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Karakteristik antibodi anti Ganoderma sp. yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan jenis dan sumber antigen yang berbeda [Characteristic of antibodies againt Ganoderma sp produced from different types and sources of antigens] Irma KRESNAWATY; Kholis A AUDAH; Hasim MUNAWAR; Happy WIDIASTUTI
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 85, No 1 (2017): April, 2017
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma sp. is the most important disease in oil palm plantations.The effectivity of BSR control depends on early detection of this disease. The earlier the disease is known, the severity of damage could be prevented. Therefore, technology for early detection of Ganoderma infection is very important. Immunochromatographic techniques based on the reaction of antigens and antibodies can be developed for detection of Ganoderma sp infection. The objective of the study was to produce antibodies using different Ganoderma sp. In this study, immunoglobulin Y ( IgY ) against Ganoderma sp produced in chicken eggs was used as the source of antibodies. Laying hens were immunized with several types of Ganoderma sp. because it is known to have genetic variations. The source of Ganoderma sp. isolates were mycelium and exudates. The polyclonal IgY antibodies produced economically and abundantly. The antibodies derived from the mycelium showed more consistent results compared with those derived from the exudates. In addition, the antibodies derived from Ganoderma sp of Cimulang and Bekri showed higher reactivity with some of the antigens compared to those from Cisalak Baru (CSB). The characteristics and the protein profiles of antibodies produced using Cimulang, Bekri and Cisalak Baru isolates were vary in term of, sensitivity and amino acid compositions

Recent studies of synthetic antibody-based 3-MCPD determination technology Hasim MUNAWAR; Prima LUNA; Irma KRESNAWATY; Happy WIDIASTUTI
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 89, No 1 (2021): April, 2021
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v89i1.402

3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as carcinogenic material. 3-MCPD will also become one of the European Union's requirements, proposing the maximum level of the 3-MCPD in palm oil until 2.5 ppm. Although the reported technologies GCMS and HPLC-FLD demonstrated high sensitivity and selectivity on 3-MCPD determination, those technologies invest in chemical and time-consuming sample preparation and analysis. Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), or a synthetic antibody, can be used to recognize 3-MCPD. MIP is more robust under extreme environments such as temperature and pH. This paper, therefore, aims to discuss the application of MIP on sample extraction and analysis to detect 3-MCPD. MIP is synthesized by polymerization of functional monomers surrounding 3-MCPD as a template. 3-MCPD is then removed from the MIP, leaving active cavities. Thus, these sites can either covalently or non-covalently rebind to 3-MCPD. Computational or empirical studies could investigate the composition of MIP. MIP can be manufactured as MIP-based solid phase extraction (MIPSPE) and MIP-based sensor. Both applications showed significant analytical parameters, such as recovery higher than 90% and detection limit lower than 2.5 ppm. Therefore, the application of MIP can be flexible for sample preparation and analysis on the 3-MCPD determination. MIP-based technology would be a prospective instrument to detect 3-MCPD. In the future, producing MIP on an industrial scale will be a challenge to monitor the 3-MCPD level in palm oil.

Potensi electronic nose 118 untuk mendeteksi penyakit busuk pangkal batang pada kelapa sawit Agustin Sri MULYATNI; Irma KRESNAWATY; Deden Dewantara ERIS; Tri PANJI; Wita KIMBERLY; Happy WIDIASTUTI; Priyono PRIYONO; Chotimah CHOTIMAH; Kuwat TRIYANA
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 90, No 1 (2022): April, 2022
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22302/iribb.jur.mp.v90i1.472

