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Kontestasi Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat dan Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam Menyelesaikan Polemik Lembaga Penyelenggara Pemilu di Aceh Karim, Zahlul Pasha; Akbar, Khairil; Makinara, Ihdi Karim
De Jure: Jurnal Hukum dan Syari'ah Vol 13, No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18860/j-fsh.v13i2.13876

Abstract: This article tries to trace the steps of the House of Representatives which revoked two articles in Law Number 11 of 2006 concerning Aceh Governance, namely Article 57 and Article 60 paragraph (1), (2) and (4), which relate to the Aceh election institution through Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning General Elections. Later, the Constitutional Court's action was annulled by the Constitutional Court because it violated the formal procedure for amending the Aceh Governance Law. The research method was carried out normatively with two problem formulations, why did the House of Representative revoke two articles of the Aceh Governance Law related to election management institutions in Aceh without complying with and even violating the procedures regulated by the Aceh Governance Law as a special law? Why did the Constitutional Court annulled the revocation of the two articles and consider them unconstitutional? The result showed that the revocation of the two articles was carried out by the House of Representative for several reasons, namely removing the dualism of the election supervisory agency in Aceh and tidying up the structure of the election management body in Indonesia to comply with the provisions of Article 22E paragraph (5) of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. In 1945 and strengthening election administration institutions in the face of simultaneous elections in 2019. Meanwhile, the steps were taken by the Constitutional Court to cancel the revocation of the two articles and judge them as unconstitutional because the House of Representative did not conduct consultations and asked the Aceh People's Representative Council for consideration in the revocation process.Keywords: Aceh Election Commission; Election Supervisory Committee; Aceh Governance Law; Election Law.Abstrak: Artikel ini bertujuan menelusuri langkah DPR yang mencabut dua pasal dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2006 tentang Pemerintahan Aceh (UUPA), yakni Pasal 57 dan Pasal 60 ayat (1), (2) dan (4), yang berhubungan dengan lembaga penyelenggara pemilu di Aceh melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 tentang Pemilihan Umum. Belakangan, pencabutan itu dibatalkan oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi karena dinilai inkonstitusional. Metode penelitian dilakukan secara normatif dengan dua rumusan masalah, mengapa DPR mencabut dua pasal UUPA terkait lembaga penyelenggara pemilu di Aceh tanpa mematuhi tata cara yang telah diatur oleh UUPA sebagai undang-undang khusus? Mengapa Mahkamah Konstitusi membatalkan pencabutan kedua pasal tersebut dan menilainya sebagai tindakan inkonstitusional? Adapun metode penelitian adalah hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, teori, dan historis. Hasilnya diperoleh bahwa pencabutan kedua pasal tersebut dilakukan DPR karena beberapa alasan, yakni menghapus dualisme lembaga pengawas pemilu di Aceh dan menertibkan struktur lembaga penyelenggara pemilu di Indonesia agar sesuai dengan ketentuan Pasal 22E ayat (5) Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Sementara langkah Mahkamah Konstitusi membatalkan pencabutan kedua pasal tersebut dan menilainya sebagai tindakan inkonstitusional dikarenakan DPR tidak melakukan konsultasi dan meminta pertimbangan DPRA dalam proses pencabutan.Kata Kunci: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat; Mahkamah Konstitusi; Lembaga Pemilu Aceh; Undang-undang Pemilu.

PENGENYAMPINGAN PIDANA DENDA BAGI PENJUAL KHAMAR: QANUN, PUTUSAN HAKIM DAN TEORI HUKUM PROGRESIF Ihdi Karim Makinara
Dusturiyah: Jurnal Hukum Islam, Perundang-undangan dan Pranata Sosial Vol 7, No 2 (2017)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/dusturiyah.v7i2.3258

This study discusses criminal prosecution of fines for perpetrators of jarimahkhamar crimes in Aceh. Uqubatta'zir was previously formulated alternative cumulative in Article 26 paragraph (2) Qanun NAD Number 12 Year 2003 and has been used in Decision Number 22/JN/2009/MS.Mbo.The judges of the MahkamahSyari'iyyahMeulaboh did not impose a fine on the convicted person.The culprit is a non-Muslim, he has a family, and this is his second crime. While Article 16 paragraph (1) and (2) Qanun Aceh Number 6 of 2014 formulates a fine with an alternative formulation. If the formulation in these two paragraphs finds a concrete legal event, what judge will use a fine to the same perpetrator. Judge is not a funnel of law, so it must give justice according to the situation of the convicted person. Because the criminal not only reply, but educate and prevent.

