 1 No. 3 (2026): Punggawa Law Review
Publisher : Punggawa Legacy Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.67707/plr.v1i3.40

Abstract

This article examines how murder can be prevented without making penal expansion the dominant reflex of criminal policy. The analysis starts from a basic tension in homicide law. Criminal punishment is necessary to condemn intentional unlawful killing, although punishment usually becomes most forceful only after prevention has failed. Using comparative criminal policy analysis, the article compares Japan, Germany, Scotland and England, and the United States to identify how states interrupt lethal violence before murder is completed. The analysis shows that deterrence based on sentence severity has limited preventive value when homicide emerges through coercive control, immediate retaliation, or easy access to lethal means. Japan illustrates the preventive force of strict weapon regulation. Germany highlights the need for legally disciplined early intervention. Scotland and England show how public health and multi-agency strategies can reach serious violence before trial becomes relevant. The United States exposes the weakness of severe punishment where firearm availability remains high and legal trust is uneven. The article advances the concept of homicide prevention architecture, a layered model that links risk intelligence, lethal-means restriction, victim-centred protection, community violence intervention, and accountable criminal law while preserving legality, proportionality, and culpability. This approach simultaneously resists punitive reflex and preventive overreach.
Neurocriminology and the Next Generation of Criminological Theory: Integration, Limits, and Ethical Risks Zul Khaidir Kadir
Punggawa Global Research: Jurnal Multidisiplin Vol. 1 No. 1 (2026): Punggawa Global Research
Publisher : Punggawa Legacy Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Neurocriminology has increasingly been presented as a route toward “next generation” criminological theory, yet its integration has often been accompanied by conceptual overreach, weak causal inference, and ethically risky policy translation. This article examined how neuro-level evidence could be incorporated into criminological explanation without reducing crime to biology or converting correlational findings into institutional certainty. A theory-oriented qualitative synthesis was used to map integration pathways with core criminological traditions, to clarify the epistemic limits of brain–behavior inference, and to identify the principal ethical risks arising in criminal justice settings. The analysis found that neurocriminology strengthened theory when it specified mechanisms linking exposure to action, clarified heterogeneity in susceptibility and desistance, and refined broad constructs such as self-control, strain, and social learning. The analysis also found that reverse inference, ecological validity constraints, confounding, and base-rate problems sharply limited individual-level prediction and courtroom interpretation. Ethical risks were concentrated in biological branding, bias amplification, privacy erosion, and the expansion of coercive governance under the banner of scientific objectivity. A disciplined, multi-level integration was therefore identified as the most defensible pathway for theory development and policy use.
Beyond Firearms: Mapping Global Patterns of Non-Firearm Homicide in Comparative Criminological Perspective Zul Khaidir Kadir
Punggawa Global Research: Jurnal Multidisiplin Vol. 1 No. 2 (2026): Punggawa Global Research
Publisher : Punggawa Legacy Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

This article examines global patterns of non-firearm homicide from a comparative criminological perspective. While homicide research is often dominated by firearm-centered debates, especially in regions where gun violence drives national homicide rates, lethal violence across the world is not reducible to firearms. Non-firearm homicide includes killings committed with sharp objects, blunt objects, strangulation, suffocation, bodily force, poisoning, burning, and other mechanisms that reflect different social settings, institutional conditions, and interpersonal dynamics. Using a descriptive comparative criminological design, this article maps the spatial and modal pattern of non-firearm homicide across major world regions by drawing on global homicide mechanism data and recent criminological and forensic literature. The article argues that non-firearm homicide is not a residual category after firearm homicide is removed, but represents a distinct field of lethal violence that is often linked to domestic settings, interpersonal disputes, sharp-force access, local conflict, weak guardianship, and situational escalation. The analysis shows that firearm dominance in the Americas does not represent the global structure of homicide. In Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa, non-firearm mechanisms remain central to the study of lethal violence. This article contributes to global homicide studies by developing a mapping framework that distinguishes regional homicide burden, weapon modality, situational ecology, and data limitations. It concludes that non-firearm homicide deserves systematic attention in comparative criminology because it reveals forms of lethal violence that are obscured by gun-centered criminological analysis.
Who Becomes a Killer? Explaining Why Most High-Risk Individuals Never Commit Homicide Zul Khaidir Kadir
Punggawa Global Research: Jurnal Multidisiplin Vol. 1 No. 3 (2026): Punggawa Global Research
Publisher : Punggawa Legacy Center

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.67707/pgr.v1i3.98

Abstract

Homicide research is much better at identifying people associated with serious violence than at explaining why only a small minority of high-risk individuals ever kill. The gap is obscured when homicide is treated as the extreme end of a single violence continuum. This article separates violence risk from lethality risk. The first concerns whether serious violence is likely to occur, whereas the second concerns whether a violent episode produces death. An integrative conceptual review of peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2020 and 2026, supplemented by foundational work on situated violence and weapon lethality, is used to develop a Homicidal Threshold Model. The threshold is not a numerical score or a stable property of an offender. It refers to an event condition in which serious violence becomes capable of producing death because the immediate motive and setting make lethal action feasible while effective restraints are absent, weakened, or bypassed. This formulation gives near-lethal incidents a central role. A victim may survive because an attack is interrupted, a weapon fails, an injury is less severe, or trauma care is reached quickly, even when the preceding configuration closely resembles a completed homicide. HTM is therefore limited to lethal differentiation where serious violence is already plausible and death is not predetermined. Its main implication is methodological. Completed homicide should be compared with attempted homicide, near-lethal injury, and closely matched serious non-lethal violence if the field wants to explain the boundary between violence and death rather than repeatedly rediscover broad correlates of dangerousness.
Co-Authors Ahmad, Abd. Kadir Kadir, Nadiah Khaeriah Mappaselleng, Nur Fadhilah Muhammad Basri Muhni, Afif Nadiah Khaeriah Kadir Normiati, Normiati Nur Fadhilah Mappaselleng Nur Fadhilah Mappaselleng Nur Fadhilah Mappaselleng