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ABSTRACT The cake of jatropha seed as by product generated from in situ transesterification process contains high protein (34,68%) and it is not yet optimally benefited. In this research, the cake of jatropha seed was benefited to produce binderless particle board. The purpose of this research is to produce the particle board from the cake of jatropha seed generated by in situ transesterification process with protein as natural binder. The particle board production was carried out under the fol Sri Lestari dan Ika Amalia Kartika
E-jurnal Agro-Industri Indonesia Vol. 1 No. 1 (2012): E-Jurnal Agroindusri Indonesia
Publisher : E-jurnal Agro-Industri Indonesia

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ABSTRACT The cake of jatropha seed as by product generated from in situ transesterification process contains high protein (34,68%) and it is not yet optimally benefited. In this research, the cake of jatropha seed was benefited to produce binderless particle board. The purpose of this research is to produce the particle board from the cake of jatropha seed generated by in situ transesterification process with protein as natural binder. The particle board production was carried out under the following process condition : jatropha seed cake moisture content (10- 20%), pressing temperature (140-180oC) and pressing duration (8-12 min). The phisycal and mechanical properties of particle board were tested according to JIS A 5908:2003. Jatropha seed cake moisture content, pressing temperature and pressing duration affected the phisycal and mechanical properties of particle board. The density and moisture content of particle board were respectively 0,79-0,91 g/cm3 and 7,07-10,06%. The swelling in water and water absorpsion after 24 hour water soaking were respectively 14,88-30,60% and 51,67-82,93%, and they were not accordance with JIS A 5908:2003. Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) of particle board were not also accordance with JIS A 5908:2003. Their value respectively were 20,04-65,99 kgf/cm2 and 2340,90-5150,25 kgf/cm2. Generally, the phisycal and mechanical properties of particle board were not accordance with JIS A 5908:2003 except for density and moisture content. Keywords : cake of jatropha seed, particle board, in situ transesterification

OPTIMASI PRODUKSI BIODIESEL DARI BIJI JARAK PAGAR MELALUI TRANSESTERIFIKASI IN SITU MENGGUNAKAN METODE RESPON PERMUKAAN Ika Amalia Kartika dan Yuyun Pujiastuti (E-Jurnal Agro-Industri Indonesia)
E-jurnal Agro-Industri Indonesia Vol. 1 No. 2 (2012): E-Jurnal Agroindustri Indonesia
Publisher : E-jurnal Agro-Industri Indonesia

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ABSTRACT Energy consumption increases when human activity increases. Today, the energy supply is mainly focused on fossil fuel which its availability is limited and the price increases continuelly. There is thus a need to develop the alternative energy such as biodiesel. The objective of this study is to determine the optimum process conditions to produce biodiesel from jatropha seeds by in situ transesterification using respon surface method (RSM). The variable of process conditions used was reaction time (A) (45, 50 and 55oC) and hexane to total solvent ratio (B) (1/6, 2/6 and 3/6), while the respon (y) observed included biodiesel yield, acid value, saponification value, viscosity and ash content. Reaction time, stirring speed and KOH concentration were respectively fixed at 3 h, 500 rpm and 0,075 mpl/L methanol. Regression analysis showed that first order polynomial equation, y = 74,98 + 1,20 A – 2,71 B (R2 = 89,87%) was significant to optimize the influence of reaction temperature and hexane to solvent ratio on biodiesel yield. The influence of hexane to solvent ratio on biodiesel yield was more significant then that reaction temperature. Biodiesel yield increased as hexane to solvent ratio decreased. The influence of variable A and B on biodiesel quality, especially saponification value and viscosity, was significant. Highest biodiesel yield (78,60%) was obtained under process conditions of 55oC reaction temperature and 1/6 hexane to solvent ratio. Biodiesel quality under such process conditions was acid value of 0,66 mg KOH/g, saponification value of 195 mg KOH/g, ash content of 0,0% and viscosity of 3,70 cSt. Keyword: biodiesel, transesterification in situ, jatropha, response surface method

