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Estimating Worst-Case Carbon Monoxide Exposure Uncertainty Using Deterministic and Monte Carlo Methods Southward from UPN Seturan Intersection, Yogyakarta Yusuf, Yusmardhany; Dwi Amalia; Alfiana Adhitasari; Kadek Chelsy Zahra; Anggita Nur Widyastuti
Jurnal Serambi Engineering Vol. 11 No. 2 (2026): April 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Serambi Mekkah

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Abstract

Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a critical urban pollutant with severe health implications, primarily driven by vehicular emissions in high-density traffic zones. This study investigates the spatial dispersion of CO along the main road located towards the south of the Universitas Pembangunan Nasional (UPN) Seturan Depok intersection, extending 150 meters to the south (Jalan Seturan Raya) in Condongcatur Sleman Yogyakarta, aligning with specific sampling positions located directly amidst the traffic stream to capture immediate exposure levels. This research addresses the limitations of deterministic approaches based on the advection-diffusion equation, which often fail to fully account for the random fluctuations of atmospheric turbulence inherent in complex urban environments. To address this, the study integrates direct field measurements with a probabilistic algorithm that treats the diffusivity coefficient as a random variable governed by the Peclet number. The results demonstrate that the Monte Carlo simulation achieves a predictive accuracy (R2 = 0.9393) which, while slightly lower than the analytical model (R2 = 0.9522), remains highly robust as it successfully accounts for the chaotic, random nature of real world atmospheric turbulence. Furthermore, the simulation identifies a critical high-risk zone within 40 meters of the source where concentrations consistently exceed 35 mg/m³ due to diffusion-dominated transport.
Anodizing Characteristics of AA1100 in 20% Sulfuric–Phosphoric Acid Electrolytes under Aerated and Non-Aerated Conditions at Various Times Tri Hariyadi; Tita Rosita; Aniqa Arjumand Bano Harvani; Silvia Fatimatur Rahmawati; Tifa Paramitha; Adhitasari, Alfiana; Sihombing, Rony
Journal of Green Science and Technology Vol 10 No 1 (2026): Journal of Green Science and Technology Vol. 10 No.1 March 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33603/jgst.v10i1.11796

Abstract

Aluminum alloy AA1100 exhibits good corrosion resistance but suffers from low surface hardness and wear resistance, which can be improved through anodizing. However, limited studies have examined the combined influence of sulfuric–phosphoric acid electrolyte composition and aeration. This study investigates the effect of sulfuric–phosphoric acid electrolyte composition and aeration on oxide layer mass, thickness, and hardness during anodizing. Anodization was conducted using a total electrolyte concentration of 20% with varying sulfuric acid (15–20%) and phosphoric acid (5–0%) ratios at a current density of 3 A/dm², operating times of 15 and 30 minutes, and room temperature under aerated and non-aerated conditions. The results show that aeration significantly increased oxide layer formation, yielding an average oxide mass of 0.0173 g compared to 0.0106 g in non-aerated systems. The maximum oxide mass (0.0375 g) was obtained at 20% sulfuric acid with aeration for 30 minutes. The highest oxide layer thickness of 47.94 µm was achieved using a 19% sulfuric acid–1% phosphoric acid electrolyte under aerated conditions at 30 minutes. Meanwhile, the maximum surface hardness of 352.60 HVN was obtained at 15% sulfuric acid–5% phosphoric acid with aeration for 15 minutes. These findings demonstrate that electrolyte composition and aeration play a critical role in optimizing anodic oxide growth and mechanical properties of AA1100.