PENGARUH BANTUAN HUKUM TERHADAP MASYARAKAT MISKIN ( Meninjau Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2011 tentang Bantuan Hukum) Ihdi Karim Makinara
Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional Vol 2, No 1 (2013): April 2013
Publisher : Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional

Bantuan hukum adalah salah satu upaya mengisi hak asasi manusia (HAM) terutama bagi lapisan masyarakat termiskin rakyat Indonesia. Bantuan hukum harus dimaknai dan dilaksanakan sebagai upaya perjuangan menegakkan HAM bagi si miskin. Tujuan bantuan hukum perlu diperluas, dak saja terbatas pada bantuan hukum individual, tetapi juga struktural dan juga jangan terbelenggu dengan jalur-jalur formal semata. Dengan diundangkan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2011 tentang Bantuan Hukum memunculkan permasalahan bagaimana pengaruh bantuan hukum terhadap masyarakat? Dengan menggunakan metode peneli an norma f dan dengan pendekatan data secara kualita f yang dianalisis deskrip f, didapatkan kesimpulan bahwa keberadaan Undang-Undang Bantuan Hukum belum maksimal memberikan pengaruh terhadap bantuan hukum bagi masyarakat miskin, karena bantuan hukum masih dalam jalur formalis k dan masih bersifat pasif. Pendanaan penyelenggaraan bantuan hukum yang digeser dari Mahkamah Agung, Kejaksaan Agung, dan Kepolisian kepada Menteri Hukum dan HAM dan dilaksanakan oleh Lembaga Bantuan Hukum atau Organisasi Kemasyarakatan agar dapat menyentuh orang atau kelompok orang miskin, tetapi besar anggaran perlu memper mbangkan proses peradilan yang berjalan, karena dikhawa rkan dapat menghambat orang miskin dan kelompok orang miskin untuk mengakses keadilan guna mewujudkan hak-hak kons tusional mereka.Legal aid is an effort to fulfill human rights, especially for Indonesian poorest society. Legal aid should be interpreted and implemented as an effort of human rights enforcement for the poor. The purpose of legal aid should be expanded, not just limited to individual legal assistance, but also structural and not fe ered by mere formal channels. By enacted the Law Number 16 Year 2011 on Legal Aid, raises the ques on of how the in fl uence of legal assistance to the society? By using norma ve research methods and approaches qualita ve data were descrip vely analyzed, was concluded that existence of legal aid has not been maximized e ff ect to legal assistance for the poor, and because of it is s ll on formalis c track and passive. Funding of legal assistance shi ed from the Supreme Court, A orney General and Police to the Ministry of Jus ce and implemented by a Legal Aid Ins tu on or civil society organiza on in order to reach people or the poor community, but the magnitude of budget needs to consider the judicial process, because it feared could hinder the poor to access of jus ce to realize their constuonal rights.

Saksi Testimonium de Auditu dalam Sidang Perceraian Ihdi Karim Makinara; Jamhir Jamhir; Sarah Fadhilah
El-Usrah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Vol 3, No 2 (2020): El-Usrah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/ujhk.v3i2.7699

Saksi yang dihadirkan dalam persidangan seharusnya saksi yang betul-betul mengetahui langsung perkara yang disidangkan, bukan saksi yang mengetahui perkara dari cerita orang lain atau saksi yang mengambil kesimpulan sendiri terhadap kesaksiannya dan kemudian memberikan sebuah kesaksian di persidangan. Namun pada praktiknya, sering kali saksi yang dihadirkan dalam sebuah persidangan adalah saksi yang tidak mengalami sendiri, melihat atau mendengar sendiri perkara yang disengketakan, namun ia dipanggil sebagai seorang yang akan memberi kesaksian. Kesaksian seorang saksi yang demikian disebut dengan saksi Testimonium de Auditu. Dalam hal ini, ada pengadilan yang memakai saksi tersebut sebagai alat bukti, ada juga yang sama sekali tidak memakai kesaksian yang demikian sebagai pertimbangan untuk membuat sebuah putusan. Salah satu putusan yang menolak sebuah kesaksian Testimonium de Auditu adalah putusan Mahkamah Syar’iyah Banda Aceh, dengan nomor putusan No 133/Pdt.G/2019/MS-Bna, sedangkan putusan yang menerima saksi Testimonium de Auditu sebagai bahan pertimbangan untuk memutuskan sebuah perkara salah satunya yaitu putusan No. 113/Pdt.G/2019/MS-Aceh. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis penelittian kualitatif. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian pustaka (library research), dan penelitian lapangan (field research). Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah Pertimbangan hakim dalam putusan tinggat pertama yaitu keterangan saksi telah sesuai dengan Pasal 308 dan Pasal 309 RBg. Oleh karena itu kesaksian yang dihadirkan menurut pendapat hakim telah memenuhi syarat formil dan materil sebagai saksi. Atas pertimbangan tersebut maka gugatan yang diajukan oleh penggugat diterima oleh majelis hakim tingkat pertama. Kekuatan saksi testimonium de auditu dalam perkara perceraian tidak dapat dijadikan alat bukti utama dalam mengambil keputusan karena tidak memenuhi syarat sebagai saksi, namun saksi testimonium de auditu ini dapat dipakai dalam hal apabila saksi langsung sudah tidak ada, namun saksi testimonium de auditu tersebut tetap harus mengetahui perkara tersebut dari saksi langsung, bukan dari orang lain. Ditinjau dari hukum Islam, saksi testimonium de auditu dikenal dengan istilah saksi istifadhah. Kesaksian yang seperti ini dalam islam hanya dibolehkan dalam beberapa perkara yaitu perkara nasab, kematian, perwakafan, pernikahan, serta kepemilikan atas suatu barang. Sedangkan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh penulis merupakan perkara cerai gugat. Pada putusan tingkat banding, tentang alat bukti saksi ini kembali dianalisa satu persatu, salah satunya yaitu alat bukti saksi dan ditemukan bahwa saksi pertama merupakan saksi testimonium de auditu sehingga pengadilan tingkat banding membatalkan putusan tingkat pertama.

