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A Review of Relationships Between Wood Quality and Silvicultural Practices Tomy Listyanto; John Doland Nichols
Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan Vol 3, No 2 (2009)
Publisher : Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (12832.543 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/jik.1513

Abstract

The effect of silviculture on wood quality has been approached from different perspectives. This relationship is being a critical concern of forest managers, landowners, and also researchers. Reliable information is needed to support forest managers in predicting the consequences of various silvicultural practices in terms of quantity and wood quality.Wood has beed used for a variety of products. Each product has particular requirements regarding quality. The variation of wood quality requirement allows industries to decide to use timber resource appropriate for their products. Silvicultural practives cover all treatments applied in forest stand management especially to improve the quality of stand, including manipulation of the availability of sunlight, nutrient and water by using several treatments such as thinning, control of spacing, fertilizing, and pruning. The quality of stand is aimed to achieve particular forest management objectives including higher wood quality.There is no broad generalization regarding the relation between silvicultural practice and wood quality. Many investigators showed positive results in relation to producing high quality of wood products, while other researchers revealed negative effects. Reliable information is needed to support forest managers in predicting the consequences of various silvicultural practices in relation to the wood quantity and quality. Continuous research is needed to find methods of producing wood of high quality based on silvicultural practices and genetic improvement which can be used in wider area by considering limitation including environment and geographic variation.
Development of Drying Schedule of Superior and Conventional Teak Wood of Ten Years-old Planted in Blora, Central Java Tomy Listyanto; Yusuf Setia Darmawan; Rini Pujiarti; Fanny Hidayati; Ganis Lukmandaru; Joko Sulistyo
Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan Vol 10, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (207.176 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/jik.12633

Abstract

The aims of this study were to investigate drying defect characteristics, to develop proper drying schedule, and to analyze the relationship between the developed drying schedule and its wood properties. This study used superior and conventional teak wood of ten years-old planted in Blora, Central Java. Sample from different axial positions (bottom and middle part) and different board thicknesses (20 mm and 40 mm) were taken. Drying schedule was developed in accordance to Terazawa method, which dried the sample for 72 h at a temperature of 100 °C. Initial moisture content, crack, collapse, and honeycombing were observed to determine the proper drying schedule. The developed drying schedule then was related to their characteristics, such origin of the seedling, thickness, density, and heartwood percentage. The proper scheduled was also applied in larger sample and evaluated. The results showed that there were five variations of drying schedule for superior and conventional teak wood. Chi square analysis indicated that the board thickness affect significantly on developing drying schedules. Boards with a thickness of 20 mm can be dried with an initial temperature of 70 °C, the wet bulb depression 7°C, and the final temperature of 105°C. Further, boards with a thickness of 40 mm should be dried with a softer drying schedule with an initial temperature of 60°C, wet bulb depression temperature of 4 °C, and the final temperature of 85°C. Application of the selected drying schedule was succeed without any significant defects.Keywords: superior; teak; drying schedules; inferior; wood Pengembangan Skedul Pengeringan Kayu Jati "Mega" dan Konvensional Umur 10 tahun Ditanam di Blora, Jawa tengahAbstractTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui karakteristik cacat pengeringan, skedul pengeringan yang sesuai, variasi ketebalan papan serta beberapa sifat kayunya terhadap skedul pengeringan. Penelitian ini menggunakan kayu jati prospektif unggul dan konvensional umur 10 tahun dari Blora, Jawa Tengah dengan letak aksial yang berbeda (pangkal dan tengah) serta ketebalan papan masing-masing 20 mm dan 40 mm. Penyusunan skedul pengeringan menurut metode Terazawa, dengan pengeringan selama 72 jam pada suhu 100°C. Parameter yang diamati yaitu kadar air awal, cacat retak, kolaps, dan honeycombing. Cacat yang terjadi digunakan untuk penyusunan skedul pengeringan. Skedul pengeringan selanjutnya diuji hubungannya dengan sumber asal bibit, ketebalan, berat jenis, dan persen kayu terasnya. Skedul pengeringan yang paling sesuai selanjutnya diujicoba dan dievaluasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diajukan lima skedul pengeringan. Hasil analisis chi square menunjukkan bahwa ketebalan papan memiliki hubungan signifikan terhadap variasi skedul pengeringan. Papan dengan ketebalan 2 cm dapat dikeringkan dengan suhu awal 70°C, depresiasi bola basah 7°C, dan suhu akhir 105°C. Selanjutnya, papan dengan ketebalan 4 cm perlu dikeringkan dengan skedul yang lebih lunak dengan suhu awal 60°C, depresiasi suhu bola basah 4°C, dan suhu akhir 85°C. Hasil uji aplikasi menunjukkan hasil yang memuaskan dengan cacat yang tidak signifikan. 
Kualitas Pengeringan Kayu Mahoni pada Berbagai Variasi Kerapatan Incising dengan Dua Skedul Pengeringan Suhu tinggi Tomy Listyanto; Fadlul Rahman; Hyana Swargarini
Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan Vol 10, No 2 (2016)
Publisher : Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (278.231 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/jik.16513