AbstractBasal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma sp. is a major disease in oil palm. One of the keys to successfully control BSR disease is to detect the pathogenic infections as early as possible. Early detection technique has been developed in this study was using volatile compounds sensors known as an electronic nose, specifically Electronic Nose 118. Plant samples were obtained from roots, stems, leaves, and soils of four plant categories, which were midly, moderately, and severely infected by Ganoderma, and healthy plants. The test results showed that Electronic Nose was able to record the profile of volatile organic compounds (VOC) produced by Ganoderma sp. The Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) results showed that the root and stem samples were differentiated in fairly high level of discrimination with values of 89.66% and 94.59% respectively, while for internal validation value were 98.18% and 89.18%. However, for leaf and soil samples, Electronic Nose 118 resulted in low discriminations. The test results show that Electronic Nose 118 can distinguish samples of roots and stems of healthy plant and Ganoderma-infected plant with a high accuracy.[Keywords: Ganoderma, linier discriminant analysis (LDA), pathogen infection, sensor, volatile organic compound] AbstrakPenyakit busuk pangkal batang (BPB) yang disebabkan oleh Ganoderma sp. merupakan penyakit utama pada kelapa sawit. Salah satu kunci keberhasilan pengendalian penyakit BPB adalah diketahuinya infeksi patogen sedini mungkin. Teknik deteksi dini yang saat ini dikembangkan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan sensor senyawa volatil yang dikenal dengan electronic nose, khususnya Electronic Nose 118. Sampel tanaman diperoleh dari akar, batang, daun, dan tanah dari empat kondisi tanaman, yaitu tanaman yang terinfeksi Ganoderma ringan, sedang, berat dan tanaman sehat. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa profil senyawa organik volatil yang dihasilkan oleh infeksi Ganoderma sp. dapat ditangkap oleh Electronic Nose 118 dengan baik. Hasil analisis Linear Discriminat Analysis (LDA) menunjukkan bahwa sampel akar dan batang terbedakan dengan tingkat diskriminasi yang cukup tinggi dengan nilai secara berurutan yaitu 89,66% dan 94,59%, sedangkan untuk validasi internal masing-masing 98,18% dan 89,18%. Namun demikian, untuk sampel daun dan tanah, pengujian dengan Electronic Nose 118 menghasilkan tingkat diskriminasi yang rendah. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan Electronic Nose 118 dapat membedakan sampel akar dan batang dari tanaman sehat dan tanaman terserang Ganoderma dengan akurasi tinggi.[Kata kunci : Ganoderma, LDA, infeksi patogen, sensor, senyawa organik volatil]

Penggunaan spora cendawan mikoriza arbuskula sebagai inokulum untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan serapan hara bibit kelapa sawit Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spore as inoculant to increase growth and nutrient uptake of oil palm seedling Happy WIDIASTUTI; Nampiah SUKARNO; Latifah Kosim DARUSMAN; Didiek Hadjar GOENADI; Sally SMITH; Edi GUHARDJA
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 73, No 1: Juni 2005
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

SummaryA green house experiment was conducted tostudy the effect of spore number and species ofAM fungi as inoculant of oil palm. Two species ofAM fungi was evaluated in this study namelyAcaulospora tuberculata and Gigaspora margaritaand three spore number were tested i. e 200, 350,and 500 spores. There two fungi have thepotential as AM fungi inoculant for oil palm. Thesoil used was acid soil from Cikopomayak, WestJava while the oil palm seedling was from OilPalm Research Institute, Medan. A polybag sized20 x 40 cm was used. Spores as type of inoculantaffect the oil palm growth in longer time. Thebest growth of the seedling in term of height,fresh, and dry weight was obtained byinoculation at 500 spores of A. tuberculata andG. margarita. However, at 500 spores perpolybag, growth and N, P, and K uptake ofseedlings inoculated with A. tuberculata andG. margarita were not significantly differentexcept for seedling and root fresh weight. Oilpalm seedling inoculated with A. tuberculata at500 spores per seedling resulted higher root andseedling fresh weight compared with thoseinoculated with G. margarita. The different effectof seedling on A. tuberculata and G. margaritainoculation at 200 and 350 spores per seedlingwere only observed in plant height, fresh and dryweight of seedlings. The plant height, fresh, anddry weight of seedlings inoculated withA. tuberculata at 200 and 350 spores per seedlingwere higher compared with those inoculatedwith G. margarita. In addition inoculation withA. tuberculata at 200 spores per seedling resultedhigher N and K uptake of seedling compared withthose inoculated with G. margarita.RingkasanSuatu penelitian rumah kaca telah dilakukanuntuk mempelajari pengaruh jumlah spora danspesies cendawan mikoriza arbuskula (CMA)sebagai inokulum pada bibit kelapa sawit. Duaspesies CMA yang diuji ialah Acaulosporatuberculata dan Gigaspora margarita sedangkanjumlah spora yang diuji ada tiga tingkat yaitu200, 350, dan 500 spora. Bibit kelapa sawitberumur dua bulan ditanam di polibag berukuran20 x 40 cm yang berisi tanah yang bereaksimasam berasal dari Cikopomayak. Hasil yangdiperoleh menunjukkan bahwa spora sebaganokulum bibit kelapa sawit dapat mempengaruhipertumbuhan kelapa sawit namun diperlukanwaktu yang lebih lama untuk mendapatkanrespons inokulasi. Pertumbuhan tertinggi padapeubah tinggi bibit, bobot basah, dan bobotkering diperoleh pada inokulasi sebanyak 500spora per polibag baik untuk A. tuberculatamaupun G. margarita. Namun, pada inokulasisebanyak 500 spora per polibag, pertumbuhandan serapan N, P, dan K bibit yang diinokulasiA. tuberculata dan G. margarita tidak berbedanyata kecuali pada peubah bobot basah akar danbobot basah bibit. Bobot basah akar dan bobotbasah bibit kelapa sawit yang diinokulasiA. tuberculata sebanyak 500 spora, lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan bibit yang diinokulasidengan G. margarita pada jumlah spora yangsama. Pengaruh spesies hanya dapat ditunjukkanpada inokulasi 200 dan 350 spora khususnya padapeubah tinggi bibit, bobot basah, dan bobotkering bibit. Tinggi bibit, bobot basah dan bobotkering bibit yang diinokulasi A. tuberculata padajumlah spora 200 dan 350 per polibag lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan yang diinokulasiG. margarita. Tampak bahwa inokulasiA. tuberculata dengan 200 spora per polibagmenghasilkan serapan N dan K lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan yang diinokulasiG. margarita pada jumlah spora yang sama.

