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Elderly nutritional status effection salivary anticandidal capacity against Candida albicans Ria Puspitawati; Nurtami Soedarsono; Elisabeth A Putri; Anissha D Putri; Boy M Bachtiar
Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 44 No. 2 (2011): June 2011
Publisher : Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en

Background: Elderly often suffer malnutrition and oral candidiasis. Candida albicans (C. albicans) which is the most prominent cause of oral candidiasis, is one of commensal oral micro-flora. Nutritional status affect the characteristic of saliva. Saliva is the regulator in the development of C. albicans from comensal into pathogen. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determining the correlation between elderly nutritional status with salivary total protein and its activity in inhibiting C. albicans growth and biofilm formation. Methods: Using mini nutritional assessment 30 elderly were classified into normal and malnutrition groups. Total protein of unstimulated saliva was measured using Bradford protein assay. The colony forming unit (CFU) of C. albicans was counted on 72 hours on SDA cultures without (control) or with 2 hour saliva exposure. Biofilm formation was analyzed from the optical density of 10–5 C. albicans suspension without saliva exposure (control) or with exposure of 10.000 μg/ml saliva and incubated in 37° C for 2 days. The suspension was put into 96 well plates, stained with crystal-violet dye, and analyzed using microplate reader. Differences between groups were analyzed using independent t-test or Kruskall-Wallis. Correlation between variables was analyzed using Spearman test. Results: Salivary total protein of normal elderly (1.113.5 ± 1.1143.3) was higher than those of malnutrition (613.6 ± 253.6) but not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The CFU of C. albicans exposed to saliva of normal samples (2.060 cfu/ml) was significantly lower than control (24.100 cfu/ml) and those exposed to malnutrition saliva (5.513.3 cfu/ml). C. albicans biofilm formation is highest in controls (0.177), lower in those exposed to malnourished saliva (0.151) and lowest in those exposed to saliva of good nourished elderly (0.133). Conclusion: Although does not cause significant decrease of salivary total protein, malnutrition in elderly results in lower capacity of saliva in inhibiting the growth and declining the virulence of C. albicans.Latar belakang: Lansia sering menderita malnutrisi dan kandidiasis oral. Candida albicans yang merupakan penyebab utama terjadinya candidiasis, adalah salah satu mikroflora rongga mulut yang bersifat konvensional. Malnutrisi memengaruhi karakteristik saliva. Saliva merupakan regulator utama perkembangan Candida albicans (C. albicans) dari sifat konvensional menjadi bersifat patogen.Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan korelasi antara status gizi lansia dengan total protein dan aktivitas saliva dalam menghambat pertumbuhan dan pembentukan biofilm C. albicans. Metode: Menggunakan mini nutritional assessment, 30 lansia diklasifikasikan menjadi kelompok gizi baik dan gizi buruk. Total protein unstimulated saliva diukur dengan metode Bradford protein assay. Colony forming unit (CFU) dihitung pada kultur C. albicans pada saburaud dextrose agar (SDA) berusia 72 jam yang sebelumnya telah dipaparkan saliva selama 2 jam. Kontrol adalah kultur C. albicans tanpa paparan saliva. Pembentukan biofilm adalah pengukuran optical density suspensi 10–5 C. albicans tanpa paparan saliva (kontrol) atau dengan paparan saliva 10.000 μg/ml dan diinkubasi pada suhu 37° C selama 2 hari. Suspensi tersebut kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam 96 well plates, diberi pewarna crystal violet, dan diukur menggunakan microplate reader. Analisis data menggunakan uji beda t Independen atau Kruskall-Wallis, dan uji korelasi Spearman. Hasil: Total protein saliva lansia gizi baik (1.113,5 ± 1.1143,3) lebih tinggi dari lansia gizi buruk (613,6 ± 253,6) tetapi tidak bermakna secara statistik (p > 0,05). Pembentukan koloni C. albicans yang terpapar saliva lansia gizi baik (2.060 cfu/ml) secara signifikan lebih rendah dari kontrol (24.100 cfu/ml) dan daripada yang terpapar saliva lansia gizi buruk (5.513,3 cfu/ml). Pembentukan biofilm C. albicans tetinggi pada kontrol (0,177), lebih rendah pada yang terpapar saliva gizi buruk (0,151) dan terrendah pada yang terpapar saliva gizi baik (0,133). Kesimpulan: Meskipun malnutrisi tidak menyebabkan penurunan total protein saliva lansia, tetapi menurunkan kapasitasnya dalam menghambat pertumbuhan dan mengurangi virulensi C. albicans.