Syariat Islam dan Budaya Hukum Masyarakat di Aceh Hasnul Arifin Melayu; Rusjdi Ali Muhammad; MD Zawawi Abu Bakar; Ihdi Karim Makinara; Abdul Jalil Salam
Media Syari'ah Vol 23, No 1 (2021)
Publisher : Sharia and Law Faculty

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/jms.v23i1.9073

This paper discusses the influence of the implementation of Islamic law on the legal culture of society in Aceh. This question arises because in the last few years after the enactment of the Qanun Hukum Jinayat (QHJ) in 2015 the number of cases of sharia violations in several districts /cities in Aceh shows a fluctuating trend and tends to increase. The implementation of QHJ, with the increasing number of lashes, should be able to reduce the occurrence of violations. Why hasn't QHJ been able to reduce the number of violations? This study uses a political science approach to law with data collection techniques through observation, interviews with open-ended questionare and review of documentation. The results showed that the QHJ was not optimal in creating the legal culture of the Acehnese people. This is because (1) the legal politics of the Aceh Government are not serious in implementing QHJ, (2) there are still many Acehnese people who do not fully understand the contents of the QHJ. It can be concluded that in general the QHJ has not been maximally implemented by the Government of Aceh, especially Aceh Tamiang District and Sabang City due to several constraints including budget, human resource management and policy dissemination. This paper has implications for the change in the orientation of the Aceh Government's political and legal policies to be more comprehensive in implementing Islamic law in the future.Tulisan ini mendiskusikan pengaruh pelaksanaan syariat Islam terhadap budaya hukum masyarakat di Aceh. Pertanyaan ini muncul karena dalam beberapa tahun terakhir setelah diberlakukannya Qanun Hukum Jinayat (QHJ) tahun 2015 angka kasus-kasus pelanggaran syariat di beberapa Kabupaten/Kota di Aceh menunjukkan tren yang fluktuatif dan cenderung meningkat. Pemberlakuan QHJ, dengan semakin bertambahnya jumlah cambuk, seharusnya mampu menekan terjadinya pelanggaran. Mengapa QHJ belum mampu menekan angka pelanggaran tersebut? Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan ilmu politik hukum dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara dengan open-ended questionare dan telaah dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa QHJ tidak maksimal dalam menciptakan budaya hukum masyarakat Aceh. Hal ini karena (1) politik hukum Pemerintah Aceh tidak serius dalam menjalankan QHJ, (2) masih banyak masyarakat Aceh yang tidak memahami secara menyeluruh isi QHJ tersebut. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara umum QHJ belum secara maksimal diimplementasikan oleh Pemerintah Aceh khususnya Kabupaten Aceh Tamiang dan Kota Sabang karena beberapa kendala baik anggaran, manajemen SDM dan sosialisasi kebijakan. Tulisan ini berimplikasi terhadap perubahan orientasi kebijakan politik hukum Pemerintah Aceh untuk lebih komprehensif dalam pelaksanaan syariat Islam ke depan.

