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Pain symptoms and delays healthcare decision-making in acute myocardial infarction Ainan, Shafa; Lukitasari, Mifetika; Sari, Efris Kartika; Ahsan, Ahsan; Rohman, Mohammad Saifur; Satrijo, Budi
Heart Science Journal Vol. 7 No. 1 (2026): Accelerating Clinical Breakthroughs: The Journey from Molecular Discovery to Pa
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.hsj.2026.007.01.16

Abstract

Background: Rapid initiation of reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is vital for a favourable prognosis and is significantly affected by the duration from symptom onset to hospital arrival. Previous studies have indicated that cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN), prevalent in diabetic patients, may impair pain perception, potentially delaying healthcare-seeking behaviour Objective: This study aimed to compare chest pain characteristics and healthcare-seeking delays between patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and without DM (non-DM) myocardial infarction. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 93 subjects (35 DM and 58 non-DM) diagnosed with either ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI, n=78) or non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI, n=15). Data on symptoms, including pain quality and healthcare-seeking timing within 72 hours of admission, were gathered via a standardized questionnaire. Result: Logistic regression analysis highlighted stabbing pain as a strong predictor (OR = 3.296, p-Value = 0.038), indicating that patients with this symptom are more than three times more likely to delay seeking care. Patients with DM are more frequently reported back-radiating stabbing pain (p<0.05). No significant differences between the groups were observed in pain symptomatology and decision-making delay, although DM patients were more likely to delay seeking care for over two hours. Conclusion: While pain characteristics showed no significant differences between DM and non-DM myocardial infarction patients, DM patients were prone to later healthcare engagement. This delay could be attributed to the misinterpretation of cardiac symptoms as diabetic complications, underscoring the need for targeted patient education. Therefore, strengthened patient education and routine screening for cardiovascular symptoms in individuals with diabetes are essential to support early detection and timely management.
When bones meet blood vessels: BMP-2 expression and vascular calcification in a rat model of metabolic syndrome Sihotang, Fransiska Anggreni; Rohman, Muhammad Saifur; Satrijo, Budi; Sargowo, Djanggan; Rizal, Ardian
Heart Science Journal Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): The Evolving Landscape of Heart Failure
Publisher : Universitas Brawijaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.hsj.2026.007.02.14

Abstract

Background: Vascular calcification (VC) is a significant contributor to cardiovascular morbidity, particularly in conditions like metabolic syndrome (MetS). Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) is implicated in the osteogenic differentiation of vascular cells, potentially linking MetS to VC. Objective: This study aimed to investigate aortic BMP-2 expression and the presence of VC in a rat model of MetS and assess the effects of Metformin, Empagliflozin, and a green tea/green coffee extract combination. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were induced with MetS using a high-fat, high-sucrose diet combined with a low-dose streptozotocin injection (30 mg/kgBW). Rats were divided into five groups (n=5): Normal control (NORM), MetS (METS), MetS + Metformin (MFN, 500 mg/kgBW), MetS + Empagliflozin (EMP, 30 mg/kgBW), and MetS + GTCE (300 mg/kgBW green tea + 200 mg/kgBW green coffee). Treatments were administered daily via oral gavage for 9 weeks. Result: Aortic tissue was collected for histological analysis and qRT-PCR to measure relative BMP-2 mRNA expression. Histological analysis revealed calcification in the aortic wall of the METS group rats. Compared to the NORM group, BMP-2 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in the METS group (p<0.001). Treatment with MFN, EMP, and GTCE significantly downregulated BMP-2 mRNA expression compared to the METS group (p<0.001 for all). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that MetS induction in this rat model might promotes aortic calcification and significantly increases BMP-2 mRNA expression. Pharmacological interventions with Metformin, Empagliflozin, and green tea/coffee extract attenuated the MetS-induced upregulation of BMP-2 expression. These findings suggest a potential role for BMP-2 in MetS-associated vascular changes.