The frequency of bottle feeding as the main factor of baby bottle tooth decay syndrome Mochamad Fahlevi Rizal; Heriandi Sutadi; Boy M Bachtiar; Endang W Bachtiar
Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 43 No. 1 (2010): March 2010
Publisher : Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en

Background: Dental caries remains as main problem in Indonesia and its prevalence is high (90.05%). However, there is no appropriate data that can be used to analyze dental caries in toddlers, especially baby bottle tooth decay syndrome (BBTD), though the number of BBTD cases is high in some pediatric dental clinics (90% of patients visiting the clinics). Even though some factors have already been considered to be the risk factor of BBTD, the main risk factor of BBTD is still unknown, especially BBTD in Indonesia. Purpose: This research was aimed to obtain data relating with bottle-feeding habit in 3-5 year old children in Indonesia and its caries risk. Method: The study was an observational research conducted with clinical examination through caries status (deft) of each child deserved by pediatric dentists and through questionnaire distributed to parents to examine the risk factor of BBTD. Observation was conducted on 62 children in the range of age 3 to 5 years old with bottle-feeding habit. Result: The results revealed that status of caries was various. The data showed that the frequency of bottle feeding more than twice could trigger BBTD 2.27 times higher than other factors such as the use of bottle feeding as a pacifier prior sleeping, the period of bottle-feeding, and the breast-feeding experience. Conclusion: though milk as subtract can possibly become a factor triggering caries, the frequency of bottle-feeding is highly considered as main factor. Since it could modulated the bacterial colonization on dental surface, which affects its virulence.Latar belakang: Karies masih menjadi masalah utama di Indonesia. Dalam praktek sehari-hari prevalensi karies masih sangat tinggi (90.05%). Belum ada data yang memadai dalam penelaahan karies yang spesifik pada anak balita selama ini khususnya kasus sindroma karies botol (SKB) sementara itu kasus SKB ditemukan sangat tinggi di beberapa klinik gigi anak (90% dari jumlah pasien yang datang ke klinik). Beberapa faktor menjadi resiko kejadian SKB dan belum diketahui faktor resiko utama kejadian karies khususnya di Indonesia. Tujuan: Penelitian ini dilakukan guna mendapatkan data yang berhubungan dengan kebiasaan minum susu botol pada anak usia 3-5 tahun di Indonesia serta resiko kejadian karies yang ditimbulkannya. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional yang dilakukan dengan metode pemeriksaan klinis melalui pencatatan status karies (deft) setiap anak oleh dokter gigi anak serta pengisian kuesioner yang dilakukan oleh orang tua untuk menentukan faktor resiko kejadian SKB. Pengamatan dilakukan pada 62 orang anak usia 3-5 tahun yang mempunyai kebiasaan minum susu botol sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi. Hasil: Hasil pemeriksaan klinis dan kuesioner memberikan gambaran status karies yang bervariasi. Data yang didapat dari penelitian ini menjelaskan, bahwa frekuensi minum susu botol lebih dari dua kali menyebabkan SKB 2.27 kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan beberapa faktor lain, seperti menjadikannya pengantar tidur, lamanya mengonsumsi, dan riwayat minum ASI. Kesimpulan: Susu sebagai subtrat mungkin dapat dijadikan alasan kejadian karies akan tetapi yang menjadi resiko utama kejadian adalah frekuensi konsumsi susu botol itu sendiri. Kondisi ini dapat dihubungkan dengan modulasi substrat terhadap perkembangan kolonisasi bakteri di permukaan gigi, sehingga secara tidak langsung juga mempengaruhi virulensinya.