Penelantaran Rumah Tangga Sebagai Alasan Perceraian: Antara Interpretasi dan Kontruksi Hukum Ihdi Karim Makinara; Musliadi Musliadi
Media Syari'ah Vol 18, No 2 (2016)
Publisher : Sharia and Law Faculty

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/jms.v18i2.1919

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Physical Handicap as a Reason for Divorce: Case Study at the Sharia Court, Banda Aceh, Indonesia Makinara, Ihdi Karim; Ungel, Jamhuri; Arrazi, Fitrah
El-Usrah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Vol 6, No 2 (2023): El-Usrah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/ujhk.v6i2.7836

In the city of Banda Aceh, Indonesia, divorce is permissible in some circumstances including physical infirmities, such as when a husband experiences an erectile dysfunction. Under the Islamic law, divorce is permissible and the woman has the right to initiate divorce proceedings and pursue legal action. This study aims to examine the perspectives of judges at the Banda Aceh Syari'iyah Court regarding divorce cases involving individuals with physical disabilities. This study scrutinizes the practical legal methods employed by analyzing them from the perspective of the Islamic family law principles. This article analyzes the practical legal methods employed by studying the perspectives of the Islamic family law. Conversely, the process of collecting data entails scrutinizing documents, such as legal judgments, pertinent literature, and scholarly papers. According to Hanafi and Malikischolars, divorce due to physical inability is classified as talak ba'in, as determined by this study. Conversely, the Shafi'i and Hanbali schools are seen solely as a means to breach the sacrificial pact (fasakh). If this divorce is determined to be valid, the husband will have two opportunities to legally execute the divorce in order to remarry this woman. According to this, the Banda Aceh Sharia Court concluded that a husband's inability to perform sexually might be considered a valid reason for his inability to fulfill his responsibilities. Testimony from witnesses confirmed this, providing evidence that the legal proceedings adhered to Islamic law. Consequently, this study concludes that divorce occurs when a husband's physical impairment hinders his ability to fulfill his obligations, leading to the breakdown of the marriage. However, the Sharia Court provides a remedy (dispensation) to address the medical condition (impotence) so that the judges might take it into account when seeking reconciliation between the two parties, if the condition is resolved.

FACTOR ANALYSIS OF NON-MUSLIM CUSTOMERS IN SAVING AT SHARIA BANK OF INDONESIA BANDA ACEH BRANCH Nabilla, Shinta; Ahmad, Kamaruzzaman Bustamam; Makinara, Ihdi Karim
Dusturiyah: Jurnal Hukum Islam, Perundang-undangan dan Pranata Sosial Vol 14, No 2 (2024): JURNAL DUSTURIAH
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/dusturiyah.v14i2.23999

This research aims to analyze the factors that influence non-Muslim customers interest in saving at the Bank Syariah Indonesia BandaAceh Branch. With a background as a province with a majority Muslim population and the implementation of sharia law, Aceh provides its own challenges for non-Muslim customers in choosing financial institutions. This research covers factors such as regulatory policies, social norms, and the availability of Islamic banking services that influence the decision of non-Muslim customers to choose Bank Syariah Indonesia. The research method used is qualitative through the preparation and distribution of questionnaires distributed to non-Muslims as customers of Bank Syariah Indonesia. The results of this study there are several factors that cause non-Muslim customers to choose Bank Syariah Indonesia over other Islamic banks, namely non-Muslim customers in Banda Aceh tend to prefer Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) because of the affordability of location, attractive product promotions, quality service, and aspects forced by government regulations. These factors influence the decision of non-Muslim customers in choosing BSI as the first choice for their banking needs in the area.

Pengulu Uten’s Forest Management in Central Aceh: A Perspective of Fiqh al-Bi'ah Gayo, Ahyar; Makinara, Ihdi Karim; Aristeus, Syprianus; Djuniarti, Evi; Putri Nungrahani, Ellen Lutya
AHKAM : Jurnal Ilmu Syariah Vol 24, No 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/ajis.v24i1.34518