ABSTRACT The increasing of human demand about diesel fuel that was not balanced with the appropriate of petroleum production caused global crisis of energy. Under these conditions, biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel to replace petroleum-based diesel. Jatropha curcas L. can be used as an alternative energy resource because it contains 30-40% oils. Jatropha curcas L. is a plant that can be easily growned in Indonesia, so it is prospective as raw material for biodiesel. The purpose of this Fitriyana Ayu Aprilyanti dan Ika Amalia Kartika (E-Jurnal Agro-Industri Indonesia)
E-jurnal Agro-Industri Indonesia Vol. 1 No. 2 (2012): E-Jurnal Agroindustri Indonesia
Publisher : E-jurnal Agro-Industri Indonesia

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ABSTRACT The increasing of human demand about diesel fuel that was not balanced with the appropriate of petroleum production caused global crisis of energy. Under these conditions, biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel to replace petroleum-based diesel. Jatropha curcas L. can be used as an alternative energy resource because it contains 30-40% oils. Jatropha curcas L. is a plant that can be easily growned in Indonesia, so it is prospective as raw material for biodiesel. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of reaction time and hexane to total solvent ratio on biodiesel yield and quality produced by in situ transesterification of jatropha seeds. The used raw material was grounded jatropha seeds with moisture content of < 2% and ± 20 mesh size. The operating conditions of hexane to total solvent ratio and reaction time were varied at 1/6, 2/6, 3/6 and 3, 4, 5 h, respectively. KOH concentration, reaction temperature and stirring speed were fixed at 0.075 mol/L methanol, 55oC and 300 rpm. The analysis of biodiesel quality included acid value, viscosity, ash content and saponification value. The results were analyzed with Response Surface Method (RSM). The produced biodiesel yield was 71%-81%. The highest yield (80.67%) and the best quality of biodiesel were obtained under operation condition of the 5 h reaction time and 1/6 hexane to total solvent ratio (acid value of 0.31 mg KOH/g, saponification value of 193.97 mg KOH/g, viscosity of 3.45 cSt, and ash content of 0%). Respon surface analysis of hexane to total solvent ratio and reaction time variables to respon of biodiesel yield resulted first order equation, Y = 63.00– 4.14(A) + 3.81(B), with R2= 95.56%. The variable of reaction time (B) had significant influence on biodiesel yield. Respon surface analysis of operating condition variables to respon of biodiesel quality showed the variable of hexane to solvent ratio (A) and reaction time (B) had significant influence on acid value and viscosity, especially. Keywords: biodiesel, jatropha, in situ transesterification, reaction time, solvent ratio

PEMBUATAN PAPAN PARTIKEL DARI BUNGKIL JARAK KEPYAR (Ricinus communis L.) DENGAN PERLAKUAN PENDAHULUAN STEAM EXPLOSION Ika Amalia Kartika dan Herdiarti Desti (E-Jurnal Agro-Industri Indonesia)
E-jurnal Agro-Industri Indonesia Vol. 4 No. 1 (2015): E-Jurnal Agroindustri Indonesia
Publisher : E-jurnal Agro-Industri Indonesia

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ABSTRACT Binderless particleboard production from castor cake meal is developed to overcome the limitation of wood in construction industry and to solve the environmental problem because of emission from urea formaldehide (UF) and phenol formaldehide (PF). The steam explosion method can be used to denaturate the protein of castor cake meal which can increase the mechanical properties of particleboard. Particleboard production was carried out by hot pressing at different temperatures and pressures. This research aimed to determine the effect of pressing temperature and pressure on the physical and mechanical properties of the particleboard, and to obtain the optimum pressing temperature and pressure on particleboard production from castor cake meal. The physical and mechanical properties of particleboards were tested according to JIS A 5908:2003. Generaly, the density and the moisture content of particleboard met JIS A 5908:2003. Statistical analysis showed that pressing temperature affected moisture content, water absorption and MOE whereas pressing pressure affected moisture content and water absorption. The regression analysis showed that the optimum pressing temperature and pressure to produce the particleboard from castor cake meal were respectively 160oC and 160 kgf/cm2 with density of 0.85 g/cm3, moisture content of 5.05%, water absorption of 124.54%, thickness swelling of 20%, MOE 256.65 kgf/cm2 and MOR 4.73 kgf/cm2. Keywords: Castor cake meal, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, particleboard, steam explosion