The ability of IgY to recognize surface proteins of Streptococcus mutans Basri A. Gani; Santi Chismirina; Zinatul Hayati; Endang Winiati B; Boy M. Bachtiar; I. Wayan T. Wibawan
Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) Vol. 42 No. 4 (2009): December 2009
Publisher : Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en

Background: Streptococcus mutans are gram positive bacteria classified into viridians group, and have a role in pathogenesis of dental caries. It’s adhesion to the tooth surface is mediated by cell surface proteins, which interact with specific receptor located in tooth pellicle. Glucan binding protein, Glukosyltransferase, and antigen I/II are basic proteins of S. mutans, which have a role in initiating the interaction. A previous study showed that chicken’s IgY can interfere the interaction. Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess the ability of IgY in recognizing the surface molecule of Streptococcus mutans expressed by various serotypes (c, d, e, f) and a strain derived from IPB, Bogor. Method: Western blot was used as a method to determine such capability. Result: The result showed that IgY has a potency to recognize antigen I/II, but not the other proteins on the cell surface of all bacteria tested. Conclusion: The ability of IgY to bind the surface protein, antigen I/II, indicates that this avian antibody could be used as a candidate for anti-adhesion in preventing dental caries.

Clinical and oral microbiome pattern of halitosis patients with periodontitis and gingivitis Ningsih, Diana S.; Idroes, Rinaldi; Bachtiar, Boy M.; Khairan, Khairan; Tallei, Trina E.; Kemala, Pati; Maulydia, Nur B.; Idroes, Ghazi M.; Helwani, Zuchra
Narra J Vol. 3 No. 2 (2023): August 2023
Publisher : Narra Sains Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52225/narra.v3i2.163

Halitosis is caused by a bacterial proteolytic process that induces the production of volatile sulfur compounds, odor-causing gases. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical oral hygiene state and oral microbiome pattern of halitosis patients with periodontitis and gingivitis. The oral hygiene state of halitosis patients with periodontitis and gingivitis was assessed using the oral hygiene index simplified (OHI-S), decay missing filled teeth (DMFT), and tongue biofilm. The dorsum of the tongue and subgingival swabs were cultured for bacteria, and bacterial morphology was evaluated using Gram staining. Evaluation of the bacterial genus using the Bergey's systematic bacteriology diagram as a guide. A total of ten patients with periodontitis and gingivitis were included. Our data indicated that the scores of OHI-S and DMFT were different significantly between halitosis patients with periodontitis and gingivitis (both had p<0.001) while tongue biofilm score was not different between groups. On the dorsum of the tongue, periodontitis patients had a significant higher oral microbiome population (85.65x106 CFU/mL) compared to those with gingivitis (0.047x106 CFU/mL) with p=0.002. In contrast, the number of microbiomes in the subgingival had no significant different between periodontitis and gingivitis. On the dorsum of the tongue, six bacterial genera were isolated from periodontitis cases and seven genera were detected from gingivitis patients. On subgingival, 10 and 15 genera were identified from periodontitis and gingivitis, respectively. Fusobacterium, Propionibacterium, Eubacterium and Lactobacillus were the most prevalent among periodontitis cases while Porphyromonas was the most prevalent in gingivitis patients. In conclusion, although OHI-S and DMFT are different between periodontitis and gingivitis, overlapping of bacterial genera was detected between periodontitis and gingivitis cases.

A Review of the Ethno-dentistry Activities of Calotropis gigantea Ningsih, Diana Setya; Celik, Ismail; Abas, Abdul Hawil; Bachtiar, Boy Muhclis; Kemala, Pati; Idroes, Ghazi Mauer; Maulydia, Nur Balqis
Malacca Pharmaceutics Vol. 1 No. 1 (2023): June 2023
Publisher : Heca Sentra Analitika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.60084/mp.v1i1.31

Calotropis gigantea is a medicinal herb that thrives in arid climates. All parts of this plant are rich in secondary metabolites, which are very beneficial for health. Phytochemicals of this plant include flavonoid, alkaloids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, and terpenoids, which have a wide range of pharmacological effects. The potential of metabolit compound from C. gigantea can be used in dental treatment. This review describes the potential use of C. gigantea in ethno-dentistry, specifically as anti-caries, soft tissue inflammation (periodontitis and gingivitis), degenerative diseases (tumor/cancer), and wound healing. This review provides general perspectives and basic literature on the use of C. gigantea in the field of etno-dentistry.

