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Dysfunction and Deviation in the Role of Foundation Organs in Indonesia Mukri, Syarifah Gustiawati; Aji, Ahmad Mukri; Yunus, Nur Rohim
SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024): Spring Edition
Publisher : SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v12i1.45718

Foundations, as non-profit legal entities, play a crucial role in supporting social, educational, religious, and humanitarian activities in Indonesia. However, in practice, many foundations still fail to carry out their organisational functions in accordance with applicable legal provisions. This study aims to analyse in depth the roles and tasks of trustees, Management, and Supervisors of foundations, as regulated in Law No. 28 of 2004, an amendment to Law No. 16 of 2001. It seeks to identify the causes of deviations and structural dysfunction in the management of foundations. This study employs a qualitative, juridical-normative, and empirical approach, utilising data collection techniques that include literature reviews and interviews with representatives from several foundations in Indonesia. The study's results indicate that a gap remains between legal norms and their implementation in the field, particularly in areas such as abuse of authority, conflicts of interest, and inadequate internal supervision systems within foundations. This is due to a lack of understanding of the role of each organ and suboptimal supervision by the Trustees and Supervisors. Therefore, efforts are needed to strengthen institutional and regulatory capacity, as well as legal education for foundation actors, to improve the governance and accountability of foundations sustainably.Keywords: Foundation; Trustees; Management; Supervisor; Law No. 28 of 2004; Non-Profit; Governance

Legal Implications Regarding Changes to The Foundation's Articles of Association according to Law Number 28 of 2004 Yunus, Nur Rohim; Aji, Ahmad Mukri; Mukri, Syarifah Gustiawati
SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024): Spring Edition
Publisher : SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v11i1.45722

This study aims to analyze the legal implications of changes to the foundation's articles of association, based on the provisions of Law No. 28 of 2004, which amends Law No. 16 of 2001 concerning Foundations. This study employs a qualitative method with a normative legal approach, grounded in a comprehensive examination of laws and regulations, jurisprudence, and relevant scientific literature. The study's results indicate that changes to the foundation's articles of association have a direct impact on the legality of the foundation's organs, the validity of legal relations with third parties, and the potential for legal sanctions if the specified procedures are not followed. The provisions of Law Number 28 of 2004 emphasise the importance of an accountable and transparent organisational structure through a change mechanism that must be legally registered and approved. Failure to comply with this procedure can result in the cancellation of legal actions, the invalidity of deeds, and weaken the foundation's social function in society. Therefore, understanding and socialising the law to foundation administrators is an important step to prevent violations, while ensuring the sustainability of the foundation as a non-profit institution that serves the public interest.Keywords: Foundation; Articles of Association; Changes; Legal Implications; Law Number 28 of 2004

Limitations of Foundation Business Activities from the Perspective of Law Number 28 of 2004 Concerning Foundations Mukri, Syarifah Gustiawati; Aji, Ahmad Mukri; Yunus, Nur Rohim
SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i Vol. 12 No. 2 (2025): Summer Edition
Publisher : SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v12i2.45753

A foundation as a non-profit legal entity has a vital role in organising social, religious, and humanitarian activities. However, in practice, many foundations are involved in business activities directly and commercially, thus giving rise to legal issues related to violations of the non-profit principle, which is the basis for establishing the foundation. This study aims to analyse the limitations of business activities permitted for foundations according to Law No. 28 of 2004 concerning Amendments to Law No. 16 of 2001 concerning Foundations, and to explain the legal implications for foundations that exceed these provisions. This study uses a qualitative approach with a normative legal research type. The methods used include a statute and conceptual approach, with data sources from laws and regulations, scientific literature, legal documents, and related jurisprudence. The study results indicate that business activities can only be carried out by foundations through capital participation in business entities that are under the intent and purpose of the foundation. Foundations are prohibited from running a business directly and distributing profits to patrons, administrators, and supervisors. Violating these provisions can have legal implications in the form of administrative sanctions up to the foundation's dissolution. Therefore, compliance with legal restrictions is crucial in maintaining the legitimacy and sustainability of the foundation's social function.Keywords: Foundation; Business Activities; Limitations