Arsitektur akar bibit kelapa sawit yang diinokulasi beberapa cendawan mikoriza arbuskula Root architecture of oil palm seedling inoculated with selected arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Happy WIDIASTUTI; Edi GUHARDJA; Nampiah SUKARNO; Latifah KOSIM DARUSMAN; Didiek Hadjar GOENADI; Sally SMITH
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 71, No 1: Juni 2003
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Summary Oil palm is mostly cultivated in acid soil. The growth constraint of plant in acid soil is the limited availability of phosphorus (P) nutrient. Improvement of root system morphology and architecture have an important aspect since P is immobilized nutrient. Colonization of oil palm by rrbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase the P uptake of plant. However, there is no information related to the effect of AM fungal colonization on oil palm root morphology and architecture. A research has been conducted to asses the effect of colonization of two species of AM fungi on root system morphology and architecture of oil palm seedling. The research was conducted using Cikopomayak acid soil as medium in simple glass chamber. The plant material was from Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute, Medan while AM fungal inoculum was produced using pot culture. Six treatments assesed are combination of three levels of AM fungi inoculation (without inoculation with, Acaulospora tuberculata and Gigaspora margarita) and two levels of fertilization (without, and with fertilizer). The result showed that colonization of AM fungi could change the root system morphology, and root architecture. The root fresh weight, root dry weight, length, and volume were significantly higher with the AM fungi colonization especially A. tuberculata inoculation. However, specific root weight was not significantly different between inoculated and uninoculated. The enhancement was significantly observed 26 weeks after inoculation. Biside that, proportion of secondary root of oil palm inoculated with AM fungi was higher compared to primary root. Fertilization tend to reduced root growth. Fertilization reduced significantly root shoot ratio of inoculated as well as uninoculated seedlings. The rooting volume was higher in inoculated seedling compared to uninoculated. The highest enhancement of N, P, and K uptake was observed 26 weeks after inoculation. The better root morphology and architecture might be one mechanisms of AM fungi colonized oil palm seedlings in increasing P uptake. Ringkasan Umumnya tanaman kelapa sawit ditanam pada tanah masam. Hambatan pertumbuhan tanaman pada tanah masam adalah terbatasnya ketersediaan nutrisi P (fosforus). Oleh sebab itu perbaikan sistem morfologi dan arsitektur akar memiliki aspek yang penting disebabkan P merupakan nutrisi yang tidak mudah bergerak. Kolonisasi tanaman kelapa sawit dengan cendawan mikoriza arbuskula (CMA) akan meningkatkan penyerapan P oleh tanaman. Namun, hubungan antara simbiosis CMA dengan arsitektur perakaran kelapa sawit belum diketahui. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari pengaruh kolonisasi dua spesies CMA pada sistem morfologi dan arsitektur akar bibit tanaman kelapa sawit. Percobaan dilakukan menggunakan tanah masam Cikopomayak yang mengandung Al tinggi sebagai medium dalam kultur pot kaca yang sederhana. Kecambah kelapa sawit berasal dari Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS), Medan, sedangkan inokulum CMA diproduksi menggunakan kultur pot. Enam perlakuan yang diuji merupakan kombinasi tiga jenis inokulasi CMA ( tanpa inokulasi, inokulasi dengan Acaulospora tuberculata dan Gigaspora margarita) serta dua tingkat pemupukan (tanpa, dan dengan pemupukan). Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa inokulasi CMA merubah sistem morfologi dan arsitektur perakaran. Bobot basah, bobot kering, panjang dan volume akar nyata lebih tinggi pada tanaman yang dikolonisasi CMA khususnya A. tuberculata. Namun berat akar spesifik tidak beda nyata antara yang diinokulasi dan tanpa inokulasi. Peningkatan berat akar sangat nyata setelah 26 hari diinokulasi. Di samping itu proporsi akar sekunder lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan akar primer pada tanaman kelapa sawit yang diinokulasi CMA. Pemupukan pada umumnya menurunkan pertumbuhan akar dan secara nyata menurunkan nisbah akar pucuk. Volume perakaran lebih besar pada bibit kelapa sawit yang diinokulasi dibandingkan dengan yang tidak diinokulasi. Peningkatan serapan N, P, dan K tertinggi teramati 26 minggu setelah inokulasi. Morfologi perakaran yang lebih baik demikian pula arsitektur perakaran mungkin merupakan mekanisme bibit kelapa sawit bermikoriza dalam meningkatkan serapan P.