Indonesia's legislation stipulates that forest management involves the active participation of indigenous communities, manifested in the form of pengulu uten in Central Aceh. However, it is essential to examine the degree to which the forest management model implemented by pengulu uten aligns with the principles of fiqh al-bī’ah in Islamic law. This study employs an empirical juridical approach with a qualitative methodology. The data was obtained through a literature review, focus group discussions, and interviews with reje kampung, pengulu uten, and other relevant stakeholders. The findings indicate that pengulu uten plays a significant role in forest management and supervision. They engage in community fostering, counseling, and socialization activities about protected forests, production forests, customary forests, and the utilization of forest resources. The existence of pengulu uten emerged long ago as customary institutions in forest management (in other Aceh regions called Pawang Glee), so in Aceh, their existence is strengthened in the Qanun of Central Aceh Regency No. 10/2002 concerning Gayo Customary Law. However, there may occasionally be inconsistencies in forest management process since the function of pengulu uten is not carried out synergistically with other forestry officials. In light of this, the forest management by pengulu uten is found to be in accordance with fiqh al-bī’ah principles. It includes the protection of nature as the essence of religion, the enhancement of faith through forest management, the responsibility of humans as Khalīfah to safeguard the environment, the practice of al-amr bi al-ma'rūf wa al-nahy ‘an al-munkar in forest management, and the maintenance of ecosystem equilibrium. Hence, this study emphasizes the significance of synergy among the government, pengulu uten, and the community in attaining sustainable forest management following the principles of fiqh al-bī’ah. Abstrak: Peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia memandatkan pengelolaan hutan dengan melibatkan masyarakat Adat Aceh Tengah yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk pengulu uten. Maka, penting untuk mengkaji sejauh mana keserasian model pengelolaan hutan oleh pengulu uten dengan prinsip fiqh al-bī’ah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan hukum yuridis empiris dengan metode kualitatif. Data diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan, FGD, dan wawancara dengan reje kampung, pengulu uten, dan stakeholders. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengulu uten memiliki peran signifikan dalam pengelolaan dan pengawasan hutan. Mereka melakukan kegiatan seperti membina, menyuluh, dan mensosialisasikan kepada masyarakat tentang hutan lindung, hutan produksi, hutan adat, dan pemanfaatan sumber daya hutan. Eksistensi pengulu uten muncul sejak dulu sebagai lembaga adat dalam pengurusan hutan (di wilayah Aceh lainnya disebut Pawang Glee) sehingga di Aceh, keberadaan mereka dikuatkan dalam Qanun Kabupaten Aceh Tengah Nomor 10 Tahun 2002 tentang Hukum Adat Gayo. Namun, dalam praktiknya saat ini fungsi pengulu uten tidak dilakukan secara sinergis dengan petugas kehutanan lainnya sehingga terkadang terjadi ketidakseimbangan dalam pengelolaan hutan. Padahal, pengelolaan hutan oleh pengulu uten sesuai dengan prinsip fiqh al-bī’ah yang dinilai baik karena mencakup perlindungan alam sebagai esensi agama, kesempurnaan iman melalui pengelolaan hutan, peran manusia sebagai khalifah yang melindungi alam, amar makruf nahi mungkar dalam pengelolaan hutan, serta menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya sinergi antara pemerintah, pengulu uten, dan masyarakat dalam mencapai keberlanjutan pengelolaan hutan yang didasarkan pada prinsip fiqh al-bī’ah.

Identifying ‘Illat through Munasabah in Islamic Law: A Perspective of Imam Al-Ghazali Hasballah, Khairuddin; Darna, Andi; Said, Wardana; Akbar, Hajarul; Karim Makinara, Ihdi; Fauzan, Faisal
Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam Vol 5, No 2 (2021): Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam
Publisher : Islamic Family Law Department, Sharia and Law Faculty, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/sjhk.v5i2.10914

This study discusses the way in determining ‘illat through the munasabah method proposed by Imam al-Ghazali in the perspective of Islamic law. The study focuses on two main problems: the identification of ‘illat through munasabah and the legal formulation to utilize hikmat to obtain ‘illat according to al-Ghazali. This normative legal research used a legal history approach as an analytical tool to examine the Islamic scholars’ thoughts on concepts, theories and ways of doing istinbath. The study concluded that according to al-Ghazali there are three kinds of munasabah in determining ‘illat, consisting of munasib mu’atstsir, munasab mula’im, and munasib gharib. In munasib mu’atstsir, there is no issue found in seeking ‘illat because the ‘illat is understood directly from the nash or ijma’. Therefore, munasabah is no longer needed in the determining ‘illat. Here, the munasabah method focuses on munasib mula’im and munasib gharib in identifying ‘illat. Munasib mula’im seeks for the genus ‘illat, an ‘illat drawn from every event that has been predetermined by the nash, by examining the same hikmah in each of the events. Such hikmah is then used as the genus ‘illat which will later be applied as qiyas for other events that have been legally stipulated by the nash. On the other hand, munasib gharib seeks for the species ‘illat, an ‘illat obtained from an event that has been predetermined by the nash, with no comparison found in other events. ‘Illat determined from munasib gharib is also hikmah, having no concrete nature. In the perspective of legal history, this method of seeking ‘illat is inseparable from kalam and philosophy as was the development of the Islamic sciences at the time. As such, this had also affected al-Ghazali’s mastery in Islamic law as well as in other Islamic disciplines.

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