Responsibility of Foundation Management towards Third Parties Based on Law Number 28 of 2004 Aji, Ahmad Mukri; Yunus, Nur Rohim; Mukri, Syarifah Gustiawati
SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i Vol. 11 No. 2 (2024): Summer Edition
Publisher : SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v11i2.45756

A foundation as a non-profit legal entity has a vital role in carrying out social, religious, and humanitarian activities. However, many foundations carry out business activities to support operational costs. This has raised debates regarding the limits of business activities permitted for foundations, especially after the enactment of Law Number 28 of 2004 concerning Amendments to Law Number 16 of 2001 concerning Foundations. This study aims to analyse legal provisions related to the limits of foundation business activities and evaluate the legal consequences for foundations and administrators who exceed the limits of business activities stipulated in laws and regulations. The research method used is normative legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach. The data sources include laws, legal documents, jurisprudence, and relevant scientific literature. The analysis of legal norms and foundation management practices related to business activities was conducted qualitatively. The study results indicate that Law No. 28 of 2004 explicitly limits foundation business activities only through business entities established by or owned by foundations, as long as the results are used to achieve the foundation's goals. Violating these provisions, such as conducting business activities directly without going through a business entity, can result in legal consequences, including freezing or dissolution of the foundation and personal liability of administrators abusing their authority.Keywords: Foundation; Business Activities; Legal Liability; Administrators, Law No. 28 of 2004.

Dissolution of Foundations Based on Law No. 28 of 2004: Legal Analysis and Practice in Indonesia Yunus, Nur Rohim; Aji, Ahmad Mukri; Mukri, Syarifah Gustiawati
SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i Vol. 11 No. 3 (2024): Autum Edition
Publisher : SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v11i3.45758

Foundations as non-profit legal entities strategically support social, religious, and humanitarian activities in Indonesia. However, in practice, many foundations experience stagnation, deviations from their goals, or are misused, requiring dissolution. This study aims to analyse the legal provisions regarding the dissolution of foundations as stipulated in Law Number 28 of 2004 concerning Foundations, and to evaluate the practices and obstacles in their implementation in the field. The research method used is normative legal research with a statutory and conceptual approach. Data were reviewed through a literature study of relevant laws and regulations, jurisprudence, and previous research results related to the dissolution of foundations. The study results indicate that the dissolution of foundations is regulated normatively in Articles 62 to 71 of the Foundation Law, which include dissolution due to the expiration of the term, the objectives achieved, or based on a court decision. However, in practice, many foundations still do not carry out the dissolution process under legal provisions, including weak supervision, minimal understanding of the law by the management, and suboptimal reporting and liquidation mechanisms. In addition, there is no transparent and accountable system in managing the remaining assets of dissolved foundations.Keywords: Foundation; Dissolution; Foundation Law; Legal Entity; Liquidation

Legal Review of Foundation Assets in Law No. 28 of 2004: Protection and Management of Foundation Assets Aji, Ahmad Mukri; Yunus, Nur Rohim; Mukri, Syarifah Gustiawati
SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i Vol. 11 No. 3 (2024): Autum Edition
Publisher : SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v11i3.45761

A foundation is a non-profit legal entity with a strategic role in the social, educational, and humanitarian fields. The existence of foundation assets is the main backbone in ensuring the continuity of its activities. However, practices in the field show various problems such as misuse of assets, non-transparent management, and weak supervision and legal protection of these assets. This study aims to analyse the legal provisions in Law No. 28 of 2004 concerning Foundations, especially regarding asset protection and management, identify practices and challenges foundations face in managing their assets, and provide recommendations for improving relevant regulations and administration. This study uses a qualitative method with a normative and conceptual legal approach. Data sources were obtained from laws and regulations, legal literature, scientific journals, and case studies of foundation dissolution in Indonesia related to asset management. The analysis was carried out by reviewing the applicable legal provisions and reflecting them on factual practices in the field. The study results indicate that although Law No. 28 of 2004 has regulated the prohibition of profit sharing to foundation trustees, administrators, and supervisors, and stipulates provisions regarding the origin of assets and their use, there are still weaknesses in the implementation and supervision mechanisms. Several cases show irregularities by foundation administrators and weak legal protection for donors and beneficiaries. Therefore, there is a need for strengthening regulations, increasing transparency, and more effective supervision from the Ministry of Law and Human Rights and professional third parties. This study is expected to be an academic and practical contribution in improving the governance of foundation assets in Indonesia.Keywords: Foundation Assets; Protection; Management