Respons awal pemberian biostimulan Orgamin pada kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) di Kebun Marjandi PTPN IV Early response of Orgamin biostimulan application in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) at PTPN IV Marjandi plantation Soekarno Mismana PUTRA; Djoko SANTOSO; Happy WIDIASTUTI; A. H. SARAGIH SARAGIH; M. A. GHONI GHONI; B. MARAHIMIN MARAHIMIN; K. PANJAITAN PANJAITAN
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 81, No 1: Juni 2013
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

AbstractEffort to increase the production of oil palm can beconducted through application of plant growth regulator(PGR). Orgamin biostimulan is a natural PGR formulathat has been tested to improve the vegetative growths ofcorn and oil palm in the glass house. Assessment ofOrgamin and Orgamin plus (Orgamin + micro nutrient)applications at commercial scale was carried out inMarjandi oil palm plantation of PTPN IV usingrandomized block design with three treatments, i.e. K =100% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer(control), O= Orgamin (1.5 kg/tree) + 50% dose ofinorganic fertilizer, OP = Orgamin plus (1.5 kg/tree)without inorganic fertilizer. The parameters ofobservation at 2.5 months after the treatments were soiland leaf nutrient contents (N, P, K, Mg), percentage offemale flower, mesocarp oil content, and harvested freshfruit bunches (FFB). The observation showed that therewas an increased in oil yield, weight of FFB and leafnutrient content, while the percentage of female flowerand nutrient content of soil were not significantlydifferent compared to the control.AbstrakUpaya untuk meningkatkan produksi kelapa sawitdapat dilakukan antara lain melalui pemberian zatpengatur tumbuh (ZPT). Biostimulan Orgamin merupa-kan formula ZPT alami yang telah diuji di rumah kacapada tanaman jagung dan bibit kelapa sawit. Uji cobaaplikasi Orgamin dan Orgamin plus (Orgamin yangdiperkaya hara mikro) pada skala lapang dilakukan dikebun kelapa sawit Marjandi PTPN IV denganmenggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) untukmenguji tiga perlakuan, yaitu 1) K (kontrol) = 100%dosis anjuran pupuk kimia (APK = kontrol), 2) O = 50%dosis APK + Orgamin (1,5 kg/pohon), 3) OP = Orgaminplus (1,5 kg/pohon) tanpa pupuk kimia. Peubah yangdiamati pada 2,5 bulan setelah perlakuan adalah kan-dungan hara tanah dan daun (N, P, K, Mg), persentasebunga betina, rendemen minyak mesokarp, dan produksitandan buah segar (TBS). Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan terdapat peningkatan rendemen minyak, bobotTBS dan kandungan hara daun, sedangkan persentasebunga betina dan kandungan hara tanah tidak menunjuk-kan perbedaan yang nyata antara perlakuan dan kontrol.

Optimasi pertumbuhan dan aktivitas enzim ligninolitik Omphalina sp. dan Pleurotus ostreatus pada fermentasi padat Optimization of growth and ligninolytic enzymes activity of Omphalina sp. and Pleurotus ostreatus using solid state fermentation Happy WIDIASTUTI; . SISWANTO; . SUHARYANTO
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 75, No 2: Desember 2007
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