PEMBUATAN BINDERLESS PAPAN PARTIKEL DARI BUNGKIL JARAK KEPYAR (Ricinus communis L.) Ika Amalia Kartika, Iddea Qodriaza Kautsar, Farah Fahma (E-Jurnal Agro-Industri Indonesia)
E-jurnal Agro-Industri Indonesia Vol. 4 No. 1 (2015): E-Jurnal Agroindustri Indonesia
Publisher : E-jurnal Agro-Industri Indonesia

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ABSTRACT Castor cake meal is by-product generated from castor oil industry which contains high protein (38.58%). This research used castor cake meal as raw material for binderless particleboard production. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of pressing temperature and pressure on physical and mechanical properties of particleboard, and to obtain the optimum pressing temperature and pressure for particleboard production. The experimental design used Central Composite Design with variables of temperature (160-180°C) and pressure (160-200 kgf/cm2). Data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA (α = 0.05) and Response Surface Method. The physical and mechanical properties of particleboard were tested based on JIS A 5908:2003. Generally the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard were not accordance to JIS A 5908:2003 except for moisture content. Pressing temperature and pressure affected the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. The optimum temperature and pressure to produce the particleboard from castor cake meal were respectively 160°C and 200 kgf/cm2 with density of 0.94 g/cm3, moisture content of 5.85%, water absorption for 2 h of 42.9%, water absorption for 24 h of 80.4%, thickness swelling for 2 h of 27.8%, thickness swelling for 24 h of 36.2%, MOE of 2726.9 kgf/cm2 and MOR of 14.9 kgf/cm2. Keywords: Binderless particleboard, castor cake meal MOE, MOR

Transesterifikasi In Situ Biji Jarak: Pengaruh Kadar Air dan Ukuran Partikel Bahan terhadap Rendemen dan Kualitas Biodiesel Ika Amalia Kartika; Sri Yuliani; Danu Ariono; Sugiarto Sugiarto
agriTECH Vol 31, No 3 (2011)
Publisher : Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The objective of this study was to investigate in situ transesterification process allowing to realize directly biodiesel production from jatropha seeds. The influence of moisture content (0.5, 2, 3 and 4 %) and particle size (10, 20 and 35 mesh) of jatropha seeds was examined to determine the best performance of the biodiesel production yield and its quality. Generally, the moisture content and particle size of jatropha seeds affected biodiesel production yield. An increase of biodiesel production yield was observed as moisture content and particle size of jatropha seeds were decreased. Highest biodiesel production yield (71 %) was obtained under seed moisture content of 0.5 % and particle size of 35 mesh. Effect of the moisture content and particle size of jatropha seeds on biodiesel quality was less important. In all experiments tested, the biodiesel quality was very good. The acid value was below 0.3 mg KOH/g of biodiesel, water and sediment content was very poor (< 0.05 %), viscosity was low (< 3.5 cSt), soap and ester values were high (> 210 mg KOH/g of biodiesel). In addition, quality of biodiesel produced under optimum process condition was in accord with Indonesian Biodiesel Standard.ABSTRAKKegiatan penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari proses produksi biodiesel secara langsung dari biji jarak melalui proses transesterifikasi in situ. Parameter kondisi proses yang dipelajari adalah pengaruh kadar air (0,5, 2, 3 dan 4 %) dan ukuran partikel bahan (10, 20 dan 35 mesh) terhadap rendemen biodiesel dan kualitasnya. Kadar air dan ukuranpartikel bahan berpengaruh nyata terhadap rendemen biodiesel. Semakin kecil kadar air dan ukuran partikel bahan, rendemen biodiesel dan efektifitas proses transesterifikasi in situ biji jarak semakin meningkat. Rendemen biodiesel tertinggi (71 %) dihasilkan dari perlakuan kadar air dan ukuran partikel bahan 0,5 % dan 35 mesh. Biodiesel yangdihasilkan dari proses transesterifikasi in situ biji jarak mempunyai bilangan asam, viskositas, air dan sedimen yang relatif rendah, yaitu 0,27 mg KOH/g biodiesel, < 3,5 cSt dan < 0,05 %, serta memenuhi Standar Biodiesel Indonesia. Pengaruh kadar air dan ukuran partikel bahan terhadap air dan sedimen, bilangan asam dan viskositas biodiesel tidaksignifikan untuk seluruh perlakuan yang diuji pada penelitian ini. Biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari proses transesterifikasi in situ biji jarak juga mempunyai bilangan penyabunan dan ester yang cukup tinggi, yaitu > 210 mg KOH/g biodiesel. Ukuran partikel bahan tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap bilangan penyabunan dan ester biodiesel, sedangkan kadar airbahan menunjukkan pengaruh yang nyata.