Abstract

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh interaksi variasi kerapatan incising dan dua skedul pengeringan terhadap kecepatan dan cacat-cacat pengeringan kayu mahoni, serta mengetahui pengaruh variasi kerapatan incising terhadap kekuatan lengkung statik kayu mahoni yang telah dikeringkan. Tiga pohon mahoni (Swietenia mahagony) berdiameter 300-350 mm ditebang dan selanjutnya dibelah dan dibuat menjadi balok dengan ukuran 60 mm × 100 mm dengan panjang 500 mm untuk dijadikan sampel pengeringan. Di antara masing-masing bagian tersebut, dibuat sampel ukuran 20 mm × 20 mm × 25 mm, yang digunakan untuk penentu kadar air awal dan distribusinya. Sampel pengeringan selanjutnya dibagi menjadi 5 variasi kerapatan incising, yaitu 0 lubang/m2 (tanpa incising), 1000 lubang/m2, 2000 lubang/m2, 3000 lubang/m2, dan 4000 lubang/m2. Setiap variasi kerapatan incising selanjutnya akan dikeringkan dengan 2 skedul pengeringan, yaitu suhu pengeringan 100°C sampai tercapai kadar air akhir 12% dan suhu 60°C pada 8 jam pertama dan selanjutnya dilanjutkan 100°C, sampai tercapai kadar air akhir 12%. Paramater yang diamati adalah kecepatan pengeringan, cacat retak permukaan, dan distribusi kadar air akhir. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kerapatan incising 3000-4000 lubang/m2 memberikan pengaruh yang cukup nyata di dalam mempercepat proses pengeringan dan distribusi kadar air akhir. Skedul pengeringan dan variasi kerapatan incising tidak berpengaruh pada retak permukaan. Pra perlakuan incising sampai batas 4000 lubang/m2 ini dapat diterapkan untuk mempercepat proses pengeringan dengan penurunan nilai modulus elastisitas dan modulus patah yang tidak berbeda nyata.Kata kunci: incising, pengeringan suhu tinggi, mahoni, lengkung statik, skedul pengeringan Drying Quality of Mahoni Wood in Various Incising Densities and Two High Temperature-Drying SchedulesAbstractThe aims of this research were to investigate the effects of interaction between incising densities and two drying schedules on drying rate and defects as well as to examine the effect of incising densities on static bending characteristics of dried mahogany. Tree mahogany (Swietenia mahogany) trees with the diameter of 300-350 mm were cut and sawn into columns with the dimension of 60 mm ×100 mm × 500 mm. Each column was cut into five parts with the length of 500 mm. A small sample with the dimension of 20 mm × 20 mm × 25 mm were taken in between drying sample to measure moisture content. Five incising densities, which were 0 holes/m2 (unincised), 1000 holes/m2, 2000 holes/m2, 3000 holes/m2 and holes/m2, were applied to the drying sample. Samples were dried with two different drying schedules until the moisture content of 12%. Drying rate, defects, and moisture distribution were measured to evaluate the drying quality. Static bending test was applied to examine the strength properties. The results showed that incising densities of 3000-4000 holes/m2 could significantly improve drying rate and final moisture content distribution. There was no significants defects due to the variation of incising densities and drying schedules. No significant decrease of modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture among five incising densities was found in this research.
Sifat Ketahanan Api dan Degradasi Panas Tiga Jenis Kayu Dilapisi Arang Kayu Sengon Joko Sulistyo; Sri Nugroho Marsoem; Tomy Listyanto; Yus Andhini Bhekti Pertiwi Bhekti Pertiwi
Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan Vol 14, No 1 (2020)
Publisher : Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (3041.938 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/jik.57460