SummarySolid wastes of bagasse and empty fruitbunch (EFB) respectively from sugarcane andpalm oil mill in Indonesia are abundant. Nowdays, up to now these solid wastes have not yetbeen optimally utilized so that the added valueis still very low and even cause an environ-mental problem. Research on bioconversion ofbagasse and EFB with two culture of white-rotfungi (WRF) i.e., Omphalina sp. and Pleurotusostreatus to produce ligninolytic enzymes wasconducted to provide added value to thislignocellulosic waste. Production of extracellular enzymes from WRF was not onlydetermined by the type of isolate but also theculture condition. This research was aimed todetermine the optimum culture condition ofsolid state fermentation in producing lignino-lytic enzymes at laboratory scale. In thisresearch, WRF was examined for ligninolyticproducing enzymes (laccase, lignin peroxidase/ LiP and Mn-peroxidase / MnP), using mediaconsisting of bagasse and EFB separately asmain substrate with supplementation of ricebran, Cu 2+ with or without rice bran. Theobservation was based on their growth andligninolytic enzyme activities. Characteristicsof optimum pH of LiP, MnP and laccaseactivity were also determined. The resultsshowed that addition of supplement was notable to increase the Cu 2+ growth of myceliaespecially in the first and second months but inthe third month the addition of supplementenhanced the mycelia growth. The growth ofmycelia on the addition of Cu 2+ with or withoutrice bran significantly lower compared to thecontrols both of Omphalina sp. and P. ostreatusin bagasse and EFB. The optimum pH oflaccase, MnP, and LiP activities was five bothfor Omphalina sp. and P. ostreatus at EFBand bagasse. Omphalina sp. was better thanP. ostreatus in producing laccase on bagasseand EFB without any supplementations. Thehighest laccase activity showed by P. ostreatuswith bagasse and EFB media treated with Cuand Cu + rice bran. Supplementation withCu 2+ was more effective in increasing laccaseactivity than rice bran. Activities of Li-P onbagasse and EFB for the two WRF cultureswere significantly influenced by supple-mentation of both of rice bran and Cu 2+ . Li-Pactivity on EFB was slightly higher than thaton bagasse. Mn-P activity was not influencedby rice bran, Cu 2+ or the combination of both.However, these enzymes activities on EFBwere higher compared to bagasse especiallyfor P. ostreatus. Suplementation of Cu wasenhance the activity of laccase and LiP both ofP. ostreatus and Omphalina sp in baggasse andEFB though inhibited the growth of those fungiespecially in the initial growth.RingkasanLimbah padat bagas tebu dan tandankosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) masing-masingdari proses pengolahan gula tebu dan minyaksawit di Indonesia jumlahnya melimpah dansampai saat ini belum mendapat penangananyang efektif sehingga nilai tambahnya masihsangat rendah dan bahkan mengganggulingkungan. Penelitian biokonversi limbahpadat bagas tebu dan TKKS menggunakan duaisolat fungi pelapuk putih (FPP) yaituOmphalina sp. dan Pleurotus ostreatus untukproduksi enzim ligninolitik dilakukan untukmeningkatkan nilai tambah limbah ligno-selulosa tersebut. Penelitian ini, mengujiaktivitas enzim ekstraseluler dari FPP antaralain lakase, lignin peroksidase (LiP), dan Mn-peroksidase (MnP) dari dua spesies FPP yaituOmphalina sp. dan P. ostreatus. Penelitianbertujuan menetapkan kondisi optimum mediafermentasi untuk produksi enzim ligninolitikdari bagas tebu dan TKKS sebagai substrat dankarakterisasi pH optimum enzim ligninolitikdari dua FPP yaitu Omphalina sp. danP. ostreatus. Pengamatan dilakukan berdasar-kan laju pertumbuhan dan aktivitas enzimligninolitik. Enzim lakase, MnP, dan LiPdiekstraksi dan dikarakterisasi pH optimumaktivitasnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa pemberian suplemen menghambatpertumbuhan miselia pada satu dan dua bulanpertama inkubasi, namun laju pertumbuhanmiselium khususnya pada perlakuan pemberianCu 2+ dan Cu 2+ + dedak meningkat tajam padabulan ketiga setelah inkubasi. Pertumbuhanmiselium Omphalina sp dan P. ostreatus padamedium yang ditambah Cu 2+ dan Cu 2+ +dedaklebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kontrol.Pada inkubasi tiga bulan, aktivitas optimumlakase, MnP dan LiP diperoleh pada pH 5, baikuntuk Omphalina sp. maupun P. ostreatusyang diekstrak dari bahan lignoselulosa bagastebu dan TKKS. Aktivitas lakase dariOmphalina sp. lebih tinggi daripadaP. ostreatus pada substrat TKKS dan bagastebu tanpa suplementasi. Pemberian suplemenberupa Cu 2+ dan dedak atau kombinasinyameningkatkan aktivitas lakase baik pada bagastebu maupun pada TKKS. Aktivitas lakasetertinggi ditunjukkan oleh isolat P. ostreatuspada medium bagas tebu dan TKKS padaperlakuan pemberian Cu 2+ dengan atau tanpadedak. Aktivitas lakase nampaknya lebihdipengaruhi oleh penambahan Cu 2+ dibanding-kan dengan pemberian dedak. Aktivitas LiPbaik pada bagas tebu maupun TKKS untukkedua FPP yang diuji pada perlakuanpenambahan dedak dan Cu nyata lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan aktivitas LiP yangdiekstrak dari medium tanpa penambahansuplemen. Aktivitas LiP pada TKKS lebihtinggi dibandingkan dengan pada bagas tebukhususnya untuk P. ostreatus. Sedangkanaktivitas MnP tidak dipengaruhi penambahandedak dan Cu 2+ demikian pula kombinasikeduanya. Aktivitas MnP yang diekstrak dariTKKS lebih tinggi dibandingkan denganaktivitas MnP yang diekstrak dari bagas tebukhususnya untuk P. ostreatus. PenambahanCu 2+ meningkatkan aktivitas lakase dan LiPP. ostreatus dan Omphalina sp yang ditum-buhkan pada bagas dan TKKS walaupun ionlogam ini menghambat pertumbuhan keduaJPP ini khususnya pada awal pertumbuhan.