POTENSI CIGARETTE SMOKE CONDENSATE TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PEMBENTUKAN BIOFILM CANDIDA albicans ISOLAT ATCC 10261 Basri A.Gani; Annisa Qashdina Alghassani; Zaki Mubarak; Endang Winiati Bachtiar; Boy M.Bachtiar
Journal of Syiah Kuala Dentistry Society Vol 2, No 1 (2017): JANUARY
Publisher : Dentistry Faculty

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the main agent in pathogenesis of oral candidiasis, and also the cigarette smoke is one of predisposing factors of C. Albicans virulence, mainly in biofilm formation that it the role as the initiator of adhesiononoral mucosal. This research aimed to identify the effect of Cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on biofilm formation of C. albicans. Candida albicans was sensitized with CSC kretek and non-kretek that shown the increase of biofilm formation (p0,05) compared control, specifically in 24 hour. Its related with massa of biofilm formation that seem by microscope (400x) and also CSC non kretek better than CSC kretek in biofilm formation of C. albicans, mainly in 24 and 48 hours, that provisional, in 12 hours were the most dominant biofilm figuration of C. albicans sensitized by CSC kretek, although it intensity is lower than 24 hours. The research was concluded that CSC can be trigger to enhancement of biofilm formation of C. albicans in 24 hours and also CSC non kretek better than CSC kretek.Keyword: Candida albicans, Cigarrete smoke condensate, Biofilm

The Role of IL-6 and IGF-1 in Periodontitis Bone Destruction Ikrima, Abidah; Gunawan, Erwin; Rohmah, Devi Kartika; Bachtiar, Boy Muchlis; Bachtiar, Endang Winiati
Odonto : Dental Journal Vol 12, No 1 (2025): April 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30659/odj.12.1.127-135

Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the tissues supporting the teeth, destroying the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. This condition is initiated by periodontal pathogens, which trigger an immune response resulting in tissue damage. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6, have an important role in this process. IL-6, produced by various cells, including immune and periodontal ligament cells, enhances osteoclastogenesis by enhancing RANKL expression, thereby promoting bone resorption. Conversely, IGF-1, a hormone like insulin, is critical in bone homeostasis and regeneration. IGF-1, synthesised in the liver and locally in tissues, aids in the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, facilitating bone remodelling. IGF-1 also interacts with IL-6 to modulate inflammatory responses and osteoclast activity. Understanding the interplay between IL-6 and IGF-1 offers insights into the mechanism of bone resorption in periodontitis and identifies potential therapeutic targets. This study aims to elucidate the roles of IL-6 and IGF-1 in periodontitis-induced bone resorption and explore their therapeutic implications for periodontal health.

The Role of IL-6 and IGF-1 in Periodontitis Bone Destruction Ikrima, Abidah; Gunawan, Erwin; Rohmah, Devi Kartika; Bachtiar, Boy Muchlis; Bachtiar, Endang Winiati
Odonto : Dental Journal Vol 12, No 1 (2025): April 2025
Publisher : Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30659/odj.12.1.127-135

Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the tissues supporting the teeth, destroying the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. This condition is initiated by periodontal pathogens, which trigger an immune response resulting in tissue damage. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-6, have an important role in this process. IL-6, produced by various cells, including immune and periodontal ligament cells, enhances osteoclastogenesis by enhancing RANKL expression, thereby promoting bone resorption. Conversely, IGF-1, a hormone like insulin, is critical in bone homeostasis and regeneration. IGF-1, synthesised in the liver and locally in tissues, aids in the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, facilitating bone remodelling. IGF-1 also interacts with IL-6 to modulate inflammatory responses and osteoclast activity. Understanding the interplay between IL-6 and IGF-1 offers insights into the mechanism of bone resorption in periodontitis and identifies potential therapeutic targets. This study aims to elucidate the roles of IL-6 and IGF-1 in periodontitis-induced bone resorption and explore their therapeutic implications for periodontal health.