Eco-friendly Alkyd Resins Based on Vegetable Oil: Review Okta Amelia; Illah Sailah; Ika Amalia Kartika; Ono Suparno; Yazid Bindar
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 15, No 1 (2021)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.64143

The alkyd resin industry currently needs environmentally friendly raw materials, which emphasized the aspect of sustainability. Alkyd resin is a polymer product with oil as raw material which is widely used in the paint, coating, and other industries. The abundant demand for alkyd resin has led to a diversification of the raw material for alkyd resin from vegetable oils. The advantages of vegetable oil include being a renewable energy source for industry, sustainability, biodegradability, and being environmentally friendly as important considerations for the industry in recent times. This paper examines alkyd resins derived from several vegetable oils that are environmentally friendly. Alkyd resin is prepared by alcoholysis and esterification. Based on several studies of alkyd resins, there have been many modifications to the raw materials, technology, and catalysts used which can refer to an environmentally friendly and affordable industry.Keywords: alkyd resin; biodegradability; environmentally friendly; sustainability; vegetable oilA B S T R A KIndustri polimer pada masa ini membutuhkan bahan baku yang ramah lingkungan, yang menekankan pada keberlanjutan. Alkid resin adalah salah satu produk berbasis minyak yang banyak digunakan dalam industri cat, coating, dan industri lainnya. Keberlanjutan, biodegradabilitas, dan keramahan terhadap lingkungan menjadi pertimbangan signifikan bagi industri berbasis minyak nabati dalam beberapa waktu terakhir. Di dalam naskah ini, diulas beberapa minyak nabati yang digunakan untuk memproduksi alkid resin dengan cara alkoholisis dan esterifikasi. Berdasarkan berbagai studi yang telah dilakukan, masih terdapat modifikasi dari sisi material, teknologi dan katalis agar tercipta industri yang ramah lingkungan.Kata kunci: alkid resin; biodegradabilitas; keberlanjutan; minyak nabati; ramah lingkungan

Pemisahan Gum Dari Minyak Jarak Dengan Membran Mikrofiltrasi Sri Yuliani; Ika Amalia Kartika; Niken Harimurti; Djajeng Sumangat
Jurnal Penelitian Pascapanen Pertanian Vol 5, No 1 (2008): Jurnal Penelitian Pascapanen Pertanian
Publisher : Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pascapanen Pertanian