The Relevance of Law Number 28 of 2004 concerning Foundations in the Development of Educational and Social Institutions in Indonesia Aji, Ahmad Mukri; Yunus, Nur Rohim; Mukri, Syarifah Gustiawati
SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i Vol. 11 No. 4 (2024): Winter Edition
Publisher : SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v11i4.45764

Foundations have a strategic role in organising educational services and social activities in Indonesia. As a non-profit entity, foundations are expected to contribute to community development through professional and sustainable management of academic and social institutions. However, in practice, there are still many deviations in the management of foundations, especially related to governance, financial transparency, and asset protection. This study aims to analyse the relevance of Law Number 28 of 2004 concerning Foundations in supporting the development of educational and social institutions in Indonesia, with a focus on legal provisions, implementation in the field, and implementation challenges. This study uses a qualitative method with a legislative and conceptual approach. Data were collected through document studies of laws and regulations, scientific journals, and case studies of relevant educational and social foundations. The analysis was carried out descriptively-analystically to identify the effectiveness of the regulation and its suitability to the community's actual needs. The study results indicate that Law No. 28 of 2004 has provided a relatively solid legal framework in regulating the organisational structure of foundations, non-profit principles, and restrictions on conflicts of interest. However, there are still weaknesses in the implementation aspect, such as the lack of understanding of foundation administrators regarding legal obligations and weak oversight mechanisms. Therefore, it is necessary to revise several legal norms to be more responsive to educational and social needs, improve legal education for foundation managers, and strengthen the role of guidance by the Ministry of Law and Human Rights.Keywords: Foundation; Law No. 28 of 2004; education; social activities; governance.

Examining the Restriction of Human Rights in Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Aji, Ahmad Mukri; Nurhalimah, Siti
Jurnal Cita Hukum Vol. 8 No. 2 (2020)
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jch.v8i2.16504

