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Journal : Jurnal Transformasi Global

Konflik Kepentingan dalam Liberalisasi Perdagangan Garam Tahun 2009-2014 Tanaem, Esti Renatalia; Arisanto, Puguh Toko
Jurnal Transformasi Global Vol. 8 No. 2 (2021): Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.008.02.5

Abstract

The trade liberalization of domestic salt sector in Indonesia indicated by tarriff reduction faced pros and contras. By using the concept of two-level games and governmental process, the authors found that there was a political upheaval of actors both from bureaucrats and interest groups adorning the political process in salt liberalization in Indonesia. Political upheaval occurred due to the tug of war between the pro and the cons. The pros, represented by Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Trade, importers and mafias supported imports of salt to meet domestic needs that cannot be fulfilled by domestic salt productions, both in quality and quantity. On the other hand, the cons represented by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries and salt farmers both from associations and from non-associations demanded salt import reduction to support the domestic salt production program and the sustainability of the domestic salt industries.KeyWords: Liberalization of Domestic Salt, Two Level Games, Governmental Process, Political Upheaval, Tug of War.
Analisis Sanksi Ekonomi Terhadap Rusia Atas Invasinya di Ukraina 2022 Khisna Kamalia Zulfa; Arisanto, Puguh Toko; Khansa Rulif Mahadana
Jurnal Transformasi Global Vol. 9 No. 2 (2022): Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.009.02.6

Abstract

Western countries as sender states have imposed economic sanctions on Russia for its invasion of Ukraine since February 2022. Sender states claimed that Russia had violated international law and human rights. The economic sanctions imposed on Russia ranged from freezing state and individual assets to terminating export-import activities to halt the invasion. With a qualitative method, this paper seeks to analyze the effectiveness of the economic sanctions imposed by sender states . The authors use the concept of economic sanction that some scholars argue that most of the economic sanctions are proven ineffective in changing behaviors of the target. In line with this postulate, the authors found that economic sanctions imposed by western countries and their allies on Russia are not effective. Until August 2022, economic sanctions imposed on Russia were unable to stop Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The authors argue that the ineffectiveness of the sanctions is influenced by at least three factors; dependence on Russian energy, Russia's resistance to economic sanctions and Putin's individual factors. Keywords: Economic Sanction, Russia Invasion, Sender, Target, Ineffective