Pengaruh kitosan, mikroba antagonis, dan bakteri endofit dalam menekan perkembangan penyakit bercak daun pada bibit kelapa kopyor (Effect of chitosan, antagonist and endophytic bacteria in suppressing the development of leaf spot disease in kopyor coconut seedlings) Deden Dewantara ERIS; Sri WAHYUNI; Imron RIYADI; Happy WIDIASTUTI; . SISWANTO
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 87, No 1 (2019): April, 2019
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Currently, tissue culture is one of the best techniques in propagating of kopyor coconut. The important stage in plant propagation through tissue culture is acclimatization. Upon entering the acclimatization stage, the problem that couldarise in kopyor coconut seedlings is leaf spot disease caused by the fungus Colletotrichumsp., Curvularia sp. and Pestalotiopsissp. Environmentally friendly leaf spot disease control techniques can be done through the use of chitosan, antagonists microbes and endophytic bacteria. This study aimed to examine the use of chitosan, microbial antagonists, endophytic bacteria and their combinations to control leaf spot kopyor coconut disease in four different disease severity categories, namely severe/heavy, moderate, mild, and healthy.Disease development was observed every three weeks, while the rate of disease infection, area under the disease development curve (AUDPC) and disease progression/delta were observed 15 weeks after treatment. The result showed that in heavy severity category, endophytic bacteria treatment was more effective to inhibit leaf spot disease showed by AUDPC value of 131.95 units that significantly different compared to others. In the moderate category, combination treatment was more effective to suppress leaf spot disease, showed by the lowest infection rate by 0.03 unit per week, and percentage disease value progression changes was 12.10%, with no significantly different AUDPC value to the other treatments. In mild and healthy severity category, there were no significanly different between the rate of infection and AUDPC in all treatments. While the percentage of change progression disease was significantly different between endophytic treatment and control. [Keywords: coconut kopyor seedling, leaf spot disease, antagonist microbes, endophyticbacteria, chitosan]Abstrak Saat ini, teknik kultur jaringan merupakan salah satu teknik terbaik untuk memproduksi bibit kelapa kopyor. Tahap penting dalam perbanyakan tanaman melalui kultur jaringan adalah aklimatisasi. Pada saat memasuki tahap aklimatisasi, masalah yang dapat muncul pada bibit kelapa kopyor adalah serangan penyakit bercak daun yang disebabkan oleh cendawan Colletotrichumsp., Curvulariasp. dan Pestalotiopsis sp.Teknik pengendalian penyakit bercak daun yang ramah lingkungan dapat melalui pemanfaatan kitosan, mikroba antagonis dan bakteri endofit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh kitosan, mikroba antagonis, bakteri endofit dan kombinasinya untuk mengendalikan penyakit bercak daun bibit kelapa kopyor pada empat kategori keparahan penyakit yang berbeda yaitu berat, sedang, ringan, dan sehat. Perkembangan penyakit diamati setiap tiga minggu selama 15 minggu sedangkan laju infeksi penyakit, luas area dibawah kurva perkembangan penyakit (AUDPC)dan persentase selisih/delta perkembangan penyakit dihitung pada minggu ke 15.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada bibit kelapa kopyor dengan kategori keparahan berat, perlakuan bakteri endofit lebih efektif menghambat bercak daun dengan menghasilkan nilai AUDPC terkecil yaitu sebesar 131,95 unit dan berbeda nyata dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya sedangkan laju infeksi dan persentase delta perkembangan penyakit tidak berbeda nyata dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya. Pada bibit kopyor kategori keparahan sedang, perlakuan kombinasi lebih efektif menekan bercak daun ditunjukkan dengan laju infeksi terendah sebesar 0,03 unit per minggu yang menghasilkan delta perkembangan penyakit terkecil yakni sebesar 12,1%, dengan nilai AUDPC tidak berbeda nyata dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya. Pada bibit kopyor kategori keparahan ringan dan sehat, tidak terdapat perbedaan yang nyata untuk parameter laju infeksi dan nilai AUDPC pada semua perlakuan. Sedangkan nilai persentase delta perkembangan penyakit pada perlakuan endofit berbeda nyata dibandingkan dengankontrol. [Kata Kunci: bibit kelapa kopyor, penyakit bercak daun, kitosan, mikroba antagonis, bakteri endofit]