Abstract:The implementation of human rights (HAM) in Indonesia can be restricted while its implementation is violated others’ rights, or contradicted moral considerations, religious values, security, and public order. This limitation is referring to article 28 J of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD 1945) which has been regulated under the law. Besides, can human rights restrictions also be stipulated through legal products in the form of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law or Perppu? This question is build upon the understanding that Perppu is equated with the law in the hierarchy of statutory regulations. Nevertheless, Perppu that formed in a precarious and a hurry situation must consist of material content restrictions on crucial matters including human rights restriction. The limited contents of the Perppu should become a concern since it must be applied with extra caution and consideration. As a result, the Perppu which was compiled under abnormal conditions should not be justified in regulating human rights restriction.Keywords: Human Right, Restriction of Human Right, Perppu Menelaah Pembatasan Hak Asasi Manusiadalam Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Hukum Abstrak:Di Indonesia, Hak asasi manusia (HAM) dapat dibatasi apabila pelaksanaannya menciderai hak asasi orang lain, betentangan dengan pertimbangan moral, nilai-nilai agama, keamanan, dan ketertiban umum. Pembatasan tersebut sesuai pasal 28 J UUD 1945 diatur dalam sebuah undang-undang. Lalu apakah pembatasan HAM juga dapat diatur melalui produk hukum berupa Perppu? Pertanyaan ini didasari oleh pemahaman bahwa Perppu disamakan derajatnya dengan undang-undang dalam hierarki peraturan perundang-undangan. Namun jika diresapi kembali Perppu yang dibentuk dalam keadaan yang genting dan terburu-buru, harus memiliki batasan materi muatan menyangkut hal-hal krusial seperti pembatasan HAM. Tentu saja pebatasan materi muatan Perppu ini patut menjadi perhatian, karena meskipun HAM dapat dibatasi, pembatasan HAM tersebut harus dilakukan dengan sangat hati-hati dan penuh pertimbangan. Sehingga Perppu yang tentu saja disusun dalam kondisi yang tidak normal, sudah sepatutnya tidak dibenarkan untuk mengatur pembatatan HAM.Kata Kunci: Hak Asasi Manusia, Pembatasan Hak Asasi Manusia, Perppu Рассмотрение ограничения прав человекав государственном регулировании вместо закона Аннотация:В Индонезии права человека могут быть ограничены, если их реализация наносит ущерб правам других людей, противоречит моральным соображениям, религиозным ценностям, безопасности и общественному порядку. Это ограничение в соответствии со статьей 28 J Конституции 1945 года регулируется законом. Тогда можно ли регулировать ограничение прав человека с помощью легального продукта в виде Perppu? Этот вопрос основан на понимании того, что Perppu равняется по рангу с законами в иерархии законодательных норм. Однако, если подумать ещё раз, Perppu, который был сформирован в шаткой и поспешной ситуации, должен иметь материальные ограничения в отношении важных вопросов, таких как ограничения прав человека. Конечно, ограничение содержания Perppu заслуживает внимания, потому что, хотя права человека могут быть ограничены, такие ограничения прав человека должны выполняться очень осторожно и с огромным вниманием. Так что Perppu, который, конечно, был составлен в ненормальных условиях, не должен оправданно применяться в регулировании ограничения прав человека.Ключевые слова: Права человека, ограничения прав человека, Perppu

Legal Policies for Non-Subsidized Hajj Financing in Indonesia Aji, Ahmad Mukri; Helmi, Muhammad Ishar
Jurnal Cita Hukum Vol. 9 No. 3 (2021)
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jch.v9i3.23686

Additional quotas for hajj have not been resolved, particularly in regard to the financing of hajj, which requires subsidies. The state's goal of distributing subsidies to those who are unable to afford them has not been met, and the state's concept of welfare democracy has not been realized. Accordingly, this investigation employs normative legal research in order to focus on government policies as well as developing issues related to Hajj financing. A constitutional practice that has gradually become law is revealed in this study, namely the existence of subsidies created by the existence of benefit value instruments and the practice of subsidies that have been carried out previously in an indirect manner by the Minister with agreement from the DPR in determining BPIH by applying a 50% discount to the real cost of the hajj. As long as the constitutional practice is carried out in order to complete, perfect, and revitalize the legislation, this is normal. A formal legislative body or statutory regulation is required if there are any actual or potential constitutional issues with the practice of constitutional law.Keywords: Open Legal Policy; Hajj Financing; Non-Subsidized Hajj; Hajj Category Kebijakan Hukum Pembiayaan Haji Non Subsidi di Indonesia Abstrak.Banyaknya tambahan kuota haji belum teratasi, terutama perihal pembiayaan haji yang memerlukan subsidi. Target subsidi yang seharusnya menjangkau masyarakat yang tidak mampu secara finacial dan konsep demokrasi kesejahteraan melalui instrumen subsidi yang digunakan oleh negara dalam hal ini belum terpenuhi. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan kasus sehingga analisis penelitian lebih menekankan kepada kebijakan pemerintah dan permasalahan yang berkembang mengenai pembiayaan haji. Temuan penelitian ini yakni, keberadaan subsidi yang tercipta dengan adanya instrumen nilai manfaat dan praktik subsidi yang secara tidak langsung, telah dilakukan sebelumnya melalui penetapan BPIH dengan besaran 50% dari real cost biaya haji yang dilakukan oleh Menteri dengan kesepakatan DPR, secara tidak langsung menjadi kebiasaan yang praktik ketatanegaraan yang telah berangsur-angsur lama menjadi hukum. Hal ini adalah lumrah, karena selama kebiasaan ketatanegaraan dilakukan demi melengkapi, menyempurnakan, menghidupkan kaidah-kaidah hukum perundang-undangan, hal tersebut konstitusional. Namun jika praktik ketatanegaraan tersebut justru mengalami permasalahan atau potensi konstitusional, maka hal tersebut harus dipertegas dalam sebuah legis formal atau peraturan perundang-undangan.Kata Kunci: Open Legal Policy; Pembiayaan Haji; Haji Non Subsidi; Kategori Haji Правовая политика для не субсидируемых Финансирование хаджа в Индонезии Абстрактный.Дополнительные квоты на хадж не решены, особенно в отношении финансирования хаджа, который требует субсидий. Задача государства по распределению субсидий среди тех, кто не может их себе позволить, не была достигнута, а концепция государственной демократии всеобщего благосостояния не была реализована. Соответственно, в этом расследовании используются нормативно-правовые исследования, с тем чтобы сосредоточить внимание на государственной политике, а также на разработке вопросов, связанных с финансированием хаджа. В этом исследовании раскрывается конституционная практика, которая постепенно стала законом, а именно наличие субсидий, созданных наличием инструментов оценки выгоды, и практика субсидий, которые ранее осуществлялись косвенным образом министром с согласия ДНР. при определении БПЖ путем применения 50% скидки к реальной стоимости хаджа. Пока конституционная практика осуществляется с целью дополнения, совершенствования и оживления законодательства, это нормально. Официальный законодательный орган или законодательное регулирование требуется, если есть какие-либо фактические или потенциальные конституционные проблемы с практикой конституционного права.Ключевые Слова: открытая правовая политика; финансирование хаджа; хадж без субсидий; категория хаджа