Abstract

Kayu sebagai biomaterial memiliki sifat yang tidak menguntungkan yaitu kayu dapat terbakar. Kebakaran dalam rumah dengan kostruksi material kayu membahayakan keselamatan jiwa manusia. Upaya telah dilakukan dalam mencegah kebakaran dengan meningkatan daya tahan material kayu. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mengembangkan material tahan api berbasis karbon (CFR) dari arang kayu sengon. Efektifitas CFR dari arang sengon untuk meningkatkan ketahanan api pada kayu jati, meranti merah dan pinus dipelajari. CFR dibuat melalui pencampuran serbuk arang sengon berukuran 10 mesh dan perekat PVAC dengan perbandingan (60:40), kemudian dikempa pada suhu 80 °C dengan tekanan 70 MPa selama 15 menit sehingga diperoleh lembaran komposit karbon berukuran 4 mm x 18 cm x 18 cm. Kayu jati, meranti merah dan pinus yang dilapisi dengan lembaran CFR diuji ketahanan terhadap api melalui pengumpanan pada api selama 1500 detik berdasarkan metode ASTM E 69-02 dengan modifikasi. Lembaran CFR dari arang sengon efektif untuk meningkatkan ketahanan api ketiga jenis kayu. Keberadaan lapisan CFR pada permukaan kayu efektif berfungsi sebagai solid material penghambat yang mampu memblok panas dari api dan melindungi dari terjadinya degradasi material kayu, yang ditunjukan dengan persentase luas penampang melintang yang tidak terbakar pada jati CFR sebesar 68,6% yang lebih besar dibanding jati kontrol sebesar 57,9%, rendahnya persentase kehilangan berat pada kayu pinus CFR dan meranti merah CFR sebesar 50,56% dan 26,57% dibandingkan kontrolnya sebesar 76,98% dan 30,72%, dan perubahan berat yang relatif sama dengan kontrol pada kayu jati dan meranti merah sampai 700-1.160 detik.  Fire Retardancy Properties and Thermal Degradation of Three Timber Species Overlayed by Sengon Wood CharcoalAbstractWood as biomaterial poses unfavorable property that is wood can burn. Fire disaster in wooden houses threaten human lifes. Efforts have been implemented to improve fire retardancy properties of timbers for wooden houses. This research was carried out to develop carbon-based fire-retardant materials (CFR) overlay on three timber species. The effectiveness of carbon-based fire-retardant material from sengon charcoal to improve fire resistance in teak, red meranti and pine timbers was studied. The CFR materials were prepared by mixing 10 mesh sengon charcoal powder and PVAC adhesive with a ratio (w/w) 0f 60:40 followed by a hot pressing at a temperature of 80 °C with a pressure of 70 MPa for 15 minutes resulting 4 mm x 18 cm x 18 cm carbon sheets. Teak, red meranti and pine timbers overlayed by CFR sheet from sengon charcoal were tested through feeding on fire for 1500 seconds based on ASTM E 6-02 method with a modification. CFR sheets from sengon charcoal were effective to improve the fire resistance of the three species of timbers. CFR overlayed on timber surface was functioned as solid barrier material which was able to block thermal from fire and protected timber from thermal degradation showing by lesser percentage of cross section unburning area on teak CFR i.e. 68.6% than that of teak control i.e. 57.9%, lower percentage of weight loss on pinus CFR and red meranti CFR i.e. 50.56% and 26.57% respectively comparing with the controls i.e. 76.98% and 30.72%, and similar values of weight change percentage between teak CFR and red meranti CFR with the control until 700-1,160 s.
Kadar Ekstraktif dan Sifat Warna Kayu Jati Plus Perhutani Umur 11 Tahun dari KPH Ngawi Zulkahfi Zulkahfi; Denny Irawati; Tomy Listyanto; Dian Rodiana; Ganis Lukmandaru
Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan Vol 14, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (3653.609 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/jik.61419