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/jpasca.v5n1.2008.1-9

Pemisahan gum (degumming) merupakan salah satu tahap pemurnian minyak nabati yang menentukan mutu produk dan efisiensi proses lanjutan. Dalam penggunaan langsung sebagai bahan bakar, adanya gum dalam minyak dapat menyebabkan penyumbatan aliran minyak melalui saluran atau sumbu dalam kompor. Gum dalam minyak juga dapat mengganggu jalannya proses esterifikasi/transesterifikasi untuk produksi biodiesel. Aplikasi teknologi membran untuk memisahkan gum merupakan alternatif teknik pemisahan gum yang dianggap ramah lingkungan dan hemat energi. Untuk mendapatkan efisiensi pemisahan gum yang tinggi, diperlukan kajian kondisi operasi membran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh kondisi operasi membran (lama filtrasi dan lama backflush) pada fluks dan rejeksi gum (fosfolipid). Lama filtrasi dan lama backflush yang dikaji masing-masing terdiri atas tiga taraf (berturut-turut 2, 4 dan 6 menit, dan 2, 4 dan 6 detik). Membran yang digunakan berupa membran polipropilen dengan ukuran pori 0,01 µm yang dilengkapi dengan pompa diafragma dan dioperasikan pada tekanan 1 bar. Lama filtrasi dan lama backflush berpengaruh pada fluks dan pengurangan fospolipid. Kombinasi perlakuan lama filtrasi 4 menit dan lama backflush 2 detik memberikan pemisahan fosfolipid tertinggi (25,47%), sedangkan fluks tertinggi (8,42 l/m2) diperoleh dari kombinasi perlakuan lama filtrasi 2 menit dan lama backflush 6 detik. Filtrasi membran juga dapat memisahkan fosfolipid non-hydratable yang ditunjukkan dengan menurunnya kadar mineral (kalsium, magnesium dan besi) di dalam minyak jarak.Separation of Gum From Jatropha Oil by Using MicrofiltrasiDegumming is an oil-refining step determining 'product quality and further processing efficiency. In direct use of oil for stove fuel, the presence of gum can block the oil channel or wick. Gum can also lower the efficiency of esterification/transesterification process in biodiesel production. The use of membrane filtration is an environmentally friendly and low energy approach for separating gum. Study on membrane process condition is required to obtain high separation efficiency. This reseach was aimed at investigating the influence of membrane operation conditions (length of filtration and backflushing time) on the oil fluxes and rejections of gum (phospholipid). The experiment was conducted in factorial completely randomised design with two factors (length of filtration and backflushing time) and three levels (2, 4 and 6 minutes, and 2, 4 dan 6 seconds, respectively). A polypropylene membrane (average por; size of 0.01/m) equipped with diaphragm pump was operated at 1 bar for the whole experiments. Length of filtration and backflushing time influenced oil fluxes and rejection of phospholipids. Length of filtration time of 4 minutes and length of backflushing time of 2 seconds gave the highest phospholipid separation (25.47%). The highest flux (8.42 1/m2h) was observed at length of filtration time of 2 minutes and length of backflushing time of 6 seconds. Membrane filtration also separated non-hydratable phospholipids indicated by the decrease in mineral contents (calcium, magnesium, iron) in jatropha oils.

In situ trans-esterification of oil-containing Jatropha curcas seeds to produce biodiesel fuel I Amalia Kartika; M Yani; D Ariono; Ph Evon; L Rigal
Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia Vol 11, No 1 (2012)
Publisher : ASOSIASI PENDIDIKAN TINGGI TEKNIK KIMIA INDONESIA (APTEKIM)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/jtki.2012.11.1.6

