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All Journal IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) MATICS : Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Teknologi Informasi (Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology) Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Jurnal Sarjana Teknik Informatika Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer Register: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Sistem Informasi Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Jurnal ELTIKOM : Jurnal Teknik Elektro, Teknologi Informasi dan Komputer Conference on Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIASTECH) Jurnal Nasional Pendidikan Teknik Informatika (JANAPATI) JIPI (Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian dan Pembelajaran Informatika) ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics Jurnal Mnemonic Journal of Digital Education, Communication, and Arts (DECA) Jurnal of Applied Multimedia and Networking International Journal of Advances in Data and Information Systems Computer Science and Information Technologies TIN: TERAPAN INFORMATIKA NUSANTARA Jurnal Teknik Informatika (JUTIF) Walisongo Journal of Information Technology SinarFe7 Didaktika Religia Jurnal Informatika dan Teknologi Pendidikan Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research Bulletin of Social Informatics Theory and Application Aksa : Jurnal Desain Komunikasi Visual Jurnal Rekayasa Sistem Informasi dan Teknologi Jurnal Sains Komputer dan Sistem Informasi Jurnal Riset Multidisiplin dan Inovasi Teknologi Jurnal ilmiah teknologi informasi Asia
Fresy Nugroho
UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim
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Journal : ILKOMNIKA: Journal of Computer Science and Applied Informatics

 1 
Early Detection of Phishing, Disinformation, and Extreme Opinions in Digital Text Using Transformer-Based Models Wibowo, Munif; Faisal, Muhammad; Nugroho, Fresy
ILKOMNIKA Vol 8 No 1 (2026): Volume 8, Number 1, April 2026
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28926/ilkomnika.v8i1.863

Abstract

The rapid expansion of digital communication platforms has increased the circulation of phishing messages, disinformation, and extreme opinions, creating urgent challenges for cybersecurity and social stability. This study proposes a hybrid CNN–BiLSTM–Transformer framework for the early detection of harmful digital text. The model integrates convolutional feature extraction, sequential dependency learning, and self-attention mechanisms to capture local lexical patterns, contextual relations, and long-range semantic dependencies. Experimental evaluation was conducted using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC analysis, with CNN, LSTM, and RoBERTa used as baseline models. The proposed hybrid model achieved the highest classification accuracy of 95.0%, outperforming CNN (86.0%), LSTM (88.0%), and RoBERTa (91.0%). In addition, the model obtained 90.0% precision, 93.0% recall, and 91.5% F1-score, indicating a balanced ability to reduce false positives while maintaining strong detection sensitivity. Robustness testing further showed that the F1-score remained stable across normal, noisy, and adversarial text conditions, decreasing from 95.0% under normal conditions to 92.0% and 90.0% under noisy and adversarial settings, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the proposed hybrid Transformer-based architecture provides an effective and robust approach for supporting automated Cyber Early Warning Systems in detecting harmful digital content.
Co-Authors Adnan Muhammad Taufiqulhakim Afiifah Zain Raidah Agung Teguh Wibowo Almais Ahmad Fahmi Karami Al Hamidy, Kautsar Quraisy Al Mahdi, Prayuda Zaky Alfarisi, Muhammad Firyal Alfia, Lia Alfia Aljawad, Ulil Albab Amani, Holidiyatul arfianto, farhan dzaffa Arief, Yunifa Miftachul Arif, Yunifa Mifachul Arif, Yunifa Miftahul Asyhari, Hamzah Faizal Atmaja, Gumilang Azhar Affandi Azzahra, Alivia Baihaki, Achmad Fahry Biktarinanda, Arneizha Cahyo Crysdian Dian Maharani, Dian Eko Mulyanto Yuniarno Fachri, Moch Fachrul Kurniawan Fadilaaa, Juniardi Nur Farid Ahmad Sa’aduddin Ferdianto, Akhmad Faizal Ferelian, Muhammad Hammad, Jehad A. H. Hammad, Jehad A.H. Hammad, Jehad Abdelhamid Hammad, Jehad AH Hani Nurhayati Harfianti, Nadya Putri Harto, Sumber Hidayatullah, Fauzil I Gusti Putu Asto Buditjahjanto Ida Ayu Putu Sri Widnyani Ihsan, Afif Nuril Ikhlayel, Mohammed Juniardi Nur Fadila Khomariyah, Aniek Nurul Lestari, Tri Mukti Maharani, Elfira Putri Mahmud, Azkiya Makarim, Muhammad Abyan Marudin, Marudin Mitachul Arif, Yunifa Mochamad Hariadi Mochamad Imamudin Mokhamad Amin Hariyadi Muhamad Husni Mubarok Muhammad Andryan Wahyu Saputra Muhammad Faisal Muhammad Faisal Muhammad Hasan Muhammad Ridho Mutaqin, Ghani Mutaqin, Rizal N, Alfina Nurrahma Najwa Mazaya, Nada Nadhira Nandana, Prana Wijaya Pratama Nazira, Yuzema Mala Novrindah Alvi Hasanah Nuraini, Salsabila Ramadanti Nurrahma ‘N, Alfina Nurrahma, Alfina Nurrahman, Alfina Nurrahma’N, Alfina Pebrianti, Dwi Prakasa, Aji Bagas Pratama, Dicky Arya Prima Astuti Handayani Puspa Miladin Nuraida Safitri A. Basid Putra, Caesar Nafiansyah Raidah, Afiifah Zain Ririen Kusumawati Rohma, Salma Ainur Roro Inda Melani RR. Ella Evrita Hestiandari Sahary, Fitry Taufiq Sa’aduddin, Farid Ahmad Sifaulloh, Hafizzudin Suci Wulandari Suci Wulandari Sugiharto , Tomy Ivan Suhartono Suhartono Suyanta Suyanta Syawab, Moh Husnus Tamaulina Br Sembiring Tarranita Kusumadewi Taufiqulhakim, Adnan Muhammad Utama, Isma Izha Wafiy Anwarul Hikam Wibowo, Munif Yuliawan, Audi Bayu Yuniar Setyo Marandy Yunifa Miftachul Arif Zainal Abidin Zidan, Muhammad Zifora Nur Baiti