Produksi dan kualitas jamur tiram (Pleurotus ostreatus) pada beberapa konsentrasi limbah sludge pabrik kertas Production and quality of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) on selected concentration of sludge of paper industry Happy WIDIASTUTI; . TRI-PANJI
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 76, No 2: Desember 2008
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Summary An experiment has been conducted to study the effect of sludge concentration, waste of paper industry using raw material of recycled paper, as media on oyster mushroom production and quality. Twelve treatment tested are combination of two oyster mushroom strains are oyster mushroom of Bogor (JTB) and oyster mushroom of Taiwan (JTT), three media composition (sawdust, sludge, and sawdust+ sludge (50/50, v/v), and two levels of supplement addition (with rice bran+gypsum+ lime and without) with 10 replications. The production of the mushroom was conducted in bag log capacity of 1 kg fresh weight (water content 50%). The result showed that sludge can be used as mixture of oyster mushroom production with the composition 50:50 v/v of sawdust and sludge. Since the higher number of contamination, addition of supplement reduce oyster mushroom production as well as biological efficiency, but increased protein content of fruiting body. The content of Cd, and Pb were below the permissible limits, Cu was higher than the limits but still in the range. The Fe content of mushroom fruit body was higher both in sawdust (147.92 – 149.56 ppm) and sawdust+sludge (295.82 – 335.12 ppm) as media. However, the uptake of Fe of JTT was less (49.08-59.64 ppm) compared to that of JTB (147.92-335.12 ppm).Ringkasan Penelitian dilakukan untuk mempelajari pengaruh konsentrasi sludge limbah pabrik kertas berbahan baku karton bekas sebagai medium terhadap produksi dan kualitas jamur tiram. Dua belas perlakuan yang diuji merupakan kombinasi dua galur jamur tiram, yaitu Jamur Tiram Bogor (JTB) dan Jamur Tiram Taiwan (JTT), tiga jenis komposisi medium (serbuk gergaji, sludge, dan sludge+ serbuk gergaji), dan dua tingkat suplemen (dengan dan tanpa) yang diulang 10 kali untuk masing-masing perlakuan. Produksi jamur tiram dilakukan menggunakan bag log berkapasitas 1 kg basah (kadar air 50%). Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa sludge dapat digunakan sebagai campuran serbuk gergaji dalam produksi jamur tiram dengan per-bandingan 50:50 (v/v). Pemberian suplemen menurunkan produksi jamur tiram demikian pula efisiensi biologi namun meningkatkan kadar protein tubuh buah. Di dalam tubuh buah JTB, kandungan logam Cd, dan Pb berada di bawah batas yang diijinkan, sedangkan kandungan Cu di atas ambang walaupun masih dalam kisaran. Kandungan Fe dalam tubuh buah jamur relatif tinggi baik yang ditumbuhkan pada serbuk gergaji sebagai medium standar (147,92 - 149,56 ppm) maupun yang ditumbuhkan pada medium campuran sludge+serbuk gergaji (295,82 - 335,12 ppm). Serapan Fe tubuh buah JTT jauh lebih rendah (49,08- 59,64 ppm) dibandingkan dengan serapan Fe JTB (147,92-335,12 ppm).