The objective of this study was to investigate in situ trans-esterification allowing direct production biodiesel from jatropha seed. The influences of amount of KOH catalyst, methanol to seed ratio, amount of n-hexane to methanol and seed ratio, stirring speed, temperature and reaction time were examined to define the best performance of biodiesel yield and quality. Generally, methanol to seed ratio, amount of KOH and n-hexane to methanol and seed ratio affected biodiesel yield. An increase of biodiesel yield was observed as methanol to seed ratio, amount of KOH and n-hexane to methanol and seed ratio were increased. Stirring speed, temperature and reaction time did not affected biodiesel yield. Highest biodiesel yield (89%) was obtained under 6:1 methanol to seed ratio, 0.075 mole/L KOH in methanol, 3:3:1 n-hexane to methanol and seed ratio, 600 rpm stirring speed, 40 °C temperature and 6 h reaction time. The effect of process parameters on biodiesel quality was less important. In all experiments tested, the biodiesel quality was very good (acid value < 0.3 mg of KOH/g, viscosity < 5.5 cSt, saponification value > 183 mg of KOH/g). The quality of biodiesel produced under optimum reaction condition was in accordance with the Indonesian Biodiesel Standard. Keywords: biodiesel, in situ, jatropha seed, transesterificationAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk memproduksi biodiesel secara langsung dari biji jarak pagar melalui proses transesterifikasi in situ. Parameter proses yang dipelajari adalah pengaruh konsentrasi katalis KOH, rasio metanol terhadap bahan, rasio n-heksan terhadap metanol dan bahan, kecepatan pengadukan, suhu dan waktu reaksi terhadap rendemen biodiesel dan kualitasnya. Rasio metanol terhadap bahan, konsentrasi KOH dan rasio n-heksan terhadap metanol dan bahan berpengaruh nyata terhadap rendemen biodiesel. Semakin tinggi rasio metanol terhadap bahan, konsentrasi KOH dan rasio n-heksan terhadap metanol dan bahan, rendemen biodiesel semakin meningkat. Kecepatan pengadukan, suhu dan waktu reaksi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap rendemen biodiesel. Rendemen biodiesel tertinggi (89%) diperoleh dari perlakuan rasio metanol terhadap bahan 6:1, 0.075 mol/L KOH dalam metanol, rasio n-heksan terhadap metanol dan bahan 3:3:1, kecepatan pengadukan 600 rpm, suhu 40 °C dan waktu reaksi 6 jam. Kualitas biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari proses transesterifikasi in situ biji jarak pagar pada seluruh perlakuan yang diuji sangat baik (bilangan asam < 0.3 mg KOH/g, viskositas < 5.5 cSt, bilangan penyabunan > 183 mg KOH/g), dan tidak dipengaruhi oleh parameter-parameter proses. Kualitas biodiesel yang dihasilkan dari kondisi proses optimum memenuhi Standar Biodiesel Indonesia.Kata kunci: biodiesel, in situ, biji jarak, transesterifikasi

Eco-friendly Alkyd Resins Based on Vegetable Oil: Review Okta Amelia; Illah Sailah; Ika Amalia Kartika; Ono Suparno; Yazid Bindar
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 15, No 1 (2021)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.64143

The alkyd resin industry currently needs environmentally friendly raw materials, which emphasized the aspect of sustainability. Alkyd resin is a polymer product with oil as raw material which is widely used in the paint, coating, and other industries. The abundant demand for alkyd resin has led to a diversification of the raw material for alkyd resin from vegetable oils. The advantages of vegetable oil include being a renewable energy source for industry, sustainability, biodegradability, and being environmentally friendly as important considerations for the industry in recent times. This paper examines alkyd resins derived from several vegetable oils that are environmentally friendly. Alkyd resin is prepared by alcoholysis and esterification. Based on several studies of alkyd resins, there have been many modifications to the raw materials, technology, and catalysts used which can refer to an environmentally friendly and affordable industry.Keywords: alkyd resin; biodegradability; environmentally friendly; sustainability; vegetable oilA B S T R A KIndustri polimer pada masa ini membutuhkan bahan baku yang ramah lingkungan, yang menekankan pada keberlanjutan. Alkid resin adalah salah satu produk berbasis minyak yang banyak digunakan dalam industri cat, coating, dan industri lainnya. Keberlanjutan, biodegradabilitas, dan keramahan terhadap lingkungan menjadi pertimbangan signifikan bagi industri berbasis minyak nabati dalam beberapa waktu terakhir. Di dalam naskah ini, diulas beberapa minyak nabati yang digunakan untuk memproduksi alkid resin dengan cara alkoholisis dan esterifikasi. Berdasarkan berbagai studi yang telah dilakukan, masih terdapat modifikasi dari sisi material, teknologi dan katalis agar tercipta industri yang ramah lingkungan.Kata kunci: alkid resin; biodegradabilitas; keberlanjutan; minyak nabati; ramah lingkungan

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