Oral microbiome: A paradigm shift in dental diagnosis Megantoro, Aryo; Alphianti, Likky T.; Gunawan, Paulina N.; Bachtiar, Endang W.; Bachtiar, Boy M.
Narra X Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025): April 2025
Publisher : Narra Sains Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52225/narrax.v3i1.197

For decades, the diagnosis of oral diseases primarily relied on clinical symptoms presented by patients. This traditional approach, which included visual inspection, palpation, and assessment of discomfort, provided limited insights into the underlying microbiological factors contributing to oral diseases. Recent studies have identified specific microorganisms believed to play pivotal roles in oral disease development, particularly in conditions such as dental caries, periodontal disease, and pulpitis. The challenge lies in the dynamic nature of the oral microenvironment, where the microbial community can shift rapidly due to changes in diet, hygiene practices, and overall health, complicating attempts to establish direct causative links between specific pathogens and oral diseases. The aim of this study was to explore the role of the oral microbiome in advancing dental diagnostics and to assess how integrating microbial analysis can improve early detection and personalized treatment of oral diseases. Research into the oral microbiome has brought about a paradigm shift in understanding dental diagnostics. Advances in molecular biology techniques, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have enabled more detailed examination of microbial communities within the oral cavity. This shift from a purely symptom-based diagnostic approach to one that incorporates microbial analysis represents a significant advancement in dental care. For instance, identifying specific bacterial profiles associated with caries could facilitate the implementation of personalized preventive measures, such as tailored oral hygiene regimens or dietary recommendations. Moreover, integrating microbiological data into clinical practices could lead to improved diagnostics for conditions that are traditionally difficult to assess. By adopting a more comprehensive view that includes microbial assessments, clinicians can better understand the interplay between oral microbiota and systemic health, as oral diseases are often linked to broader health issues. Another challenge is that this approach requires interdisciplinary collaboration among dental practitioners, microbiologists, and public health experts. This collaboration is essential to translate abstract microbiological findings into practical diagnostic indicators that can be utilized in clinical settings. Furthermore, with the advent of new technologies, maintaining accurate interpretations of microbiome data presents another layer of complexity, as variations in sample collection, processing, and analysis can lead to differing results. In summary, the elevated role of the oral microbiome in dental diagnostics marks a significant transition from traditional, symptom-focused approaches to more holistic methodologies that consider the underlying microbial communities. By leveraging advanced technologies, dental practitioners can enhance their diagnostic capabilities, leading to improved outcomes for patients suffering from various oral diseases.

Effect of Bacterial Metabolites From Good Oral-Hygiene to Biofilm Formation From Poor Oral-Hygiene Refyan, Sarah Athiyyahmaulidya; Ratna Ramadhani; Bachtiar, Endang Winiati; Bachtiar, Boy Muchlis; Sulistiadi, Wahyu
Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG) Vol. 21 No. 2 (2025): Interdental Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG)
Publisher : Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.46862/interdental.v21i2.9030

Introduction: Microbial variations and oral hygiene (OH) status of an individual are related to the oral biofilm formation. The metabolite of microorganisms influences biofilm formation. This research aims to analyse the effect of bacterial isolates' metabolites from a good OH individual on the in vitro biofilm of bacterial isolates from a poor OH individual. Materials and Methods: Spent medium of bacteria isolated from a good OH individual tongue swab that contains different protein and nitrate concentrations was treated in vitro with biofilm from a poor OH individual tongue swab to evaluate the cell viability and in vitro biofilm mass under aerobic conditions. The methods used include the Bradford test, Griess test, Crystal Violet test, and Total Plate Count. Results and Discussions: There were significant differences in the cell viability of bacteria isolated from poor OH individual treated by spent medium isolated from good OH individual with different concentrations of protein and nitrate (p value <0.05), as well as biofilm mass of the sample that was treated with spent medium containing different nitrate concentration (p value < 0.05). Conclusion: The protein and nitrate content in the spent medium from a good OH tongue swab can influence cell viability and in vitro biofilm mass from a poor OH individual tongue swab.

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