Woman and Fatwa: an Analytical Study of MUI’s Fatwa on Women’s Health and Beauty Hanna, Siti; Mukri Aji, Ahmad; Tholabi, Ahmad; Amin, Muhammad
AHKAM : Jurnal Ilmu Syariah Vol. 24 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v24i1.37832

This study examines the fatwas on women’s health and beauty issued by the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), explicitly investigating the influence of particular madhhab on these fatwas. This influence will be evaluated in MUI’s fatwas on women’s health and beauty, including fatwas on menstrual suppression pills, abortion, female circumcision, plastic surgery, and botox injections for beauty and care. The doctrinal approach of legal research is applied to analyze the use of Islamic legal sources and arguments. This study shows that although the majority of Indonesian Muslims follow the Shafi’i school, MUI does not solely adhere to the Shafi’i school in formulating its fatwas. Instead, MUI also employs approaches from other madhhab, such as Hanafi, Maliki, and Hanbali. As various MUI’s fatwas have provided broad guidelines for the community, fatwas on women significantly influence the legal basis for government policies. Abstrak: Kajian ini mengkaji fatwa-fatwa kesehatan dan kecantikan perempuan yang dikeluarkan oleh Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) serta secara eksplisit menyelidiki pengaruh mazhab tertentu terhadap fatwa-fatwa tersebut. Fatwa MUI yang dikaji menyangkut tentang kesehatan dan kecantikan perempuan, termasuk fatwa tentang pil penekan menstruasi, aborsi, sunat perempuan, operasi plastik, dan suntik botox untuk kecantikan dan perawatan. Pendekatan penelitian hukum doktrinal diterapkan untuk menganalisis penggunaan sumber dan argumentasi hukum Islam. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa meskipun mayoritas umat Islam di Indonesia menganut mazhab Syafi’i, namun MUI tidak semata-mata menganut mazhab Syafi’i dalam merumuskan fatwa-fatwanya. Sebaliknya, MUI juga menggunakan pendekatan dari mazhab lain, seperti Hanafi, Maliki, dan Hanbali. Karena fatwa-fatwa MUI tersebut memberikan pedoman yang luas bagi masyarakat, maka fatwa tentang perempuan sangat mempengaruhi dasar hukum kebijakan pemerintah.

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