Abstract

Pemanfaatan kayu jati dari pohon umur muda meningkat disebabkan adanya kesenjangan permintaan dengan ketersediaan kayu. Perhutani menanam pohon Jati Plus Perhutani (JPP) dengan karakteristik cepat tumbuh untuk meningkatkan produksi kayu jati. Pembiakan secara vegetatif ini diduga bisa berpengaruh terhadap sifat-sifat kayu. Kadar ekstraktif menjadi penting mengingat hubungannya dengan keawetan alami kayu dan sifat warna kayu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi kadar ekstraktif dan warna pada arah radial dan longitudinal kayu JPP. Sampel kayu diambil dari tiga pohon JPP berumur 11 tahun di KPH Ngawi. Faktor yang diamati terdiri dari arah longitudinal (pangkal, tengah, ujung); dan radial (gubal, teras terluar, teras terdalam). Kayu diekstrak secara berurutan dengan pelarut toluena, etanol, air panas pada alat soklet. Kadar fenolat total diuji dengan metode Folin-Ciocalteu untuk ekstrak toluena. Pengukuran sifat warna menggunakan sistem CIEL*a*b*. Hasil menunjukkan bagian pangkal memiliki kadar ekstrak terlarut etanol tertinggi, tetapi memiliki kadar fenolat total relatif rendah. Nilai kecerahan (L*) lebih tinggi di bagian ujung dibandingkan dengan bagian tengah dan pangkal sedangkan nilai kemerahan (a*) relatif tinggi di bagian pangkal. Secara nyata, ekstrak terlarut toluena, ekstrak terlarut etanol, dan kadar fenolat total di bagian gubal berbeda nyata dengan bagian teras dan terdapat perbedaan antara teras terluar dan teras terdalam pada kadar esktraktif terlarut toluena dan kadar ekstraktif terlarut etanol. Berdasarkan variasi radial, warna lebih gelap di bagian teras terluar dibandingkan bagian lainnya. Kadar ekstraktif terlarut air panas memiliki hubungan yang nyata (r = -0,72) dengan nilai L* di bagian gubal. Pada bagian teras, nilai L* memiliki hubungan negatif dengan kadar ekstrak terlarut etanol (r = -0,70), kadar ekstraktif terlarut air panas (r = -0,52), dan kadar ekstraktif total (r = -0,78). Secara nyata, nilai a* memiliki hubungan negatif (r = -0,58) dengan kadar fenolat total. Relatif rendahnya kadar ekstraktif dibandingkan umur dewasa serta tidak seragamnya sifat warna pada arah longitudinal perlu menjadi perhatian dalam pemanfaatan kayu JPP umur muda. Extractives Content and Colour Properties of 11-year-old Perhutani Superior Teakwood from Ngawi Forest Management UnitAbstractThe utilization of young teak wood had increased due to the gap in demand and the supply of raw materials. To meet the high demand, Perhutani had planted the fast growing of superior teakwood (Jati Plus Perhutani/JPP). This vegetative reproduction may affect the wood properties. Extractive content is important considering its relationship with the natural durability of wood and colour properties. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of radial and longitudinal directions on extractives content and colour properties from JPP. The JPP wood samples (11 years) were located in Ngawi Forest Management Unit. The observed factors were vertical (bottom, center, top) and radial (sapwood, outer heartwood, inner heartwood) directions. Wood extracts were obtained by successive extraction (toluene, ethanol, and hot water) in a soxhlet. Total phenolic content was also determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method in toluene soluble extract. Colour properties were determined by CIEL*a*b* system. The result showed that vertical direction had significant effect as the bottom part showed the highest value in ethanol extract content but it had lower value in total phenolic content. Brightness (L*) value was comparatively high at the top part, while redness (a*) value was high at the bottom part. The levels of toluene, ethanol, and total extract content had a significant different between sapwood and heartwood as well as between outer heartwood and inner heartwood. Based on radial direction, the colour was darker in outer heartwood compared to the other parts. The correlation degree between the values of hot water extract and L* was significant (r = -0.72) in sapwood part. In heartwood, the correlation between ethanol, hot water, and total extract contentwith L* values were negative (r = -0.70; -0.52; -0.78, respectively). The correlation between a* value and total phenolic content was moderately significant (r = -0.58). The comparatively low content of extractive compared to mature woods as well as inhomogeneity of colour properties in vertical position should be noticed for young JPP wood utilization.
VARIASI AKSIAL DAN RADIAL DIMENSI SERAT, SIFAT FISIKA DAN MEKANIKA KAYU JABON (Neolamarckia cadamba Miq.) DI HUTAN RAKYAT KABUPATEN SLEMAN, YOGYAKARTA Ridho, Muhammad Rosyid; Marsoem, Sri Nugroho; Listyanto, Tomy; Sulistyo, Joko
JURNAL HUTAN LESTARI Vol 12, No 1 (2024): JURNAL HUTAN LESTARI
Publisher : Universitas Tanjungpura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26418/jhl.v12i1.76292