Pola aktivitas enzim ligninolitik Pleurotus ostreatus pada limbah sludge pabrik kertas Activity pattern of ligninolytic enzyme of Pleurotus ostreatus in sludge waste of paper factory Happy WIDIASTUTI; . TRI-PANJI
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 76, No 1: Juni 2008
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Summary Sludge is a solid waste abundantly available on paper factory that is economically unutilized and tends to pollute environment. This waste can be used as growth media for oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) as edible mushroom and ligninolytic enzymes production as well. A research has been conducted to study the activity pattern of ligninolytic enzymes of oyster mushroom grown on the sludge waste of recycle paper factory. Six treatments were examinated consisted of three media combinations (sawdust, sludge, sludge mixed with sawdust), with and without supplementing with rice bran, lime, and gypsum, and two mushroom strains Bogor oyster mushroom (JTB) and China Taipei oyster mushroom (JTT). Monitoring of ligninolytic enzyme activity consisting of laccase, mangan peroxidase (Mn-P) and lignin peroxidase (Li-P), was subsequently regularly started since inoculation, at vegetative phase (four and six weeks), primordial formation, phase of fruiting body formation, and two weeks after formation of fruiting body. Each treatment was repeated three times, so that 216 bag logs of oyster mushroom cultures were performed. The results showed that laccase, Mn-P, and Li-P activities could be observed on sludge or mixture of sludge+sawdust media inoculated with P. ostreatus. Generally, the highest activity of ligninolytic enzymes especially for laccase and MnP were observed at the first vegetative growth phase i.e. before emerging primordial of fruiting body (1.697 & 2.113 U/mL, 4.394 & 2.314 U/mL respectively for JTB and JTT laccase and JTB & JTT Mn-P). The highest Li-P activity was affected by the kind of media and strain of inoculum. In sludge medium, the highest Li-P activity was observed in vegetative growth phase (2.706 & 4.014 U/mL respectively for JTB and JTT) while in a mixture of sludge + sawdust the highest activity of that enzyme was observed in primordial phase of growth (2.509 & 1.9 U/mL respectively for JTB and JTT). Addition of supplement to the sludge increased ligninolytic activity, while laccase activity of sludge was suggested could be more enhanced by mixing the sludge with sawdust and enrich with rice bran, gypsum and lime. Ringkasan Sludge merupakan limbah padat yang tersedia melimpah di pabrik kertas dan belum dimanfaatkan secara ekonomis sehingga berpotensi mencemari lingkungan. Limbah ini dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai medium tumbuh jamur konsumsi seperti jamur tiram (Pleurotus ostreatus) dan penghasil enzim ligninolitik. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mempelajari pola aktivitas enzim ligninolitik jamur tiram pada limbah sludge pabrik kertas selama fase vegetatif sampai setelah fase generatif. Enam perlakuan yang diuji berupa tiga kombinasi komposisi medium (serbuk gergaji, sludge, campuran sludge dan serbuk gergaji), dengan dan tanpa pengayaan, yaitu penambahan dedak, kapur, dan gipsum, serta dua strain jamur tiram Bogor (JTB) dan jamur tiram China Taipei (JTT). Pengamatan aktivitas enzim ligninolitik meliputi lakase, mangan peroksidase (Mn-P) dan lignin peroksidase (Li-P) dilakukan sejak saat inokulasi, pada fase vegetatif (empat dan enam minggu), pada saat pembentukan primordia, fase tubuh buah, dan dua minggu setelah pembentukan tubuh buah. Masing-masing perlakuan diulang tiga kali sehingga terdapat 216 bag log jamur tiram. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas ligninolitik dijumpai pada medium sludge dan campuran sludge+serbuk gergaji yang diino-kulasi P. ostreatus. Aktivitas enzim ligninolitik tertinggi khususnya lakase dan MnP teramati pada fase pertumbuhan vegetatif pertama yaitu sebelum terbentuknya primordia (1,697 & 2,113 U/mL, 4,394 & 2,314 U/mL masing-masing untuk lakase JTB dan JTT dan MnP JTB & JTT). Aktivitas LiP tertinggi dipengaruhi oleh jenis medium dan strain inokulum. Pada medium sludge, aktivitas LiP tertinggi dijumpai pada fase vegetatif (2,706 & 4,014 U/ml masing-masing untuk JTB dan JTT) sedangkan pada medium campuran sludge+serbuk gergaji, aktivitas enzim ter-tinggi dijumpai pada fase primordia (2,509 & 1,9 U/ml berturut-turut untuk JTB dan JTT). Pengayaan sludge meningkatkan aktivitas ligninolitik, sedangkan aktivitas lakase pada sludge diduga dapat lebih ditingkatkan dengan menambahkan serbuk gergaji disertai pengayaan berupa gipsum, dedak, dan kapur.

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