Abstract

Utilization of fast-growing wood species needs to be increased to support the sustainability of wood industry in Indonesia. Burflower (Neolamarckia cadamba Miq.) is a fast-growing wood species that widely planted in some community forest on Java Island recently, including in Yogyakarta. This study aims to provide information about burflower wood quality, based on its fiber dimension, physical and mechanical properties. The axial and radial variation of wood properties within stem in the axial and radial direction also examined. Three (3) free defects of burflower trees from community forest in Sleman regency, Yogyakarta, have been felled and cut into samples. The results show that green moisture content, air-dried density, and oven-dried density were varied in the axial direction. Meanwhile in the radial direction, fiber length, density, and static bending strength increase from the pith towards the bark. In contrast, green moisture content decreases from the pith towards the bark.Keywords: density, fast-growing, fiber length, modulus of elasticity, shrinkage.  AbstrakPemanfaatan jenis kayu cepat tumbuh perlu ditingkatkan untuk mendukung kelanjutan industri perkayuan di Indonesia. Jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba Miq.) adalah salah satu jenis kayu cepat tumbuh yang banyak ditanam di hutan rakyat Pulau Jawa pada beberapa tahun terakhir, termasuk di Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi terkait kualitas kayu jabon di hutan rakyat, berdasarkan dimensi serat, sifat fisika dan mekanikanya. Variasi aksial dan radial sifat kayu dalam satu batang pohon juga diamati. Sebanyak 3 batang pohon jabon bebas cacat dari hutan rakyat di Kabupaten Sleman, Yogyakarta, ditebang dan dibuat sampel uji. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa kadar air kering udara (KAKu), kerapatan kering udara (KKu), dan kerapatan kering oven (KKo) bervariasi pada arah aksial. Sementara itu pada arah radial, variasi terlihat pada panjang serat, kerapatan, dan kekuatan lengkung statis yang menunjukkan pola peningkatan dari empulur menuju kulit. Sebaliknya, kadar air segar menurun dari empulur menuju kulit.Kata kunci: cepat tumbuh, kerapatan, modulus elastisitas, panjang serat, penyusutan
TEGANGAN PERTUMBUHAN PERMUKAAN KAYU JABON UMUR 5 TAHUN DARI HUTAN RAKYAT DI SLEMAN, YOGYAKARTA Ridho, Muhammad Rosyid; Marsoem, Sri Nugroho; Listyanto, Tomy; Sulistyo, Joko
JURNAL HUTAN LESTARI Vol 12, No 4 (2024): JURNAL HUTAN LESTARI
Publisher : Universitas Tanjungpura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.26418/jhl.v12i4.79496

Abstract

Burflower (Neolamarckia cadamba Miq.) is a fast-growing wood species which has been planted in some community forest on Java Island in recent years. This study aims to examine the surface growth stress of 5-year-old burflower wood from a community forest in Sleman, Yogyakarta. In addition, the axial variation of the surface growth stress within the stem also studied. The strain gauges method was conducted to determine the surface-released strains (SRS) in the stem periphery. The results show that the mean value of longitudinal SRS was -241,58 μɛ (-239 "“ 1.141 μɛ), while tangential SRS was -208,89 μɛ (-564 "“ 18 μɛ). These SRS values were considered low (under 650 μɛ) therefore the burflower wood theoretically has no potential for processing defects. There is no significant difference in SRS value within stem in the axial direction. This result indicates that the SRS measurement for 5-year-old burflower wood can be carried out only in the breast high of standing trees. Keywords: Periphery, processing-defects, strain gauges, strains Abstrak Jabon (Neolamarckia cadamba Miq.) adalah spesies kayu cepat tumbuh yang banyak ditanam di hutan rakyat di Pulau Jawa dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari tegangan pertumbuhan permukaan kayu jabon yang berumur 5 tahun dari hutan rakyat di Kabupaten Sleman, Yogyakarta. Selain itu, variasi aksial dari tegangan pertumbuhan dalam satu batang pohon juga dipelajari. Metode strain gauges digunakan untuk menentukan pelepasan regangan permukaan (PRP) pada periferi batang pohon. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai rerata PRP longitudinal yaitu 241,58 μɛ (-239 "“ 1.141 μɛ), sedangkan PRP tangensial sebesar -208,89 μɛ (-564 "“ 18 μɛ). Nilai PRP yang relatif rendah (di bawah 650 μɛ) menunjukkan bahwa kayu jabon secara teori tidak berpotensi mengalami cacat pengolahan. Tidak ditemukan adanya perbedaan signifikan nilai PRP dalam satu pohon pada arah aksial. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa pengukuran PRP pada kayu jabon umur 5 tahun cukup dilakukan pada bagian setinggi dada saja pada saat pohon masih berdiri. Kata Kunci: Cacat pengolahan, periferi, regangan, strain gauges